The American JourneyA History of the United States, 7th Edition

By: Goldfield • Abbott • Anderson • Argersinger • Argersinger • Barney • Weir

Chapter

The Triumph and

Collapse of

Jeffersonian

Republicanism

1800-1824

9

The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism

1800-1824

Jefferson’s Presidency

Madison and the Coming of War

The War of 1812

The Era of Good Feelings

The Breakdown of Unity

Conclusion

Learning Objectives

Why was the expansion of the United States so important to

Jefferson?

What factors pushed Madison into a war with Britain?

What were the consequences of the War of 1812?

How did rising nationalism contribute to the spirit of the Era

of Good Feelings?

Learning Objectives (cont'd)

Why did slavery become such a divisive issue in the years

preceding the Missouri Compromise?

Jefferson’s Presidency

Reform at Home

Jefferson set the style and tone of his administration by his

unpretentious inauguration in Washington, D.C. and

eliminating the aristocratic practices of the Federalists.

Reform at Home (cont'd)

The Republican domestic policy was based on

retrenchment. Jefferson reduced the national debt from

$83 million in 1800 to $57 million in 1809 by cutting

government spending and taxes.

Jefferson replaced many Federalist Party officeholders with

Republicans and the Republican Congress repealed the

Judiciary Act of 1801.

Reform at Home (cont'd)

The Marbury v. Madison case established the power of the

Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of

legislation.

Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court decision of 1803 that

created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as

unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

The Louisiana Purchase

The revolution in Haiti led Napoleon to sell the huge

Louisiana territory to the United States.

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United

States.

MAP 9–1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis

and Clark Expedition

Florida and Western Schemes

Jefferson’s failure to buy West Florida from Spain led to a

failed attempt to grab land from Spain in the lower

Mississippi Valley and possibly create a separate nation.

Embargo and a Crippled Presidency

The war between France and Spain embroiled the United

States in a dispute over neutral rights, blockades, ship

seizures, and imprisonment of American sailors.

A confrontation with the British at sea led to the Embargo

Act of 1807 that hurt nearly all American economic groups

except manufacturers.

Embargo and a Crippled Presidency (cont'd)

James Madison won the presidential election of 1808 but

the Federalist candidate received twice as many votes as

in 1804.

Impressment

The British policy of forcibly enlisting American sailors into the British

navy.

Embargo and a Crippled Presidency (cont'd)

Chesapeake Incident

Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship

Chesapeake in American territorial waters that nearly provoked an

Anglo-American war.

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving

for any foreign port.

Madison and the Coming of War

The Failure of Economic Sanctions

The Nonintercourse Act that had replaced the Embargo Act

convinced Madison that Anglo-American relations would

improve.

A failed agreement between the United States and Britain

led Congress to pass Macon’s Bill No. 2.

The Frontier and Indian Resistance

The unceasing demand for land stimulated a pan-Indian

resistance movement led by Tecumseh and his brother

Tenkswatawa.

The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 led Tecumseh to ally with

the British.

The Warhawks aggressively promoted war with Britain.

The Frontier and Indian Resistance(cont'd)

Pan-Indian resistance movement

Movement calling for the political and cultural unification of Indian tribes

in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Decision for War

Madison prepared for war by increasing the army from

10,000 to 35,000 men.

Madison sent a war message to Congress on June 1, 1812

and a divided Congress passed the resolution.

Federalists opposed the war.

Decision for War (cont’d)

Support for the war was strongest in regions whose

economies had been damaged most by the British

blockade and control of Atlantic commerce, namely the

South and the West.

War Hawks

Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who

aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in

1810.

The War of 1812

Setbacks in Canada

Three offensives against Canada in 1812 failed and one led

to the loss of Detroit to the British. Most Canadians fought

against the Americans.

War setbacks and antiwar feelings hurt the Republicans and

Madison won a narrow victory in 1812.

Setbacks in Canada (cont'd)

War of 1812

War fought between the United States and Britain from June 1812 to

January 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping.

MAP 9–2 The War of 1812

MAP 9–2 (continued) The War of 1812

Western Victories and British Offensives

An American victory on Lake Erie led to British attacks at a

time when the American government was nearly bankrupt

and political dissent in New England was reaching a

climax.

Western Victories and British Offensives (cont’d)

Though the British torched Washington, D.C., their advance

was stopped at Baltimore and Americans won the battle

of Plattsburgh, turning the tide of the war.

Battle of Put-in-Bay

American naval victory on Lake Erie in September 1813 in the War of

1812 that denied the British strategic control over the Great Lakes.

Western Victories and British Offensives (cont’d)

Battle of Plattsburgh

American naval victory on Lake Champlain in September 1814 in the

War of 1812 that thwarted a British invasion from Canada.

The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans

The defeat of Napoleon led the British to sign the Treaty of

Ghent ending the War of 1812.

During the period when the treaty was to be ratified, Andrew

Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans

(cont’d)

Jackson’s victory ended any British hopes of establishing a

sphere of influence in Louisiana and sounded the death

knell for the Federalist Party.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain

that ended the War of 1812.

The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans

(cont’d)

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January

1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower

Mississippi River Valley.

The Era of Good Feelings

The Era of Good Feelings

The expression “Era of Good Feelings” nicely captured the

spirit of political harmony and sectional unity that washed

over the republic in the postwar years.

Era of Good Feelings

The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the

Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly

nonpartisan harmony.

Economic Nationalism

The War of 1812 converted Republicans to the Federalist

doctrine of centralized national power.

Economic Nationalism (cont’d)

Madison supported an economic program pushed through

Congress by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun that

established the Second Bank of the United States and set

up the protective Tariff of 1816. But Madison vetoed an

internal improvements bill.

Economic Nationalism (cont’d)

Second Bank of the United States

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory

powers over currency and credit.

Judicial Nationalism

In a series of cases, the Supreme Court led by John

Marshall established the principle that the Supreme Court

had final jurisdiction over matters of constitutional

interpretation and the sanctity of property rights.

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling

that it violated a legal contract.

Judicial Nationalism (cont’d)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering

with the privileges granted to a private corporation.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court decision of 1819 upholding the constitutionality of the

Second Bank of the United States and the exercise of federal powers

within a state.

Toward a Continental Empire

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams negotiated several

treaties that influenced the future of the United States.

A new era of Anglo-American cooperation was opened with

the signing of the Rush-Bagot Agreement and the Anglo-

American Accords.

Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)

The Transcontinental Treaty with Spain ceded Florida to the

United States and established the boundary between the

Louisiana Territory and the Spanish southwest.

Rush–Bagot Agreement

Treaty of 1817 between the United States and Britain that effectively

demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships

each power could station on them.

Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)

Anglo–American Accords

Series of agreements reached in the British–American Convention of

1818 that fixed the western boundary between the United States and

Canada at the 49th parallel, allowed for the joint occupation of the

Oregon Country, and restored to Americans fishing rights off

Newfoundland.

Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)

Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819

Treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded

Florida to the United States, surrendered all claims to the Pacific

Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana

Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.

Monroe Doctrine

Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western

Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and

that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of

European nations.

MAP 9–3 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and

Territorial Treaties with Britain and Spain, 1818–

1819

The Breakdown of Unity

The Panic of 1819

Americans enjoyed a wave of prosperity between 1815 and

1818 that fueled land speculation and credit amid rising

crop prices.

Reduced demand for cotton and food in Europe led to a

credit contraction that caused a sharp decline in

commodity prices and real estate values.

The Panic of 1819 (cont'd)

The Bank of the United States stopped all loans and called

in debts stimulating a depression that hit the West

hardest.

The Missouri Compromise

The dispute over the admission of Missouri as a slave state

increased northern resentment over the expansion of

slavery and southern dominance in national affairs.

The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)

The congressional stalemate was broken by a compromise

engineered by Henry Clay that admitted Missouri to the

Union as a slave state balanced by Maine’s admission as

a free state. Slavery was prohibited north of the southern

boundary of Missouri.

The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)

Missouri Compromise

Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the

Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited

slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory above 36º30’ north

latitude.

The Election of 1824

Four candidates vied for the presidency in 1824, William

Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and

Henry Clay.

Jackson won the most popular votes but none had an

electoral college majority.

The Election of 1824 (cont'd)

In the House of Representatives, Adams was elected when

Clay supported him. Jackson called the election a corrupt

bargain after Clay was named Secretary of State.

American System

The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his

followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic

manufacturers from foreign competition.

MAP 9–4 The Election of 1824

Conclusion

Conclusion

In 1800, the Republicans were just testing their power while

the Federalists were in decline.

The Republicans became empire builders and paved the

way for the nation to evolve as a democratic republic.

In the mid-1820s, the Republicans fell victim to their own

success and changing conditions.