The Analysis of Convective Storms. Thermodynamic Diagrams There are three desirable characteristics...
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The Analysis of Convective Storms
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Thermodynamic Diagrams
There are three desirable characteristics of atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams:
• The area enclosed by any cyclic process should be proportional to energy or work.
• The more straight lines the better.
• The angle between isotherms and dry adiabats should be as large as possible.
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• Emagram—Abscissa is T, ordinate is proportional to ln
p. (From energy/mass).• Tephigram—Abscissa is T, ordinate is logarithm of
potential temperature, sometimes diagram is rotated (From T-phi)
• Stuve—Abscissa is T, ordinate is Area is not proportional to energy.
• Skew T-ln p—Similar to emagram, but temperature lines are skewed to increase the angle with dry adiabats.
/ pR cp
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Convection Parameters
• Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) – level at which a parcel lifted from the surface will saturate
• Convective Condensation Level (CCL) –level at which a parcel from the surface heating to its convective temperature will saturate
• Convective Temperature – the temperature that the surface layer would need to be heated to to convect
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Convection Parameters (cont.)
• Level of Free Convection (LFC) – level at which a lifted parcel becomes warmer than its surroundings, and hence buoyant.
• Equilibrium Level (EL) – level at which a previously buoyant parcel’s temperature again equals the environmental temperature. This is an approximate height for thunderstorm anvils.
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Convection Parameter (cont.)• Convective Inhibition (CIN) – the
“negative” energy area below a parcel’s level of free convection.
• Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) – The “positive” energy area where a parcel is accelerating upward.
• Downdraft Convective Available Potential Energy (DCAPE) – The negative energy area where a parcel can be accelerated downward evaporative cooling.
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max
3
down
( ) (ln( ))
2
3 10
2
f
i
p
d p e
p
MaxHail
CAPE R T T d p
V CAPE
D CAPE
V DCAPE
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Stability ParametersAll indices are useful diagnostics but should
not be used blindly
• Lifted index (LI)
• Showalter index (SI)
• Total totals (TT)
• Severe Weather Threat Index (SWEAT)
• Bulk Richardson Number
• Storm Relative Helicity
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Miller Type I “loaded gun sounding”
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Firing gun sounding?
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Miller Type IV “Inverted V sounding
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Miller Type II (tropical sounding)
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Miller Type III Sounding
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Thunderstorm Types
• Single cell (pulse)—can be strong, but no severe
• Multicell—can be severe, but don’t generate strong tornadoes
• Supercell—rotating updraft, most severe storms
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Single Cell Thunderstorm
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Multicell Thunderstorm
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Supercell Thunderstorm
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Conversion of Horizontal Vorticity to Vertical Vorticity
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Storm Splitting
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Tornado probability from Storm Prediction Center
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Early afternoon satellite photo
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Late afternoon satellite photo
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