The Amur River: from the Daurian steppe to the Sea of...
Transcript of The Amur River: from the Daurian steppe to the Sea of...
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Yury Darman, Amur branch WWF Russia
Evgeny Simonov, Rivers without Boundaries
The Amur River: from the Daurian
steppe to the Sea of Okhotsk
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Amur on the Globe
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Annual Flow Rate, 1090 cum/s
Annual Run-off, 346 km3
Watershed, 1843000 km2
Length, 4510 km
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Amur: Natural Resources
• Freshwater - 346 km3/year• Salmon – 100 million kg (max year harvest)• Sturgeon – 1,2 million kg (max year harvest)
• Arable lands – 6 million hectares • Timber stands - 15 billion cubic meters• Annual logging - 20 million cubic meters
• Gold mining -30 tones annually
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Amur River Basin – 14 ecoregions, including 5 WWF Global
- 5C
+3C
600
mm
900
mm
250
mm
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Amur: Biodiversity richness
• 2800 vascular plants (400 in Red Data Book)
• 130 fish species (7 in Red Data Book)
• 23 amphibians and reptiles (2 in Red Data Book)
• 380 bird species (27 in Red Data Book)
• 90 mammal species (18 in Red Data Book)
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Amur: Fauna Richness
Fish species Mammals Nesting Birds
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Amur Flag species
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The only breeding
site for 14 rare
species of birds
The stopover for
millions of ducks
and waders,
hundreds
thousands of geese
Amur
Yangtze
Unique Phenomena: Birds Migrations
White-
naped
crane
Oriental stork
Red crowned
crane
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Amur: Birds migrations
Major
flyways
junctons:
Dauria
Song-Nen
Zeya-Bureya
Sanjiang
Khanka Lake
Amur estuary
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Amur: Wetlands
• Russia - 14,7 mo ha (2,4 mo ha lost)
• China -6,6 mo ha (4,8 mo ha lost)
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Amur: Water Infrastructure
Existing Dams – 50
Planned Dams - 250
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Amur: Forest Cover Change
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South Korea
1 million.cub.m
Japan
6 million cub.m
China
17 million
cub.m
Illegal logging –
annually
6 million cubic
meters
Threat: Asia
Market Pressure
and Illegal
Logging
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China, 1986 – 1 million ha burned forestRussia, 1998 – 2 million ha burned forest
Threat: Forest and Steppe Fires
Each spring steppe fires
burn 70% of all wetlands
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Kaluga sturgeon1900th
1940th
1990th
Sturgeon
Other
Salmon
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
Years
Fish catch in Amur river, Russia
(thousands tonns)
Depletion of Fish Resources
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Nivkhi
Nanai
Ulchi
25000 people
depend of
Amur river
natural
resources
50 settlements
disappeared
Indigenous People
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Poisoning aquatic biota (pesticide,
phenols, benzine, etc)
Amur Fish Report
published in 2004
•13 November 2005 – benzine
spill in Songhua River to
Amur River
•29 January 2008 – signed
Cino-Russian Agreement on
sustainable use and
protection of transboundary
waters
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Amur: Oil&Gas Pipelines
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Amur: Human Population
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China -75 millions
Russia – 5 millions
Amur River Basin: non-balanced development
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Climate Change
+0.6 C Amur middle stream +2.0 C Amur upper stream
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Long-term precipitation cycles in the Amur River basin
(Parilov et al., 2005).
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______________________________________________________
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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Изменения атмосферных осадков и температуры воздуха
-0,4
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
ос
ад
ки
, м
од
ул
ьн
ые
ко
эф
фи
ци
ен
ты
-5,0
-4,5
-4,0
-3,5
-3,0
-2,5
-2,0
-1,5
-1,0
те
мп
ер
ату
ра
, оС
интегральная разностная кривая годовых сумм осадков
температура воздуха, осредненная по периодам увлажненности
влажный
период
влажный
период
сухой
период
сухой
период
Drought cycles and flooding dynamics are important factors shaping regional biodiversity.
Temperature growth and cyclical change in annual rainfall in Amur up-stream (Obiazov, 2007)
Wet period Wet periodDry period Dry period
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Change of water level
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
ур
ов
ен
ь в
од
ы, м
594
595
596
597
598
599
ур
ов
ен
ь в
од
ы, м
Далайнор
Барун-Торей
Dalai Lake
Torey Lake
Dala
i L
ake w
ate
r le
vel
(m a
msl)
To
rey L
ake w
ate
r level (m
am
sl)
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Cyclical succession in steppe lakes
Dramatic climate cycles – the
key driver of ecosystem
dynamics in Amur up-stream
Lake Barun-Torey
in wet and dry periods
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Water transfer Hailaer-Dalaihu
May 2009
September 2009
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Rivers without Boundaries
Look on web :
arguncrisis.ru
dauriarivers.org
ergunariver.cn
看网站
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MONGOLIA
Torreylakes
Dalai lake
Buir lake
Hailaer
Argun
Khalkh
Kherlen
RUSSIA
CHINA
Protected areas that could be affected by the water diversion in China – occupy 1 000 000 ha.
Seriously affected
wetland ecosystems
occupy 380 000 ha
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Cyclical re-distribution of bird
populations.
It makes little sense to protect one single wetland cluster in the Daurian Ecoregion,
since most of the area’s wildlife migrates among the steppe’s scattered wetlands
according to 30-year drought cycle patterns.
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Amur/Heilong Green Belt –
IRBM and climate change adaptation
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Establishment of Protected areas in RFE Ecoregion
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
sq
uare
, th
ou
san
ds h
ecta
res
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
7,5
%
Square, thousands hectares
Rate from ecoregion,%
Amur Green Belt: 4,6 million ha of Protected areas created with WWF support in 1995-2008, including 997,000 ha of new protected wetlands
• 2 nature reserves• 3 national parks• 2 federal refuge• 23 provincial
refuges• 7 monument of
nature
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1 World Heritage
15 Ramsar sites,
10 Biosphere NR
75 IBA
Amur: Nature Protected Areas
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Protected areas in Amur River Basin, square km
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
China Russia Mongolia
Provincial
National
Total - 212,555 sq.km (11%)
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Gift to the Earth : new protected areas in 4 provinces of Amur-Heilong Basin
1997 – Khabarovsk
3,6 million hectares
1998 – Primorsky
1,8 million hectares
2000 – Amursky
1,4 million hectares
2005 – Heilongjiang
1,8 million ha
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Existing examples of EconetWussuli/Ussury
Green Belt of PAs
Restoring Econet
on Alim River
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Forest
Wetlands
Dauria达乌尔草原
Lesser Xingan
小兴安 岭:
龙江三峡
Lake Khanka
兴凯湖
Hunchun
荤春
Priority areas for transboundary cooperation
示范区域
Wandashan
完达山-锡霍特山
Wuma大兴安岭
北部
• Sanjiang-三江
Onon-Baldg
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Amur IRBM Initiative
International Conference “Amur-2000”
2000 – Creation of
Amur Ecoregional
Council;
2002 – Approval of
Amur CAP;
2003 – Creation of
NGO Amur Coalition;
2003 - Creation of
Amur Basin
Coordination
Committee
2008 – Amur Ramsar
Regional Initiative
1992 – International Conference
“Cranes and Stork in Amur River”
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Building partnerships – the only tool for IRBM implementation
17 NGOs, 9 research institutes, 16 nature reserves
50 000 participants in Amur marathon
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Green Shield of Black Dragoon
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The Friends of Amur
25 thousands participants
Amur Ambassadors
35 groups, 370 students
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2008 – Ramsar Sites Year
2009 – Free Flowing Amur
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IRBM approach – the only way to integrate
all conservation projects in Amur River
Basin and ensure sustainable development
under climate changing condition