The American Pageant - Hustead's...

The American Pageant

Chapter 2:

The Planting of English

America 1500-1733

Cover Slide

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth I used her charm and intelligence to turn England into a major

world power. This portrait, painted around 1588 when Elizabeth was 55 years old,

shows the queen at the peak of her power, a fact depicted by the artist in the scenes

visible through the windows in the background. Through the left window, we can see

Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking

in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and

Trustees of the Bedford Estate)

Armada Portrait of

Elizabeth I

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor

de Bry, 1634

This picture shows one interpretation of a trading session between the English and

Native Americans. Theodor de Bry was one of the first to include such drawings in

his accounts of the New World. Previous works on the subject contained either no

illustrations or very crude ones. (Library of Congress)

Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor de

Bry, 1634


Depiction of Racial Mixtures by

Miguel Cabrera

One of the few extant depictions of a

mixed-race family in eighteenth-century

North America, by the Mexican artist

Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish

father and Indian mother have produced

a mestiza daughter. Families such as this

would have been frequently seen in New

Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera


Jamestown skeleton

In 1996, archeologists working at

Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a

young man they nicknamed "JR." JR

was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between

the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he

bled to death from a bullet wound in his

leg, but we don't know the circumstances

of his death. Was he a gentleman, shot

for treason? Was he a soldier? Was he

perhaps a co-conspirator with Captain

John Smith in Smith's mutiny attempt at

sea? The answer remains a mystery, but

JR's discovery illustrates how much

early American historians have come to

rely upon archeologists for help in

reconstructing the colonial past.

(Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily

Press)

Jamestown skeleton


John White's drawings of Indians

fishing

John White, an artist with Raleigh's 1585

expedition (and later the governor of the

ill-fated 1587 colony), illustrated three

different fishing techniques used by

Carolina Indians: to the left, the

construction of weirs and traps; in the

background, spearfishing in shallow

water; and in the foreground, fishing

from dugout canoes. The fish are

accurately drawn and can be identified

today. (Trustees of the British Museum)

John White's

drawings of

Indians fishing


Nathaniel Bacon

Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a

gentleman in the 1670s, but his

resentment of the economic and political

domination of the colony by a small

group of planters transformed him into a

backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an

army of discontented farmers, servants,

and slaves against the powerful coastal

planters--and almost won. In this stained

glass window, discovered and restored in

the twentieth century, Bacon's social

class and his commanding presence are

both evident. (The Association for the

Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at

Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)

Nathaniel Bacon


Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes

Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico

some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North

America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural

practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan

Library/Art Resource, New York)

Native American Planting Maize,

from Folio 121 from Histoire

Naturelles Des Indes


Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne

Jacques Le Moyne, an artist accompanying the French settlement in Florida in the 1560s,

produced some of the first European images of North American peoples. His depiction of

native agricultural practices shows the sexual division of labor: men breaking up the ground

with fish-bone hoes before women drop seeds into the holes. But Le Moyne's version of the

scene cannot be accepted uncritically: unable to abandon a European view of proper farming

methods, he erroneously drew plowed furrows in the soil.(John Carter Brown Library at Brown

University)

Native American Women Planting

Crops in Florida by Jacques Le

Moyne


New Amsterdam

Unlike Amsterdam, its parent city, this small colonial port had only a few homes

crowding the tip of the island during the early 1600s. However, New Amsterdam

became an important strategic location for Dutch trading. A few of the mother country's

largest ships brought colonists much-needed goods each year, while colonial merchants

waited anxiously to exchange furs and timber. (Library of Congress)

New Amsterdam


English Protestant Reformation

• Started with Henry VIII-1530s

• Henry wants to remarry

• Pope refuses divorce

• Henry starts new church

• English Protestant Reformation

• Catholics battled Protestants for decades

• Ireland

• sea power

• Desire for new land

• Elizabeth I

• Power shifted to Protestantism

Ireland

Had been under English rule since 1200’s

Remained Catholic

British troops under Elizabeth crushed the Irish

Regarded native population as “savages”

Became attitude of British as they settled the New World

British Sea Dogs / Newfoundland

Sea Dogs

British Privateers

A.k.a. pirates

Permission from

Elizabeth I

Captured Spanish

ships’ cargo

Francis Drake—most

famous

Newfoundland, 1583

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

tries to colonize

Ship sinks offshore

Sir Walter Raleigh/Sir Francis Drake

Roanoke / Spanish Armada Sir Walter Raleigh

Favorite of the Queen

Roanoke Island, 1585 Attempts to settle

Off of South Carolina

John White, governor Sent back UK to get

aid

Returns in 1587 Entire group of 119

settlers are “lost

Spanish Armada Led by Philip II

130 ships sailed against England Conflict over religion

British had smaller, swifter ships

Devastating storm “Protestant wind”

sunk 1/3 of the fleet

English Nationalism—Reasons for Colonization

Victory over Spanish Armada

Nationalistic, restless, adventurous, and optimistic

Rapid population growth spurt

Enclosure movement

Wool was making a huge profit

Establish areas for the grazing of sheep

Rid the land of small tenant (renting) farmers

“Surplus population”

England Primogeniture

British law that only the oldest son would inherit the land

Younger sons were forced to seek fortunes elsewhere

Joint-Stock Companies

Allowed several investors to pool their capital ($)

Surplus people (Enclosure Movement) + Joint-Stock Co. ($) = money and manpower for colonization

Richard Hakluyt

English writer &

Oxford clergyman

Promoted the

colonization of the

New World

New markets

Get rid of surplus

population

Virginia Company

A Joint-Stock

Company

Charter

granted by

James I

Settled

Jamestown

Jamestown Rights of Englishmen

Charter guaranteed

rights of settlers would

be same as back in

England

Landed May 24, 1607

100 men

Chose a swampy

location

Settlers died of

disease, malnutrition &

starvation

1608 Captain John

Smith “saved” the

colony

Orders: “He who shall

not work shall not eat”

Diplomacy with

natives

Powhatan chief orders

John Smith’s death

Pocahontas saves him

Jamestown

“The starving time” 1609-1610

Only 60 of 500 settlers made it through the winter

Leaving to return to England…

Lord De La Warr, 1610 New governor

Ordered settlers back Also started a war with the Indians

John Rolfe Saved colony economically Developed a method of curing

tobacco so it was not so harsh

Peace with Indians when Pocahontas married him in 1614

Native Americans

Powhatan Indian uprisings 1622

Killed 347Jamestown settlers

1644 Led to the defeat of

the Indians

Indians by 1669 Only 2,000 left, or

About 10%

Indians by 1685 Powhatans extinct

Disease, Disorganization & Disposability

Smallpox and measles were killers

Lacked unity to attack

Indians offered nothing to the British except land

Indians

Foreshadowing…

Powhatan fate=fate of the rest of the American Indians

Demographic and cultural transformation

Horses

Disease – small pox -

Trade

Barter and exchange gave way to European commerce

Firearms etc.

Atlantic Seaboard Indians felt the greatest impact

Interior Indians had time and space to prepare

Virginia Tobacco

Single cash crop (like a gold rush)

Depleted the soil

Labor-intensive crop

Prices fluctuated

20 Black slaves, 1619

Indentures servants

House of Burgesses, 1619

An elected assembly to pass laws for the region

Becomes Royal Colony in 1624

Maryland 1634, Lord Baltimore Purpose:

To make a profit To establish a Catholic Haven

Huge Estates given to Catholic Relatives

Headright System 100 acres of land granted to

immigrants, or Those who paid for passage of

others Major portion of immigrants:

indentured servants Maryland Act of

Toleration,1649 Religious freedom to Christians

Indentured Servants

A form of debt bondage worker

Usually three to seven years

Received:

Transportation, food, drink, clothing, lodging &other necessities

Tobacco

The labor-intensive cash crop

Grown in south

indentured laborers

British West Indies West Indian Islands

Jamaica

Mid-1600s—claimed by England

Sugar Rich man’s crop

Large plantations

Labor-intensive and elaborate processing

Led to the importation of large #’s of African Slaves

Barbados Slave Code of 1661 Perpetual slavery

No rights

Owner has all power

South Carolina became a trading partner Slave codes

transferred to SC

Stuart Restoration

English Civil War

1649, King Charles I beheaded

Opposition led by Puritans

Oliver Cromwell put in as "protector" of England

Ruled for 9 years

1660 Charles II assumes the throne (Stuart Restoration)

South Carolina

1670, named for Charles II He granted vast land tracts to

his court favorites

Planned to attract settlers from other colonies

The main exports was rice, indigo and Indian slaves Eventually many African slaves

Economic ties with West Indies

1707, conflict with the natives Leads to near annihilation of

Indians

North Carolina

• Settled by poor squatters

from Virginia, 1719

• Most democratic region

• Showed tension

between small farmers

& aristocratic planters

• Broke away from South

Carolina in 1729

• King divided the region

Native Americans in the South

Tuscarora Indians

Attacked N. Carolina

settlement in 1711

Whites retaliated

Forced the tribe to move north

Eventually became

the 6th Nation of the

Iroquois Confederacy

Yamasee Indians

Attacked by S.C. in

1715

Dispersed the

Yamasee Nation

Cleared southern

coast region of Native

Americans

Georgia

Settled in 1733 James Oglethorpe-- Military

leader

Designed to be a buffer colony From the Spanish on the south and

French on the West

It was also to be a haven for the poor

Not many took advantage of this option as the land was populated by artisans

Landholdings were limited in size Savannah became a melting pot

community

All Christian religions--except Catholics--are allowed to worship

Plantation Colonies

Southern colonies all shared the same features: Exporting of

agricultural products

Single-crop economy Tobacco and rice

Slavery All colonies relied on it

by 1750

Plantations or large estates Led to an aristocracy

Plantations on rivers slowed growth of large cities

No public schools

Church of England

Tax-supported

Expansionary

Tobacco depleted the soil

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