The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BCE – CE 700.
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Transcript of The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BCE – CE 700.
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The Americas: A Separate
World40,000 BCE – CE 700
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Hunters and Farmers in the Americas
• Ice Age– Cold period in which huge ice sheets spread outward
from the polar regions– Beringia
• Land bridge connecting Asia to the Americas (through modern-day Alaska)
• Early nomads followed food across Beringia during the Ice Age
• Archaeology– Study of prehistoric human cultures
• Paleontology– Study of ancient animals & plants
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Agriculture
• Around the 3000 BCE, early Americans began to farm– Maize (corn)– Huge turning point in human history
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Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
• Mesoamerica– Region that stretches from central Mexico to
Honduras– Hot & humid– Swamps & jungles– Rain forests
• Trees provide thick covers that prevent sunshine– 100 inches of rain per year– Lots of flooding– Abundant supply of salt, tar, clay, wood, rubber, stone
• Lots of rivers for transportation• Fertile land from the floods
– corn, beans, & squash=staple
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Mesoamerica’s Mother Culture
• Olmec– 1200 – 400 BCE– First civilization in Mesoamerica– Influenced neighboring groups & future
civilizations
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Olmec Society
• Polytheistic with many nature gods– Worshipped the jaguar
• Many sculptures with half-human & half-jaguar carvings
• Representations unknown– Some believe it is a powerful rain god– Some believe it represents the earth, fertility, & maize
• Fisherman, farmers, artisans, & traders– Traded throughout the region of Mesoamerica– Imported iron ore & stones
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Olmec
• Artifacts discovered at San Lorenzo & La Venta – Earthen mounds– Courtyards– Pyramids– Large stone monuments with columns & altars– Large sculpted heads
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Reasons of Decline of the Olmec
• ??????????Unknown??????????????– Invaders?
– Left no written records– Left many artifacts & monuments
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Zapotec Civilizations500 BCE – CE 700
• Advanced society developed southwest of the Olmec
• Settled in a rugged region of mountains and valleys
• Show traces of influence from Olmec
• Mild climate• Fertile soil• Enough rainfall to support agriculture
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Monte Alban & San Jose’ Mogote
• Two major cities with stone platforms• Forms of hieroglyphic writing• Calendar system• Pyramids• Temples• Palaces• Observatory for star gazing• Stone sculptures like the Olmec
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Decline of the Zapotec
• ????????????Unknown??????????????
• Trade & economic decline?
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Early Mesoamericans’ Legacy
• Olmec– Art styles– Jaguar– Pottery & sculptures– Urban design– Pyramids & plazas– Monumental sculptures– Planned ceremonial
centers– Ritual ball games– Elite ruling class
• Zapotec– Hieroglyphic language– Calendar system based on
the movement of the sun– City builders
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Early Civilizations of the Andes
• Andes Mountains– 4,000 miles along western edge of South America– From Colombia to Chile– Second highest mountain range in the world– Steep & rocky– Poor soil– Ice & snow cover the highest elevations year round– Climate
• Hot & dry during the day• Freezing during the night
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Early Civilizations of the Andes
• In-between the mountains and the Pacific Coast lies harsh deserts with little rainfall
• some rivers flow from the mountains to the ocean across these deserts– River valleys were sites of first settlements
• Hunter-gatherers relied on seafood & small game
• 3000 BCE = start of agriculture
• Staple=corn(maize), beans, & fish
• Peru = first advanced civilizations of South America
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Chavin900 – 200 BCE
• Arose in the mountains• First civilization of South
America• Pyramids, plazas, &
earthen mounds• Art styles• Religious civilization with
many images carved into stone, pottery, & textiles– No evidence of
political/economic organization
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Chavin Pottery
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Chavin laid the foundations to unify Andean Culture
<mother culture for future civilizations>
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Nazca200 BCE – CE 600
• Southern coast of Peru
• Extremely dry land• Developed irrigation
systems– Underground canals
• Farmers• Beautiful textiles &
pottery
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Nazca Lines
• Scraped away stone to reveal lighter soil underneath
• Large drawings of plants & animals
• Can only be seen from above
• Believed these drawings were for the gods
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Moche100 - 700
• Northern coast of Peru
• Used rivers from mountains to make irrigation systems
• Farmers– Corn, beans, potatoes,
squash, & peanuts
• Wealthy civilization
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Moche
• Gold & silver
• Ceramics & pottery
• Doctors, weavers, musicians, & soldiers portrayed on pottery
• No written language