The American Pageant Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865 Cover Slide Copyright ©...

The American Pageant

Chapter 21

The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863

(Library of Congress)

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863


American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew BradyAt the war's end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives )

American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady


AntietamIn the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)

Antietam


Antietam by James HopeA painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)

Antietam by James Hope


Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial


Atlanta's Depot, 1864Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's siege of the city in 1864. (Library of Congress)

Atlanta's Depot, 1864


Black Troops from Company ECompany E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society)

Black Troops from Company E


Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia

Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia


Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew BradyClean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady


Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew BradyAn exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)

Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady


Contraband slave groupA group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress)

Contraband slave group


Eagle cartoon"Annihilation to Traitors," screams the American Eagle as it watches various evil and slimy creatures hatching in its nest enfolded in the American flag. Various southern secession leaders are named, some being shown as beasts, while a copperhead snake, the popular cartoon image representing northerners who sympathized with the southern cause, prepares to strike at the national symbol. The Union states are represented as healthy eggs, holding out promise for the future. (Library of Congress)

Eagle cartoon


First Day at Gettysburg by James WalkerDuring the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York)

First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker


Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress)

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862


Fording the Rappahannock RiverWhen federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of Congress)

Fording the Rappahannock River


Freedom to the Slave, 1863This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)

Freedom to the Slave, 1863


Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew BradyAt the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady


Lee with his son after the surrenderAfter opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress)

Lee with his son after the surrender


Robert E. LeeBoth General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Robert E. Lee


Scott's Great SnakeGeneral Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

Scott's Great Snake


Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den

This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress)

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den


Sherman's March to the SeaDetermined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)

Sherman's March to the Sea


Soldiers War--Union infantry campUnion soldiers in camp, posing for a photograph, with black servants. The drudgery of camp life never prohibited soldiers from displaying their individuality. (National Archives)

Soldiers War--Union infantry camp


Stand WatieA successful planter following the "Trail of Tears," Stand Watie allied with the Confederacy in 1861, raising a volunteer regiment called the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. By war's end, Watie had risen to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate army and was the last field officer to surrender after the fall of Richmond. (Special Collections, John Vaughan Library, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, Oklahoma)

Stand Watie


The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives)

The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864


Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew BradyBoth General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady


Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC

Civil War prison camps were not all deprivation. This illustration shows Union prisoners of war playing baseball. (Library of Congress)

Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC


Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flagLike the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress)

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag


War dead, FredericksburgMany soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)

War dead, Fredericksburg


Wounded at FredericksburgIn this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)

Wounded at Fredericksburg


Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg

Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and GettysburgThis map shows the campaigns that took place during the winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, culminating in the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863). General Meade's victory at Gettysburg may have been the critical turning point of the war.


Map: Grant's Campaign Against Lee

Grant's Campaign Against LeeThis map shows the series of battles during the late spring of 1864 in which Grant's army suffered staggering casualties, but finally drove Lee into retreat. After holding up for months behind heavy fortifications in Petersburg, Lee made a daring attempt to escape in April 1865 but was headed off by General Philip Sheridan's troops. Grant quickly closed in on the greatly weakened Confederate army, forcing Lee's surrender.


Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


Map: Sherman's March to the Sea

Sherman's March to the SeaThe West proved a decisive theater at the end of the war. From Chattanooga, Union forces drove in to Georgia, capturing Atlanta. Then General Sherman embarked on his march of destruction through Georgia to the coast and then northward through the Carolinas.


Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam

The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of AntietamThis map illustrates the anaconda plan at work. The Union navy closed southern harbors while Grant's troops worked to seal the northern end of the Mississippi River. The map also shows the Battle of Antietam (September 1862), in which Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee were finally defeated by the Union army under General George McClellan.


Map: The Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of GettysburgIn the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.


Map: The Sea Islands

The Sea IslandsThe island chain was the site of unique wartime experiments in new social policies.


Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862

The War in the East, 1861-1862Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam.


Map: The War in the East, 1863

The War in the East, 1863Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg.


Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg

The War in the West, 1863: VicksburgGrant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg.


Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865

The War in Virginia, 1864-1865At great cost, Grant hammered away at Lee's army until the weakened southern forces finally surrendered at the Appomattox Court House.


Map: Union Offensives into Virginia, 1861-1862

Union Offensives into Virginia, 1861-1862This map shows two failed Union attempts to invade Virginia: the Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) and the Peninsular Campaign (August 1862). Confederate victories embarrassed the richer and more populous Union.


Map: War in the West, 1861-1863

War in the West, 1861-1863Here is an overview of the Union's successful campaigns in the west and its seizure of key points on the Mississippi River, as well as along the Atlantic coast in 1862 and 1863. These actions were decisive in paving the way for ultimate northern victory.


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