The Animal Kingdom. Anatomical Positions ANTERIOR POSTERIOR DORSAL VENTRAL.
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Transcript of The Animal Kingdom. Anatomical Positions ANTERIOR POSTERIOR DORSAL VENTRAL.
The Animal Kingdom
Anatomical Positions
ANTERIORPOSTERIOR
DORSAL
VENTRAL
Directional OrientationAnterior vs. Posterior head vs. tailDorsal vs. Ventral back vs. frontMedial vs. Lateral mid-line vs. outsideDistal vs. Proximal away from core vs. toward
core
Inferior vs. Superior toward head vs. away from head
Cephalic vs. Caudal head vs. tailAboral vs. Oral opposite the mouth vs. mouth
side
Anatomical Position Review
Use the proper terms to describe the relationship between the following body parts:A) hand is ____ to the elbowB) knee is ____ to the headC) bellybutton is ____ to the spinal cordD) heart is ____ to the lungsE) head is ____ to the neck (2 terms fit here)F) wrist is ____ to the fingers
Characteristics of Animals
HeterotrophicMulticellularMovementEukaryotic
SymmetryAsymmetryRadial SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
Symmetry: Asymmetry
Irregular shapesDo not moveSponges
Symmetry: RadialCan divide into equal halves using many planes
Cnidaria (stinging animals)
Echinoderms (sea stars)
Symmetry: BilaterialCan only divide into left & right halves
Most efficient for movementFlatwormsRoundwormsMollusksSegmented WormsChordates
Bilaterally Symmetrical AnimalsPlatyhelminthsChordatesFishesHerpsBirdsRotifersMolluscsArthropodsALLOWS FOR CEPHALIZATION!
CephalizationThe process in animals by which nervous
and sensory tissues become concentrated in the "head."
Cephalization evolved several times within the animal kingdom, suggesting that it offers certain inherent advantages
the evolution of an advanced degree of cephalization in animals was associated with the evolution of a predatory lifestyle.
Benefits of Cephalization
The anterior end of the animal became most likely to first encounter food, predators, and other important features of the external environment. Flatworms (platyhelminthes) are the most primitive organisms to show cephalization
Loss of CephalizationCephalization has been lost in some
groups. Bivalves (Clams, Mussels, etc.)Echinoderms (Sea Stars)
Body Plan of OrganismsGeneral similarities in development and
form and function among members of a particular phylum
Germ LayersGerm layer is a collection of cells found in
an embryo that will give rise to all of the body’s tissues and organs.
3 Types of Germ Layers
Ectoderm – outside layer
Mesoderm – middle layer
Endoderm – inside layer
LAYER ORGAN & ORGAN SYSTEM
Ectoderm Nervous system
Skin
Sensory Organs
Mesoderm Muscles
Circulatory System
Skeletal System
Reproductive System
Endoderm Lining of gut and respiratory tracts
Liver
Pancreas
Digestive Glands
Tissue Layer Body PlansDiploblastic – ectoderm and endodermTriploblastic - ectoderm, mesoderm and
endodermAcoelomatePseudocoelomateEucoelomate
Animal Development (Embryology)
Stage 1: Fertilization
Sperm (n) meets Egg (n) to create Zygote (2n)
EmbryologyStage 2: Initial CleavageCleavage = cell divisionsThe single cell begins to divide into a solid
mass of cells (morula)
EmbryologyStage 3: BlastulationInterior of morula is pulled
awayForms blastocoel (hole
middle)Once hollow ball of cells is
created, it is now known as a blastula.
EmbryologyStage 4: GastrulationIndentation starts at pole of blastula
(blastopore)
What the blastopore becomes…
Determines if the organism is a protostome (mouth) or deuterostome (anus)
Cleavage: Radial vs. SpiralIn deuterostomes, cleavage is radialIn protostomes, cleavage is spiral
EmbryologyStage 5: Determination of Germ LayersAs cells move into blastopore; cells
differentiate and creates 2 layers of cells (endoderm & ectoderm)
The horse-shoe shapes ball is called the gastrula
EmbryologyStage 6: Coelom DevelopmentIn gastrula stage, digestive tract is formed
in the middle of the organismWhat surrounds that digestive tract is
called a body cavity (coelom) determines whether the organism is a acoelomate, pseudocoelomate or coelomate
Gastrulation VideoInvaginationCreation of Primitive Gut
Protostomes Body CavitiesAcoelomates – no body cavity
Platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelomates – fake body cavityNematodes
Deuterostomes Body CavitiesAll are Coelomates – true body cavity
MollusksAnnelidsArthropodsEchinodermsChordates