The Age of Mass Politics 1815-1915. Overview 1815-1848ConservatismLiberalismNationalism The...

The Age of Mass The Age of Mass PoliticsPolitics

1815-19151815-1915

OverviewOverview

1815-18481815-1848ConservatismConservatism

LiberalismLiberalism

NationalismNationalism

The Revolutions of 1848The Revolutions of 1848

The Age of RealPolitik (1848-1871)The Age of RealPolitik (1848-1871)The Rise of SocialismThe Rise of Socialism

The Age of Mass Politics (1871-1915)The Age of Mass Politics (1871-1915)

ConservatismConservatism

• Protection of the status quoProtection of the status quo– The Concert of EuropeThe Concert of Europe

• They were all singing the same tuneThey were all singing the same tune– First meeting in Vienna 1814First meeting in Vienna 1814

» To settle the questions of territory and politics after NapoleonTo settle the questions of territory and politics after Napoleon» France, England, Austria, RussiaFrance, England, Austria, Russia

– Territorial changes that reflected the personal interests of the Territorial changes that reflected the personal interests of the leaders involvedleaders involved

• Other meetingsOther meetings– 1818 The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle1818 The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle– 1819 Protocol of Troppau1819 Protocol of Troppau– 1822 Congress of Verona1822 Congress of Verona

• Rebellions in the AmericasRebellions in the Americas– Europe lost controlEurope lost control– The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

– No more meetings after 1822No more meetings after 1822• Failed as an international forceFailed as an international force


RussiaRussia1825 Alexander I dies suddenly1825 Alexander I dies suddenly

Young liberal thinkers hoped to see Constantine take the Young liberal thinkers hoped to see Constantine take the thronethrone

Instead Nicholas I became TsarInstead Nicholas I became Tsar

Decembrist RevoltDecembrist Revolt


• France (1815-1830)France (1815-1830)– P.M. Talleyrand suggested Louis XVIIIP.M. Talleyrand suggested Louis XVIII

• Old and in poor health; he was unexciting, safe, and Old and in poor health; he was unexciting, safe, and legitimatelegitimate

• Signed the Signed the Charter Charter – Maintained principles from the revolutionMaintained principles from the revolution

» Equality before the lawEquality before the law» Religious freedom (Catholicism is state religion)Religious freedom (Catholicism is state religion)» The Napoleonic CodeThe Napoleonic Code» Organization of the county by departmentsOrganization of the county by departments» And property rights from the revolution and Napoleonic And property rights from the revolution and Napoleonic

periodsperiods– Only large property owners could voteOnly large property owners could vote

» Elected a two-house AssemblyElected a two-house Assembly» France was returned to 1792 bordersFrance was returned to 1792 borders


• France (1815-1830)France (1815-1830)– 1815: white terror1815: white terror– Napoleon returns for 100 daysNapoleon returns for 100 days

• Louis flees and returns after Napoleon’s final defeatLouis flees and returns after Napoleon’s final defeat– Reaction continuedReaction continued

• Catholic attacks on ProtestantsCatholic attacks on Protestants• 1820: Louis nephew was assassinated1820: Louis nephew was assassinated

– More repressionMore repression– Charles XCharles X

• Spokesperson for the conservative aristocracySpokesperson for the conservative aristocracy– Reduced interest on public debtReduced interest on public debt

» Hurt the middle class who had loaned money to the stateHurt the middle class who had loaned money to the state– Rumors that he planned to rescind constitutional limits on his Rumors that he planned to rescind constitutional limits on his

authorityauthority– Appointed a conservative chief ministerAppointed a conservative chief minister– ““July Revolution” of 1830July Revolution” of 1830


• German States (1815-1830)German States (1815-1830)– The German ConfederationThe German Confederation

• German nationalism dominated universities and artistic German nationalism dominated universities and artistic leadersleaders– Students formed clubs collectively called BurschenschaftStudents formed clubs collectively called Burschenschaft

– Austria is leading German StateAustria is leading German State• Metternich suspicious; wants to prevent German unityMetternich suspicious; wants to prevent German unity

– Actions of the Burschenschaft were very limited; occasional Actions of the Burschenschaft were very limited; occasional demonstrations or marches; mostly they wrotedemonstrations or marches; mostly they wrote

• 1819 a member of the Burschenschaft murdered and 1819 a member of the Burschenschaft murdered and extremely conservative public figureextremely conservative public figure– Carlsbad DecreesCarlsbad Decrees

» Outlawed the BurschenschaftOutlawed the Burschenschaft» Applied censorship throughout the German statesApplied censorship throughout the German states» University students and professors would be watchedUniversity students and professors would be watched» Teachers were blacklistedTeachers were blacklisted


• AustriaAustria– MetternichMetternich

• Except for Russia, the Austrian Empire was the most Except for Russia, the Austrian Empire was the most populous European statepopulous European state

– Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary each had own languageAustria, Bohemia, and Hungary each had own language

– Other minority languages: Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Other minority languages: Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovakian and othersSlovakian and others

• Controlled parts of Northern Italy; Vienna is the Capital of Controlled parts of Northern Italy; Vienna is the Capital of the Austrian Empirethe Austrian Empire

• Idea of government was of a benevolent ruling house, the Idea of government was of a benevolent ruling house, the Habsburgs, who had no special connection to the people it Habsburgs, who had no special connection to the people it ruledruled

– Metternich remains in control until 1848Metternich remains in control until 1848


• England (1815-1832)England (1815-1832)– Grain ControversyGrain Controversy

• Corn LawsCorn Laws

– Hurt consumers (kept bread prices high)Hurt consumers (kept bread prices high)

– Hurt manufacturers (kept wages high) Hurt manufacturers (kept wages high)

• After 1815 again possible to import grainAfter 1815 again possible to import grain

– New legislation forbade imports unless prices New legislation forbade imports unless prices skyrocketedskyrocketed


• England (1815-1832)England (1815-1832)– Bad economic times for laborers; high unemploymentBad economic times for laborers; high unemployment

• 1819 the Peterloo Massacre1819 the Peterloo Massacre– Peaceful demonstrationPeaceful demonstration– Local authorities overreactedLocal authorities overreacted

» Killed 11 and wounded about 400Killed 11 and wounded about 400– New laws passed restricting public meetingsNew laws passed restricting public meetings

– Representation in ParliamentRepresentation in Parliament• No changes in electoral districts since before the Industrial No changes in electoral districts since before the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution– ““virtually represented”virtually represented”

» Rotten boroughsRotten boroughs» Pocket boroughsPocket boroughs

– Only 1 out of every 15 males could voteOnly 1 out of every 15 males could vote• Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832


• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Product of the EnlightenmentProduct of the Enlightenment

• Liberal-minded people, members of upper middle class, Liberal-minded people, members of upper middle class, often professionalsoften professionals

• Believed in constitutions and representative governmentBelieved in constitutions and representative government

• Protection of human rights (freedom of expression and Protection of human rights (freedom of expression and religion and equality before the law)religion and equality before the law)


• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Not democratsNot democrats

• Did not trust the massesDid not trust the masses

• Did not favor universal male suffrageDid not favor universal male suffrage

• Strongly opposed to revolutionStrongly opposed to revolution

• Did not promote voting rights for womenDid not promote voting rights for women

• Preferred laissez-faire economics and disapproved of Preferred laissez-faire economics and disapproved of unionsunions

– Government should stay out of business except to Government should stay out of business except to protect private property and maintain an atmosphere protect private property and maintain an atmosphere conducive to manufacturing and tradeconducive to manufacturing and trade


• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Secular world viewSecular world view

• Rejected church teachingsRejected church teachings

• Distrust of the militaryDistrust of the military

• Change should come through legislationChange should come through legislation

– Trusted science and education, human improvement Trusted science and education, human improvement and progressand progress


• EnglandEngland– Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832

• Doubled the number of men who could voteDoubled the number of men who could vote• Did eliminate some smaller boroughs and seats reallocated to the Did eliminate some smaller boroughs and seats reallocated to the

new industrial centersnew industrial centers– 1838 Anti-Corn Law League1838 Anti-Corn Law League

• 1845 Irish Potato famine1845 Irish Potato famine• Tory Prime Minister Robert PeelTory Prime Minister Robert Peel

– Believed that without reform there would be rebellionBelieved that without reform there would be rebellion» Reform led to Peel fall from officeReform led to Peel fall from office» Irish peasants did not really benefit from reform because of Irish peasants did not really benefit from reform because of

British landlordsBritish landlords» Crop failures in 1848 and 1851 resulted in mass Irish Crop failures in 1848 and 1851 resulted in mass Irish

migration (mostly to U.S.)migration (mostly to U.S.)– Repeal did prove the ability of the British gov’t to compromiseRepeal did prove the ability of the British gov’t to compromise– Also committed England to international economic system Also committed England to international economic system

depending on foreign tradedepending on foreign trade


• France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848– Charles X dismisses Chamber of Deputies and calls for Charles X dismisses Chamber of Deputies and calls for

new electionsnew elections• Liberals wonLiberals won

– Charles issues four Charles issues four July OrdinancesJuly Ordinances• First dissolved the newly elected Chamber before it metFirst dissolved the newly elected Chamber before it met• Second censored the pressSecond censored the press• Third greatly reduced the franchise that excluded upper Third greatly reduced the franchise that excluded upper

middle classmiddle class• Fourth called for new elections based on the revised Fourth called for new elections based on the revised

franchisefranchise

– Mobs took to the street setting up barricades and flying Mobs took to the street setting up barricades and flying the tricolor flag of the revolutionthe tricolor flag of the revolution• King’s soldiers were targets and refused to support the kingKing’s soldiers were targets and refused to support the king• Charles abdicated and fled to EnglandCharles abdicated and fled to England


• France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848– July MonarchyJuly Monarchy

• On recommendation of Marquis de Lafayette, France On recommendation of Marquis de Lafayette, France replaced Charles with his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of replaced Charles with his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of OrleansOrleans– Careful to play down “royal image”Careful to play down “royal image”– Dressed in a business suit and carried an umbrellaDressed in a business suit and carried an umbrella– Ruled for 18 years until 1848Ruled for 18 years until 1848

• Louis was conservative even though the government Louis was conservative even though the government maintained an appearance of liberalismmaintained an appearance of liberalism– Wanted support of upper bourgeoisie, catered to themWanted support of upper bourgeoisie, catered to them

• Reformers and democrats were disappointedReformers and democrats were disappointed– 1840: Egypt incident1840: Egypt incident– French workers demanded voting rightsFrench workers demanded voting rights


• France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848– February 1848February 1848

• Workers rally: electoral reformWorkers rally: electoral reform

– Premier Francois Guizot forbid the rallyPremier Francois Guizot forbid the rally

– People still gathered and the army refused to disperse People still gathered and the army refused to disperse the crowdthe crowd

» King dismissed Guizot, but army still fired on the King dismissed Guizot, but army still fired on the crowd killing about 40 peoplecrowd killing about 40 people

» Street fighting resultedStreet fighting resulted

• Louis Philippe abdicatedLouis Philippe abdicated

– Chamber of Deputies sets up provisional governmentChamber of Deputies sets up provisional government

» Made up of republicans and one socialist: Louis Made up of republicans and one socialist: Louis BlancBlanc


• France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848– Actions of the provisional gov’tActions of the provisional gov’t

• Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage• End of slavery in the coloniesEnd of slavery in the colonies• Abolition of the death penaltyAbolition of the death penalty

– Country divided politicallyCountry divided politically• OrleanistsOrleanists• LegitimistsLegitimists• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of NapoleonLouis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon• Republicans also dividedRepublicans also divided• Socialists: followers of Louis Blanc demanded gov’t help Socialists: followers of Louis Blanc demanded gov’t help

to provide jobs to provide jobs


• France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848– Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government

• Opened National workshopsOpened National workshops• Agreed to 10-hour workdayAgreed to 10-hour workday• Held elections in April 1848Held elections in April 1848

– Conservatives were big winnersConservatives were big winners» Rural peasant vote: anti-liberal, anti-workshops, and Rural peasant vote: anti-liberal, anti-workshops, and

anti-taxesanti-taxes– Violence escalatedViolence escalated

• Provisional gov’t closed workshopsProvisional gov’t closed workshops– Bloody June DaysBloody June Days

• General CavaignacGeneral Cavaignac– Provisional government drafts new constitutionProvisional government drafts new constitution

• Presidential elections scheduled before it was finishedPresidential elections scheduled before it was finished– Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by huge majority Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by huge majority


• GreeceGreece– Movement led by Ypsilanti in 1821 failedMovement led by Ypsilanti in 1821 failed

• Western romantic writers took up the causeWestern romantic writers took up the cause– Turks continued to alienate Turks continued to alienate

the Westthe West• Island massacreIsland massacre• Executed the Christian leader ofExecuted the Christian leader of

ConstantinopleConstantinople– Treaty of London 1827Treaty of London 1827

• England, France, and Russia England, France, and Russia support Greek independencesupport Greek independence

• Threatened Turkey with military actionThreatened Turkey with military action• Sent a naval forced that destroyedSent a naval forced that destroyed

the Turkish fleetthe Turkish fleet– Greek independence in 1832Greek independence in 1832


• BelgiumBelgium– Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands

• Constitutional monarchy, ruled by House of Orange Constitutional monarchy, ruled by House of Orange (same as England)(same as England)

• Economically successfulEconomically successful

• Unpopular politicallyUnpopular politically

– Dutch king was absolutist, Belgians were virtually Dutch king was absolutist, Belgians were virtually independentindependent

– Belgians were Catholic; Dutch were CalvinistsBelgians were Catholic; Dutch were Calvinists

– Belgians spoke French or Flemish; resented being Belgians spoke French or Flemish; resented being forced to use Dutch as official languageforced to use Dutch as official language


• BelgiumBelgium– 1830 Belgian leaders asked for self-government1830 Belgian leaders asked for self-government

• Dutch response militant, but eventually withdrewDutch response militant, but eventually withdrew

• Belgium proclaimed independence and began to draft Belgium proclaimed independence and began to draft constitutionconstitution

• Belgium became a perpetually neutral countryBelgium became a perpetually neutral country

– Defended by Britain and FranceDefended by Britain and France

• Constitutional monarchy, two-house parliament elected Constitutional monarchy, two-house parliament elected by 1 out of every 30 malesby 1 out of every 30 males


• Germany: Philosophies and RevolutionGermany: Philosophies and Revolution– Ideas of the Philosophy of the History of MankindIdeas of the Philosophy of the History of Mankind

• J.G. HerderJ.G. Herder

– German ways are different from othersGerman ways are different from others

– VolkgeistVolkgeist: spirit of the people: spirit of the people

» Romantic ideaRomantic idea

» Emphasized genius and intuition over reasonEmphasized genius and intuition over reason

» Stressed differences rather than similaritiesStressed differences rather than similarities

» German customs and traditions must be kept pureGerman customs and traditions must be kept pure

– Opposite of Enlightenment ideas; certain truths are Opposite of Enlightenment ideas; certain truths are universaluniversal


• Germany: Philosophies and RevolutionGermany: Philosophies and Revolution– Other German writers urged unity based on language, Other German writers urged unity based on language,

history, and folk traditionshistory, and folk traditions• The Brothers GrimmThe Brothers Grimm• G.W.F. HegelG.W.F. Hegel

– Reality is a process of endless change; Reality is a process of endless change; dialecticdialectic– Tendency of the human mind to proceed through reaction Tendency of the human mind to proceed through reaction

of oppositesof opposites» Thesis, antithesis, synthesisThesis, antithesis, synthesis

• Leopold von RankeLeopold von Ranke– Mission to create a purely German stateMission to create a purely German state

• Friedrich ListFriedrich List– For a nation to develop its own culture it must have cities, For a nation to develop its own culture it must have cities,

factories, and capital of its own; tariffs to protect new factories, and capital of its own; tariffs to protect new industriesindustries


• Germany: Philosophies and RevolutionGermany: Philosophies and Revolution– Berlin AssemblyBerlin Assembly

• Different from Frankfurt AssemblyDifferent from Frankfurt Assembly• All Prussian affairAll Prussian affair• LiberalLiberal

– Weakness of the Frankfurt AssemblyWeakness of the Frankfurt Assembly• No aspect of national unityNo aspect of national unity

– Professional people: lawyers and gov’t officials, Catholic Professional people: lawyers and gov’t officials, Catholic clergy, and businessmenclergy, and businessmen

• No connection with the massesNo connection with the masses– Schleswig and HolsteinSchleswig and Holstein

• German states at the base of DenmarkGerman states at the base of Denmark• Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig; Frankfurt had to Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig; Frankfurt had to

as Prussia for help in defending Germansas Prussia for help in defending Germans


Italy: Revolutions Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848of 1830 and 1848

Congress of Congress of Vienna solidified Vienna solidified patchwork regionpatchwork regionEmerging Emerging nationalistic nationalistic groups.groups.

NationalismNationalism• Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

– ResorgimentoResorgimento• A resurgence of Italian spirit or identityA resurgence of Italian spirit or identity

– Carbonari: secret society of Italian nationalistsCarbonari: secret society of Italian nationalists• Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian nationalistItalian nationalist

– Fought for liberal and romantic reasonsFought for liberal and romantic reasons

• Founded new organization - Young ItalyFounded new organization - Young Italy– focused on revolution and spreading brotherhood of free peoplesfocused on revolution and spreading brotherhood of free peoples– felt revolt must come from belowfelt revolt must come from below– attempted revolutions 1834––36, 1844; all failedattempted revolutions 1834––36, 1844; all failed

• 1848–– two outbursts of nationalism1848–– two outbursts of nationalism– Piedmont-Sardinia tried to take advantage of Austria’s vulnerability Piedmont-Sardinia tried to take advantage of Austria’s vulnerability

and enlarge its holdings in northern Italyand enlarge its holdings in northern Italy– Many patriots joined the causeMany patriots joined the cause– RomeRome

» Assassination of high church officialAssassination of high church official» Pope flees Rome and radicals declare a new government with Pope flees Rome and radicals declare a new government with

Mazzini as one of three rulersMazzini as one of three rulers• Both efforts are defeatedBoth efforts are defeated


Austrian EmpireAustrian EmpireViolence in Vienna––Metternich’s flightViolence in Vienna––Metternich’s flight

Italian rebellionItalian rebellion

Magyar revolt––led by KossuthMagyar revolt––led by Kossuth

Pan-Slav meeting in PraguePan-Slav meeting in Prague

Jellachich and Serb-Croation army against MagyarsJellachich and Serb-Croation army against Magyars

Abdication of Ferdinand––Francis JosephAbdication of Ferdinand––Francis Joseph

Russian Army to restore order in HungaryRussian Army to restore order in Hungary

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