The Ancient Fertile Crescent - Monroe Public SchoolsThe Ancient Fertile Crescent The Middle East:...
Transcript of The Ancient Fertile Crescent - Monroe Public SchoolsThe Ancient Fertile Crescent The Middle East:...
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The Ancient Fertile Crescent
The Middle East: The Cradle of Civilization
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Mesopotamia
• Between Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
• Not a lot of resources
• Control of rivers key
to development
• Traders use the rivers
or go overland
• Wealth builds
Sumerian cities
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Sumerian Civilization
• 12 separate city-
states that battle for
land and water
• Ruler in each city is
chief servant of the
gods
• Maintains city walls,
irrigation system,
leads armies
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Social Structure
• Each city-state has its
own hierarchy
• Ruling family;
officials; high priests
• Lesser priests;
scribes; merchants;
artisans
• Peasants; slaves
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Religion
• Polytheistic
• Gods have human
characteristics
• Afterlife
• Underworld
• Each city-state built a
ziggurat dedicated to
the city’s god or
goddess
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Ziggurat at Ur
Temple
Mountain of the
Gods
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Cuneiform
• Earliest form of writing
• Pictographs of clay tablets
• Becomes symbols for complicated thoughts
• Records; economic exchanges; myths; prayers; laws, business contracts
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Cuneiform Writing
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Deciphering Cuneiform
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Sumer’s Legacy
• 1900 BC Sumer is gone
• Other’s adapt cuneiform and spread
Sumerian ideas
• Astronomy and mathematics
• 60 minute hour; 360 degree circle
• Knowledge is passed along to the Greeks
and Romans
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Hammurabi
• 1790 BC-King of
Babylon
• Controls
Mesopotamia
• Law Code
• Civil Law
• Criminal Law
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Hammurabi’s Code
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Babylonian Numbers
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Other Empires
• 1400 BC Hittites
• Iron working; horse-
drawn chariot
• 1350 BC Assyrians
• Trade and war
• 612 BC
Nebuchadnezzer
revives Babylon
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The Persians
• Cyrus the Great
• 580-529 BC
• 539 BC conquers
Babylon
• A tolerant ruler
• Empire stretches from
Asia Minor to India
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Darius the Great
• 522-486 BC
• Divided empire into
provinces headed by
a governor called a
satrap
• Law code; money
economy
• Built the Royal Road
and Persepolis
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Persepolis
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The People of Persepolis
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Persepolis
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The Royal Road
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Zoroastrianism
• Founded by Zoroaster
about 600 BC
• Ahura Mazda aka the
Wise Lord
• Good vs. Evil
• Judgment Day
• Heaven/Hell
• Priests are called
magi
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The Phoenicians
• Sailors and traders
• Carriers of civilization
• Colonized and traded all around the Mediterranean
• Developed an alphabet with 22 symbols that the Greeks adapt-it becomes ours
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The Egyptians
• Nile River
• Upper and Lower
• Old, Middle, New
Kingdoms
• Pharaoh
• Pyramids and
mummies
• Hieroglyphics
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Roots of Judaism
• Hebrews; Palestine
• Monotheistic;
• 2000 BC-Covenant
with Abraham
• Torah
• Prophets
• Law and Morality; The
Ten Commandments