Dr. George DeRise Professor, Mathematics (retired) Thomas Nelson Community College

FALL 2017 CHRISTOPHER WREN ASSOCIATION COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS

WEEK 5

AMENEMHAT III DYNASTY 12 1842-1797 BC

PTAHKHENUWY AND WIFE OLD KINGDOM-BOSTON

WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT FROM THE OLD KINGDOM ON …THE FORMAL LEGAL STATUS OF EGYPTIAN WOMEN (WHETHER UNMARRIED, MARRIED, DIVORCED OR WIDOWED) WAS NEARLY IDENTICAL WITH THAT OF EGYPTIAN MEN.

CONTRACTS -WRITTEN COPIES OF ORAL AGREEMENTS PARTY A SPOKE TO PARTY B IN THE PRESENCE OF WITNESSES AND A (PROFESSIONAL) SCRIBE.

LAND - WOMEN COULD HOLD PROPERTY TITLE-

RESPONSIBE FOR ASSESSMENTS DUE.

MARRIAGE - NO LEGAL OR STATE CEREMONY; MARRIAGE

CONTRACTS, RE: ECONOMIC MATTERS. DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE

SEEM TO HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY EASY AND RELATIVELY COMMON.

ADULTERY- JUST AS WRONG FOR A MAN TO COMMIT ADULTERY AS

FOR A WOMAN.

WOMEN COULD… ENTER INTO CONTRACTS IN THEIR OWN NAME, INITIATE CIVIL COURT CASES, BE SUED, SERVE AS WITNESSES IN COURT CASES, SERVE ON JURIES, WITNESS LEGAL DOCUMENTS.

JANET H. JOHNSON; WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT

PESETCH, DAUGHTER OF ANKHHEP DREW UP THIS DOCUMENT…

COMPENSATION:

INCLUDED “1.2 PIECES OF SILVER AND 36 SACKS OF EMMER

EVERY YEAR FOR THE REST OF HER LIFE.”

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HAWARA PAPYRUS 1 7.5 FT. LONG PRE-NUP AGREEMENT

THE ABOVE CONTRACT’S ANNUITY ENSURED THE WIFE COULD SURVIVE WITH OR WITHOUT HER HUSBAND

(ALTHOUGH SHE HAD TO PAY FOR THE PRIVILEGE, GIVING HIM 30 PIECES OF SILVER UPFRONT IN EXCHANGE).

1 SACK OF WHEAT (c.58 KG = 128 LB) ‘PIECE OF SILVER’ = 1 (SILVER) DEBEN

THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE HAWARA PAPYRI: DEMOTIC AND GREEK TEXTS FROM AN EGYPTIAN FAMILY ARCHIVE IN THE FAYUM FOURTH TO THIRD CENTURY B.C.

ANNUITY CONTRACTS, DONATIONS, SALES, MORTGAGE AGREEMENTS, LOAN REPAYMENTS SANEKH PAYMENTS: WOMEN BENEFICIERIES HAVE A SIGNIFICANT CLAIM ON THE PROPERTY OF THE MEN GUARANTEEING THESE PAYMENTS.

CHICAGO HAWARA PAPYRUS 1

STELA OF LADY KHU c. 1850 BC BRITISH MUSEUM

CRIMINAL LAW A WRITTEN CRIMINAL LAW CODE DOES NOT EXIST.

TOMB ROBBERIES: LATER

CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE: NO EGYPTIAN WORD FOR ‘TREASON,’ ‘GREAT CRIME WORTH OF DEATH’

DESERTION: 26TH DYNASTY - FOREIGN MERCENARIES DESERTED, THE KING

MASSACRED THEM ON THE SPOT.

MURDER: NO PUNISHMENT FOR MURDER IS KNOWN, DEATH PENALTY IS LIKELY.

CAUSING INJURIES: DIVERSE SENTENCES MENTIONED IN TEXTS,

E.G. CORPORAL PUNISHMENTS - FLOGGING OR FORCED LABOR.

RAPE: NO WORD; ‘NEK’ (EARLY) ‘TO HAVE INTERCOURSE’ (NEW KINGDOM) ‘COPULATE’, ‘COMMIT ADULTERY’.

ADULTERY: IF A WOMAN INITIATES ADULTERY THAT LEADS TO DIVORCE OR REPUDIATION, SHE LOSES HER BRIDE PRICE AND REMAINS WITHOUT MEANS. MEN ARE WARNED NOT TO HAVE INTERCOURSE WITH MARRIED WOMEN

STEAL: VOCABULARY FOR ‘TO STEAL’ IS VARIED PENALTY CONSISTS OF PAYING DOUBLE OR TRIPLE THE VALUE OF THE OBJECT STOLEN.

CORPORAL PUNISHMENTS: CONSISTED OF BEATINGS OR MUTILATIONS. TEXTS SPEAK OF THRASHINGS WITH A WOODEN STICK GIVEN 10, 20, 50, 100, OR EVEN 200 TIMES. THEY ALSO MENTION BRANDING AND MUTILATION OF NOSE AND EARS.

CASES WHERE THE INITIATIVE TO COMMIT ADULTERY WAS TAKEN BY THE MAN- THE PUNISHMENT IS UNKNOWN. CASE: MAN STANDING TRIAL HAD TO SWEAR AN OATH TO HAVE HIS NOSE AND EARS CUT OFF AND BE SENT INTO EXILE IN NUBIA IF HE MET THE WOMAN AGAIN.

NYANKH-KHNUM

AND KHNUM-HOTEP KISSING. 5TH DYNASTY (C. 2494–2345 BC)

METTERNICH STELA DYNASTY 30, ALEXANDRIA. c. 350 BC MET SPELL AGAINST APOPHIS SPELL AGAINST POISONS SPELLS FOR HEALING A CAT STORY OF ISIS AND INFANT HORUS SPELL FOR PROTECTION ON WATER SPELL AGAINST A SCORPION STING

HEARST MEDICAL PAPYRUS

PROBLEMS DEALING WITH THE URINARY SYSTEM, BLOOD, HAIR, AND BITES “A TOOTH WHICH FALLS OUT” “REMEDY FOR TREATMENT OF THE LUNG”

EDWIN SMITH MEDICAL PAPYRUS

ANALYSES OF 48 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WOUNDS EACH CASE BEGINS WITH A TITLE (IN RED) ‘KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE’ DIAGNOSIS

RECOMMENDED PROGNOSIS “AN AILMENT I WILL HANDLE.” “AN AILMENT I WILL FIGHT WITH.” “AN AILMENT FOR WHICH NOTHING IS DONE.”

TOMB OF ANKH-MA-HOR SAQQARA - DYNASTY 6.

"ON THE 16TH I RECOMMENCED MY EXCAVATIONS IN THE VALLEY OF BEBAN EL MALOOK, AND

POINTED OUT THE FORTUNATE SPOT, WHICH HAS PAID ME FOR ALL THE TROUBLE I TOOK IN MY

RESEARCHES. I MAY CALL THIS A FORTUNATE DAY, ONE OF THE BEST PERHAPS OF MY LIFE…"

GIOVANNI BELZONI DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF SETI I – OCTOBER 16, 1817

BURIAL CHAMBER SETI 1, (Dynasty 19)

TOMB OF SETI 1 – KV 17 DISCOVERED BY BELZONI IN 1817

TOMB SETI 1

THE PYRAMID TEXTS THE COFFIN TEXTS THE BOOK OF THE DEAD

THE BOOKS OF BREATHING, THE AMDUAT THE SPELL OF THE TWELVE CAVES THE BOOK OF GATES THE BOOK OF CAVERNS THE BOOK OF THE EARTH THE BOOK OF NUT THE BOOK OF THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH THE BOOK OF THE DAY THE BOOK OF THE NIGHT THE LITANY OF RE THE BOOK OF THE HEAVENLY COW THE BOOK OF TRAVERSING ETERNITY

SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 - BOOK OF GATES

SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM

SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 - BOOK OF GATES SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM

SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 BOOK OF GATES

SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM

TOMB SETI 1 BOOK OF GATES

GODDESS NUT SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1

TOMB NOFRETARY FIRST WIFE OF RAMESES II DYNASTY 19 C. 1250 B.C.

TOMB NOFRETARY FIRST WIFE OF RAMESES II DYNASTY 19 C. 1250 B.C.

“THE OSIRIS, THE KING'S GREAT WIFE, MISTRESS OF THE TWO LANDS, NEFERTARI BELOVED OF MUT, JUSTIFIED WITH OSIRIS THE GREAT GOD.”

FOUR SONS OF HORUS FOUR CANOPIC JARS

IN THE SIDE CHAMBER

HATHOR

DEIR EL-BAHRI CACHE DB 320 1881 INCLUDING TUTHMOSIS III, SETI I, RAMESES II

SETI 1

MUMMY FOUND IN THE DEIR EL-BAHRI CACHE, 1881

ANOTHER CACHE KV 35 TOMB AMENHOTEP II MUMMIES OF…

TUTHMOSIS IV AMENHOTEP III MERENPTAH SETI II SIPTAH RAMESES IV RAMESES V RAMESES VI THE ELDER LADY- QUEEN TIY THE YOUNGER LADY-QUEEN KIYA KV 63 TUTANKHAMUN’S MOTHER

ABBOTT PAPYRUS – A RECORD OF AN OFFICIAL INSPECTION OF ROYAL TOMBS IN THE THEBAN NECROPOLIS 16TH REGNAL YEAR OF RAMESSES IX. C.1110 BC. BRITISH MUSEUM 10221

MUMMY –RAMESES III EGYPTIAN MUSEUM CAIRO

MUMMIFICATION: HERODOTUS BOOK II BRAIN REMOVED THROUGH NOSTRILS REMOVE INTERNAL ORGANS HEART LEFT INSIDE CLEANSE WITH PALM WINES & AROMATICS FILL BELLY WITH PURE MYRRH POWDER ‘CURE’ FOR 70 DAYS WITH NATRON WASH BODY WRAP IT IN FINE LINEN INTERNAL ORGANS IN CANOPIC JARS

MUMMY BANDAGES 6TH-2ND CENTURIES BC WALTER’S ART MUSEUM BALTIMORE

MUMMY QUEEN ESEMKHEBE DYNASTY 21 C.1000 BC CAIRO

IB BES TAWERT TYET ANKH-DJED-WAS

ANKH WDJAT DJED SA KHEPER

AMULETS

KV 46

BOOK OF THE DEAD OF IOUIYA THE NEGATIVE CONFESSION

TOMB KV 46

YUIYA AND TUIYU PARENTS OF TIY, WIFE OF AMENHETEP III.

YUIA’S WOOD SARCOPHAGUS YUIA’S OUTER COFFIN

CANOPIC CHEST OF YUIA WOODEN COFFER

SHABTI AND SHABTI BOX OF YUIA

CHAIR OF SITAMUN GRANDDAUGHTER OF YUIYA AND TUIYU DAUGHTER/WIFE OF AMENHOTEP III.