The Americas 1800‐1890 · ‐100,000 into Peru (by 1875) ‐120,000 into Cuba ‐50,000 into...

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The Americas 1800‐1890 Nation Building, Economic Growth and the Legacies of War

Transcript of The Americas 1800‐1890 · ‐100,000 into Peru (by 1875) ‐120,000 into Cuba ‐50,000 into...

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The Americas 1800‐1890Nation Building, Economic Growth and the Legacies of War

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityLegacies of these wars of independence, attempts at constitutions, ‘nation building’: 

‐ both short and long term

‐ range from local to ‘national’ conflicts (e.g. the US Civil War)

‐ what is missed is social impact – often as ‘long term’ as the political results

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityAmerindians:

‐ Chile, Argentina, US: governments portrayed  native peoples as ‘brutal’, ‘cruel’and ‘obstacles to progress’ [Text]

‐ 1859 Chilean newspaper demonized the Mapuche in the following editorial – not dissimilar to attitudes elsewhere

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

“The necessity, not only to punish the Araucanian[Mapuche] race, but also to make it impotent to harm us, is well recognized . . . as the only way to rid the country of a million evils. It is well understood that they are odious and prejudicial guests in Chile . . . Conciliatory measures have accomplished nothing with this stupid race – the infamy and disgrace of the Chilean nation” [Text 639]

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityUnited States:

‐ already noted in ‘Declaration of Independence’ that native peoples were referred to as ‘merciless Indian Savages’: this ‘image’ was only reinforced in 19th c

‐ in era following Civil War, until closing of Frontier c.1890: wars involving settlers, Amerindians and US government (“Indian Wars”) entrenched racist views on both sides

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityConcept of “Manifest Destiny”: Divinely Ordained Reinforced movement west, subjugation of indigenous ‘non‐Christian’ people

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity“Buffalo Bill” Cody: ‘glorified’ lifestyle of ‘wild west’ – including battles with, slaughter of ‘Indians’

‐ buffalo hunter

‐ fought in Civil War

‐ civilian scout to US Armyin ‘Indian Wars’

‐ created image of ‘West’(including ‘Indians’) throughout US and Europe

c. 1875

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityLonger Term Impact: forced assimilation (early 20th Century) but based on 19th Century ‘image’

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityImmigration to Latin America and US

‐ early part 19th century western Europe supplied most immigrants

‐ after 1870 southern, eastern Europeans predominated

‐ Argentina and Brazil knew largest immigrations  [Text]

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityChinese Immigration after 1850: major change

‐ 100,000 into Peru (by 1875)

‐ 120,000 into Cuba

‐ 50,000 into Canada

‐ 300,000 into US (by 1882) – marked California Gold Rush

Size of population change in such short period –especially in US – bound to have impact[will look at ‘push’ factors next week “Qing Empire”]

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

Chinese Workers in California Gold Mines, c. 1860

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityCalifornia’s Anti‐Coolie Act of 1862: [Add’l Rdgs.]

“There is hereby levied on each person, male and female, of the Mongolian race, of the age of eighteen years and upwards, residing in this State, except such as shall, under laws now existing, or which may hereafter be enacted, take out licenses to work in the mines, or to prosecute some kind of business, a monthly capitation tax of two dollars and fifty cents, which tax shall be known as the Chinese Police Tax. . .”

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Chinese Immigration to US

Chinese emigration to America: sketch on board the steam-ship Alaska, bound for San Francisco. From "Views of Chinese"" published in The Graphic and Harper's Weekly. April 29, 1876

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityImmigrants Intended ‘Short‐term’ Stay but….

‐ situation in China difficult [next week’s lecture], money in US good

‐many stayed much longer

‐ American ‘fears’ grew: Chinese portrayed as drug‐using ‘aliens’ [see Add’l. Rgs. ]

‐ grew as century moved on [see Resources, “Chinatown Declared a nuisance (1890)”]

By 1896, larger concerns with Immigrants and Immigration (in general) topic of major Public Concern [see Resources, “Restrictions on Immigration”]

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityAbolition of slavery

‐ irony: in era of ‘revolution’ and ‘independence’ slavery continued to flourish

‐ Latin America, tens of thousands slaves gained freedom by joining revolutionary armies but their societies still practiced slavery [see drawing “Brazilian Slaver Returns…”, p.640]

‐ demand for plantation products, especially sugar and coffee meant increase in numbers in Brazil, Cuba

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity‐ Pedro I had ratified treaty ending importation slaves 1830 but trade continued into 1850s

‐ war with Paraguay (1865‐70) gave opportunity to slaves to gain freedom by joining army

‐ convinced many  of abolitionist cause

‐ runaways grew in number, little support for returning them

‐ 1888 before abolition achieved

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityAbolition of Slavery:

‐ in the US it was cotton that drove the early 19th century growth in slavery

‐ contrary to general impression, abolitionist activity not defined by region (north/south)[Add’l. Rdgs. ‘Appeal to  Christian Women’; ‘Views of Baptists’]

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityAbolition of Slavery:

‐ women, free/freed African Americans organized most anti‐slavery activity throughout country 

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Uncle Tom’s CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe

‐ teacher: wrote novel

about ‘life of slaves’ 1852

‐main character ‘Uncle

Tom’, long‐suffering slave

around whom others

stories revolved

‐ hugely popular

‐ caricatured by many

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityAbolition of Slavery

‐ Frederick Douglass (freed slave) one of most well known [see ‘Conflict over slavery’, Resources]

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Racism, Discrimination, Inequity

‐ as in Brazil, war (this time Civil  War) provided opportunity for slaves to join Union  Army

‐ increased pressure on government to emancipate slaves

‐ limited emancipation during war, complete abolition of slavery (Thirteenth Amendment to Constitution) end of war, 1865

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityEmancipation not Equality:

‐ legal freedom did not guarantee ‘equality’

‐ everywhere, ‘blacks’ faced discrimination and/or patronization

‐ in the South, pseudo slavery perpetuated through ‘Jim Crow’ laws: segregation in housing, transport, education

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“Jim Crow”: caricature

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“Jim Crow”: caricature

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Established 1865, following Civil War. Lost funding 1870, shut down 1872

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Racism, Discrimination, InequityIncreased racial violence: average 50 ‘blacks’lynched annually [presumably in state]

Southern Paper [“Mobile Register", Alabama] editorial June 19, 1897: 

"There is a feeling in the white man's mind that whoever of the race not his own who attempts to defy this race instinct, and violently upset the physical line which nature has established, does by that act take his life in hand".

Estimated more than 2,500 in America 1882‐1918[see “Press and Lynching African Americans” in ‘Resources’]