The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early...

ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM)

Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008

ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM)

RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM)

Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium

BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA

Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………............ xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………......... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………............................... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii LILIAN ACHEILARA

Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1 VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI

Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS

Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35 PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU

A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45 ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU

Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73 MARIO BENZI

A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….. 85 ÖNDER BİLGİ

Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER

Cinnabar and the Cyclades: Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………............. 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS

The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation ………….............. 131 ANTHI DOVA

Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141 NIKOS EFSTRATIOU

The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging ………………….............. 159 HAYAT ERKANAL

Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165 HAYAT ERKANAL

Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179 JEANNETTE FORSÉN

The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age …………….............. 191 DAVID H. FRENCH

Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Southwest Anatolia ………………............. 197

Contents

viii

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………............. 203

BARTHEL HROUDA

Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ............... 223 HALİME HÜRYILMAZ

1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe ………………………………………………………………………….......... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI

Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL

Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263 SİNAN KILIÇ

The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA

Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA

Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA

First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR

Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323 KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER

The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………........................ 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI

Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355 EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI

Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI

Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, Greece ………………………. 387 EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN

Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents

ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) ………………………………….......... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU

Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427 DANIEL J. PULLEN

Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU

New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503 EVANGELIA SKAFIDA

Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU

The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI

Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS

Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL

IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581 HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS

People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593 KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS

An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611 Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615 Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations between the Izmir Region, The Cyclades and the Greek Mainland

during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC

Vasıf ŞAHOĞLU

ABSTRACT: Recent excavations carried out within the framework of the Izmir Region Excavations and Research Project (IRERP) around the Gulf of İzmir have gradually began to provide us with new evidence for the cultural interaction within the Aegean region. Until recently, solid evidence for contacts between coastal Western Anatolia and the rest of the Aegean was mainly limited to a few sauceboat sherds from Troy and the parallelisms drawn from evidence at Iasos cemetery. Excavations at Bakla Tepe revealed an extensive Late Chalcolithic settlement yielding important information regarding the daily life and the character of this period in the Izmir region. Excavations at Liman Tepe have revealed monumental architecture in the form of fortifications with horse-shoe shaped bastions and a central complex belonging to the Aegean Early Bronze Age II period. The importance of the maritime contacts of the settlement is strongly supported by artifactual evidence retrieved from well stratified archaeological deposits. Urfirnis sauceboat sherds have been unearthed within the same archaeological context as the “Anatolianising assemblages” in the Aegean at sites such as Raphina, Pevkakia, Ayia Irini and Palamari. Some elements of this “Anatolianising assemblage” (bell shaped cup, incised pyxis, depas and tankards) were found alongside sauceboat sherds for the first time in their homeland – Anatolia - at Liman Tepe. The strong presence of this assemblage at Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe supports the idea that this assemblage has a more southernly distribution in Western Anatolia. When the evidence is considered as a whole, the intensity of contacts between the İzmir region and the rest of the Aegean world is apparent. Although the settlements at Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe have been investigated within a limited area, further research will undoubtedly shed more light on the dynamics of interaction within the Aegean and the associated chronological problems including the distribution of the “Anatolianising” ceramics.

The Aegean is the name given to a part of

the Meditterranean Sea surrounded by Crete on the south, mainland Greece on the west, and Anatolia on the east, the Cycladic islands being situated in the middle (Fig. 1). The term “Aegean Cultures” is often used by scholars basically to define the cultures of these 4 different geographical areas. The Bronze Age cultures of Crete are termed Minoan, those of mainland Greece, Helladic and those of the Cyclades, Cycladic. Western Anatolian cultures have no special term within the Bronze Age Aegean.

Archaeological research into the Aegean Bronze Age started in the 19th century and the level of interest has been increasing ever since1.

Investigations focused on the Bronze Age of Western Anatolia started at Troy (Fig. 1, No. 4) at roughly the same time as the rest of the Aegean. What makes this geographical area

1 Fitton 1995,

different from the rest of the Aegean is the fact that although Troy had been a focus of interest since the 19th century, later archaeological activities concentrated on the Classical periods of this region, neglecting its prehistoric potential and importance.

During the first half of the 20th century, which can be called the “Dark Ages” of prehistoric research in Western Anatolia, Early Bronze Age cemeteries like Yortan (Fig. 1, No. 9), Babaköy (Fig. 1, No. 8) and Ovabayındır2 were scientifically investigated only after they had first been disturbed by illegal excavations. Excavations of prehistoric sites like Kumtepe3 (Fig. 1, No. 5) and Kusura4 (Fig. 1, No. 15) also took place in this period, however these investigations were quite limited in extend. The third quarter of the century evidenced an

2 Akurgal 1958. 3 Koşay & Sperling 1936; Sperling 1976. 4 Lamb 1938.

Vasıf ŞAHOĞLU 484

increase in interest in this region and the extensive surveys of D. H. French took place and enhanced our knowledge of the settlement history of this region during prehistoric times5. Investigations of prehistoric levels at the famous Classical sites like Bayraklı6(Fig. 1, No. 20) Sardis7, Miletos (Fig. 1, No. 18), Ephesos (Fig. 1, No. 19), Aphrodisias8 (Fig. 1, No. 16) and Iasos9 (Fig. 1, No. 17) were also undertaken during this period. Excavation of three important Bronze Age mounds Elmalı – Karataş10 (Fig. 1, No. 22), Beycesultan11 (Fig. 1, No. 14) and Demircihöyük12 (Fig. 1, No. 10) contributed greatly to our knowledge of the prehistory of Western Anatolia and provided us with the important fact that Troy was not alone.

The 1980’s and especially the 90’s have been the “Golden Age” of prehistoric research in Western Anatolia. New excavations that focused on prehistoric sites like Panaztepe13 (Fig. 1, No. 2), Liman Tepe14 (Fig. 1, No. 1), Bakla Tepe15 (Fig. No. 3), Ulucak16 (Fig. 1, No. 21), and Yenibademli Höyük17 (Fig. 1, No. 33), on the Aegean coast and Harmanören18, Küllüoba19 (Fig. 1, No. 11), Kaklık Mevkii20 (Fig. 1, No. 13) further inland, have attracted attention and helped reactivate interest in the prehistory of Classical sites like Ephesos21, Miletos22and Kyme.

The Izmir Region Excavations and Research Project (IRERP) includes excavation of three prehistoric sites all located around the Gulf of İzmir namely, Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe and Panaztepe23 (Fig. 2). The Project also aims

5 French 1961; 1967; 1968. 6 Akurgal 1950. 7 Mitten 1968; Mitten & Yüğrüm 1969. 8 Joukowsky 1986. 9 Pacorella 1984. 10 Eslick 1992; Warner 1994. 11 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962. 12 Efe 1988. 13 Erkanal A. 2000; 2002. 14 Erkanal H. 1996; 1998; 1999a; 1999b. 15 Erkanal & Özkan 1997; 199a; 1999b; 2000. 16 Derin et al. 2002. 17 Hüryılmaz 1998; 1999. 18 Özsait 2000. 19 Efe 2000; Efe & Ay-Efe 2001 20 Topbaş et al. 1998. 21 Evren 1996; 1999. 22 Von Greave & Niemeier 2002. 23 The Izmir Region Excavations and Research Project is

generously supported by the Ministry of Tourism and

to carry out systematic surveys to achieve a wider perspective and a better understanding of the prehistoric societies of the Izmir region and their contribution to the Anatolian and Aegean cultures.

This paper aims to reconstruct some aspects of the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age in the Izmir region and define its chronological correlations with the cultures of the Western Aegean based on archaeological evidence from Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe.

Bakla Tepe may be the most extensively investigated settlement on the Western Anatolian coastline. The site is located in the Cumaovası Plain, south of İzmir and has recently been partly inundated by the newly constucted Tahtalı Dam (Fig. 2 ). Thanks to the removal of the modern structures on top of the mound – due to the dam project – it had been possible to excavate small test trenches to clarify the extent of the settlement. As a result of these investigations, the views about the character of the settlement had to be reformulated. At least five different phases of this period were attested at the site. The Late Chalcolithic remains spread to an area c. 300m in diameter (Fig. 3).

Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze

Age I at Bakla Tepe

Wattle and daub is the characteristic building material in the Late Chalcolithic settlement of Bakla Tepe. Grill planned structures are the most common building type and some of these structures have apsidal ends24 (Fig. 4). Circular structures are the other architectural forms that has been attested at the site25. Due to the rather small size of the latter type of structures (1-1.5m), we would like to interprete them as possible storage areas. The presence of pebble paved streets among the

Culture, Turkey; Ankara University Scientific Research Fund Project No. 2006 - 0901024; TÜBITAK, Project No. 104K014; INSTAP, Ankara University, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi; INSTAP-SCEC; the Urla Municipality; and the Turkish Historical Society. For brief information on IRERP see www.irerp.org and www.geocities.com/irerp_tr.

24 See Erkanal this volume. 25 See Erkanal this volume.

http://www.irerp.org/

http://www.geocities.com/irerp_tr

Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations between the Izmir Region, The Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC

485

houses were also discovered during the course of the excavations.

The small finds from the site give us a clue about the daily lives of the inhabitants. The lithic industry includes both obsidian and chert blades. Carbonised grains were found throughout the site, sometimes in large concentrations. A large number of grinding stones and hearths were also associated with these contexts. Pieces of metallic slag were recovered under the fallen roof remains of almost every burned structure. A tuyère found in the later Chalcolithic levels and metal finds such as small chisels and pins further demonstrate the production of metal artifacts on the site itself. Textile implements were fewer in number when compared with the following EB I finds at the site. The botanical and faunal assemblages are currently under study26.

Preliminary interpretation of the small finds from the site reflects the presence of an agricultural village with an intensive local metal production.

Our knowledge of the burial habits of this period relies on child burials, placed under the floors of the houses (Fig. 4). There were jar burials often with a bowl used as a cap. The buried infants were in all cases in a contracted position. In most cases, no grave goods were associated with these burials except for some with stone beads. The graves – without exception – contained single burials. Almost no sign of an adult burial was found except for some curious inhumations lined with stones forming a trapezoid shape on the outskirts of the settlement. The dating of these graves is yet to be clarified. The available data suggests an extramural burial tradition for the adults during the Late Chalcolithic Period at Bakla Tepe.

Almost all phases of the Late Chalcolithic at Bakla Tepe ended with a fire whose cause remains unanswered so far. Whether these destructions were caused by intercommunal strife among the communities present within the area - perhaps in competition for the resources available - or caused by accidental fires which quickly spread due to the highly flammable building material, is not clear

26 See Oybak & Doğan, this volume.

at the present. Both remain a possibility but the first theory is perhaps further supported by the presence of in situ material in almost all of the burned structures which point to a sudden destruction. Although the settlement does not seem to have been fortified at this time, this need not reflect peaceful conditions in the region. Clearly more detailed analysis and comparative material from other settlements in the region is necessary to solve this problem.

The transition from Late Chalcolithic to EB I period reflects a radical change in the daily life and the organization of the society. The size of the settlement at Bakla Tepe decreases from a diameter of c. 300m to c. 90m(Fig. 3). The settlement structure is totally different and the tradition of “wattle and daub” architecture is totally replaced by a stronger system namely the use of stone foundations and mudbrick walls. The houses used common walls unlike the independent structures of the Late Chalcolithic, and rows of houses were built on top of the mound surrounded by a strong fortification wall again with a stone foundation whose superstructure must have been mudbrick (Fig. 3, No. 1; 4).

The external reason behind this radical reformation of the site must have been so strong that even the presence of the fortification was not enough and the inhabitants built a second protection feature, namely a ditch, outside the fortification to protect their lives and their settlement (Fig. 3, No.1; 4).

The Early Bronze Age I Cemetery at

Bakla Tepe

The extramural cemetery of Bakla Tepe is found in the eastern part of the settlement just outside the ditch. This burial ground yielded burials of three different grave types which all seems to be contemporary27 (Fig. 3, No. 2).

The first type is the pithos graves. These are usually big pithoi of more than 1.50m high. Their mouths in all cases face the east and were always closed with a big pithos sherd or a big bowl. The deceased were in a contradicted

27 cf Erkanal & Özkan 1999b.


position with the head on the east and grave goods were present in all cases28.

The second grave type is the cist graves. These burials had a rectangular lined cist and flat capstones. An interesting aspect of these graves was the vertically placed pithoi standing on the edge of these burials. These big pithoi were in all cases filled with stones. Their function must have had something to do with the ceremonies taking place after the burial of the dead. They could have also been used as grave markers in the cemetery area29.

The third grave type is the simple inhumations. These burials were – in some cases - bordered with rows of stones. The dead were placed exactly as their contemporaries in pithos and cist graves. What makes this grave group more special is the fact that they were used only once in contrast to the other grave types. As a result, they form the richest grave group and supply us with an objective picture of a range of grave goods associated with one single burial.

Forthcoming detailed case analysis on the re-use of the burials and the amount of respect shown to the previous burials in the cemetery – that is re-use or stealing of the grave goods and deposition of the previous burial remains - could supply us with more information on the socio-economic conditions of the area during this period30.

The fact that different grave types were present at the site contemporary with each other could be interpreted as a further indication of the changing political and/or social environment of the region during the Early Bronze Age I.

28 See Erkanal this volume. 29 See Erkanal this volume. 30 The number of metal finds in the pithos burials and cist

graves seem to be much smaller than the simple inhumations. This must be an indication of the stealing of metals from the re-used graves. Stealing metal is a clear indication of its importance in the society and this is a further indication for the role of early metallurgy in the shaping of the EB I society, at least in the eastern Aegean. The changing social structure of the settlement at Bakla Tepe, building of the fortifications and further safety procedures, all seem to be pointing to the “real” introduction of this new and important material into the lives of the EBA communities.

The Late Chalcolithic period at Liman Tepe, to the northwest of Bakla Tepe, is limited to a small trench since these levels are all water logged in the southern part of the settlement. This is due to a rise of sea level or alternatively to subsidence of the land. Future work on the topographically higher northern part of the settlement is expected to give beter results regarding these early periods.

Future investigation of a possible Late Chalcolithic cemetery in the region will prove to be of great importance. Comparanda of such a cemetery with the “International” character of the Early Bronze Age I burial traditions could supply us with further information regarding the change in social life during the Early Bronze Age I.

Development of Pottery and Stratification of

the Early Bronze Age in the Izmir Region

It is interesting to follow a change in the pottery assemblage during the transition from Late Chalcolithic to the EB I. Whereas the pottery of the five Late Chalcolithic phases reflect similarities and a development of ceramic tradition, with the beginning of the EB I, new shapes start to dominate the ceramic assemblage. Thickened rimmed bowls with red – brown and darker slip seem to be the characteristic of this earliest EB I phase. These bowls were in some cases painted with white geometric designs on the apex of the rim. This aspect seems to be the only strong link one can draw with the preceding period. “Troy A6” type bowls dominate the following phases of the EB I. The number of the painted examples decreases in the developing stages.

The presence of early EB II period at Bakla Tepe still remains to be solved. There seem to be a possible “gap” on the site between the end of the EB I and the Late EB II period. There is also no single find of the typical “Western Aegean” urfirnis sauceboats. Presence of a nearby EB II site called Altıntepe (Fig. 2) could also be an indication of a temporary movement of the inhabitants of Bakla Tepe during the earlier EB II period. The reason behind this event is again to be clarified. Perhaps geomorphological research in this area could be helpful in this respect.


487

If we accept the fact that there is a “gap” at Bakla Tepe during the earlier part of the EB II, then the presence of two interesting finds from the site becomes even more interesting. One of these is a silver amphoriskos headed pin31 c. 6cm high whose almost exact parallels are known from cemeteries in Naxos32. The Cycladic examples are dated to the EC II period (Keros – Syros Culture). The second group of finds is “frying pan” fragments. These examples are the first of their kind on the Anatolian mainland to date. Bakla Tepe examples have dark burnished surfaces with incised and kerbschnitt decorations including a sun motif and hatched triangles33. Since exact parallels for its design are not found elsewhere, these frying pans could well be examples reflecting the artistic milieu of the eastern Aegean potters – inspired by, but not exact copies of, Western Aegean examples.

In light of the archaeological setting of these finds at Bakla Tepe, it can be argued that what we call Late EB I on the Western Anatolian coastline could be at least partly contemporary with the earlier part of the EC II period in the Cyclades.

Additional data supporting this correlation comes from the stratigraphic trench behind the fortification wall at Liman Tepe (Fig. 6, No. 2). This stratigraphical trench forms the southern part of House 2 at Liman Tepe. The levels explained below reflect the preliminary results of the chronological development of this structure.

Preliminary Results of the Early Bronze Age

Stratigraphy at Liman Tepe

The Early Bronze Age I settlement at Liman Tepe includes insulae of long houses attached to and surrounded by a strong fortifica-tion wall (Fig 6, No. 1). The fortification system was built using slab limestone and has small rectangular projections on the outer face with an interval of c. 1.5m. The lower part of the outer façade of the fortification was covered

31 Şahoğlu (in press-a)

32 Cf. Doumas 1977, pl. L,d and Marangou 1990, 62, No. 35.

33 Şahoğlu (in press-b)

with a ramp like construction using big volcanic Stones (Fig. 6, No. 1). This impressive construction must have had a mudbrick superstructure raised on top of the stone foundation.

Small test trenches dug right next to the fortification wall into the water logged levels yielded some rolled rim bowls and very shallow bowls like the poliochni fruit stands. Some of this pottery had a matt face which forms a link with some Bakla Tepe examples.

The earliest non-waterlogged level in this area was a burned level and yielded some highest quality sauceboats34 and painted “Cycladic Type” pottery (Fig. 7) found in association with a dominant presence of brown and dark burnished bowls with thickened inner rim and carinated bowls.

This level was succeeded by a fill which included almost purely Late Chalcolithic pottery! This deposit must have been brought to this area in order to level the land for the construction of a new floor belonging to a small rectangular room in this area. In situ pottery related to this structure includes “early looking” black burnished horned bowls and large number of bowls with inner thickened rims35, jugs and jars. It should be noted that not a single sherd of an urfirnis ware or a painted import sherd was found in this level.

This level was suceeded by a phase where an oven with 16 different floors were built on top of each other and used. Many bowls, jugs and tripod jars were associated with this level. The number of bowls with inner thickened rim decreases in this phase. This phase was also the last period of use for the EB I fortification wall. This monumental structure was then covered with mud-brick fill which must have been contemporary with the re-organization of the site where the earlier fortification system was cancelled and the new, even more monumental fortification system with a horseshoe shaped bastion was erected.

34 Şahoğlu in (press-a). 35 These examples can be compared to Troy A6 type

bowls.


The mudbrick fill yielded carinated bowl fragments typical of EB II pottery. A composite carinated bowl from this context is worth a mention (Fig. 8).

The mudbrick fill was covered by an ash layer which had a relatively large extent in House 2. This ash layer included urfirnis sauceboats with the same high metallic quality (Fig. 9), which was also the case in the earlier examples. Bowls with inner thickened rims are totally absent in this phase.

Contemporary material was also found in the area of the central complex (Fig. 6, No.3). This earlier EB II material was associated with the earlier phases of the central complex. This period, which can be placed in the first half of the EB II in the Aegean, saw important developments in terms of political organization and the beginning of some sort of administrative formation and possibly the rise of some chiefdoms.

A complete re-organization of the settlement at Liman Tepe took place during this period. A new monumental fortification system with horseshoe shaped bastions was built. This structure probably surrounds the settlement in an oval shaped citadel whose northern part today lies under the Aegean Sea.

Examples of fortifications with horseshoe shaped bastions were also found at Kastri – Syros36 and Naxos – Panormos37 in the Cyclades, Skyros – Palamari38 in the Northern Aegean, at Aegina39 and at Lerna40 in the Peleponnese. Liman Tepe is the only example of this kind – so far – on the Western Anatolian coastline. It should be noted that the Liman Tepe bastion is also the most monumental of all. It is for example, more than four times as big as the bastions at Lerna.

During the time when Liman Tepe was a citadel surrounded by a fortification wall, there were people living both in and outside the citadel. A rectangular structure with late EB 2

36 Bossert 1967, plan 2; Marthari 1998, figs 15 and 16, 26

– 27. 37 Doumas 1972, figs. 17-18. 38 Theochari & Parlama 1997, figs. 1-2, pic. 5. 39 Felten 1986, figs. 12-13. 40 Caskey 1958, fig. 1, pls. 33a, 34a-b.

material was unearthed just outside the bastion. Part of an earlier “apsidal structure” was also spotted underneath this house and dates to the earlier part of the EB II.

Architecture inside the citadel can be characterised as “multiroomed structures with rectangular forms” (Fig. 6, No. 4). These structures reflect a completely new perspective when compared with the earlier EB I settlement model of Liman Tepe. The structures within the citadel seem to have functioned for communal use rather than being simple dwellings.

The central complex which is situated at a central part within the settlement, consists of two long rectangular storage rooms, an open courtyard and another, multiroomed structure opening to the courtyard (Fig. 6, No. 3). This complex of structures is situated topograph-ically at the lowest part of the settlement. This area is a depression at the core of the settlement and the topography rises towards the north. The central complex reflects a long period of use. The thick, southern wall of the storerooms was built first and also acted as a terrace wall protecting and also limiting the southern end of the complex.

The store rooms were built after the construction of additional walls attached to this terrace wall. Two rectangular rooms have no doorways and it became clear that they were subterranean structures with floor levels much lower than the courtyard. The fact that these rooms have no doorways and the in situ finds placed on the eastern parts of the rooms points out to an entrance at their northwestern ends. Stairs of a perishable material must have been used while entering these rooms from above.

The open area to the north of the storerooms must have been used as an open courtyard (Fig. 6, No. 3). Archaeological depo-sits, including thin layers of sand and worn ceramic sherds, indicate that this area must have been used as an area without a roof and open to natural weather.

The in situ presence of the finds in the compartments and the burned remains, especially in the eastern compartment, suggest a sudden end to this period at Liman Tepe whose extent still remains to be clarified.


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The western storeroom contained lids, jars, tripods, jars of typical EB II coarse wares along with fine black slipped and burnished and fine red slipped wares which are characteristic ware groups for this period and have been attested for the first time in Western Anatolia during this period. A bell shaped cup (LMT 6286/3) and one handled cups are good examples of these wares. A composite version of an incised pyxis (LMT 6298) and a stone sauceboat fragment are worth a mention among the inventory of this room.

The eastern room yielded none of the typical “Western Anatolian Fine Wares”, except for a badly preserved piece of a bull rhyton but instead had storage jars and big bowls. It can be argued that, judging from the inventories, these two rooms might have served different functions. Better comments will be able to be made following the publication of the full assemblages from these rooms.

Some small finds associated with the central complex supply us with some clues regarding the function of these structures. A group of phallic objects, one with a monkey’s head41, forms an interesting find group whose function could have been cultic. The one with a monkey’s head exhibits high artistic features and is also one of the earliest monkey representations in the entire Aegean. This example clearly reflects far distance contacts of Liman Tepe, probably with the southern or eastern Mediterranean. The bull rhyton fragment from the eastern storeroom is another important discovery regarding the cultic activities related to this complex. Unfortunately, only a small part of its head is preserved and it is very difficult to make a suggestion about the real shape of this piece. Some marble and clay idols were also found in this central complex.

Another important find is a little green serpantine bell-shaped stamp seal which fits well with the horizon of the first administrative use of the seals in the Aegean42. The Liman Tepe example has a simple hatched geometric design in contrast to the contemporary

41 See Erkanal, Liman Tepe article, this volume. 42 Cf Erkanal – Öktü 2004, 656, 660, Kat. No. 457.

examples from Greek mainland which reflect complex motifs.

The association of this seal with the finds related to religious activities and storage facilities designed to serve more than a simple household, clearly supplies us with important clues regarding the function of this complex of structures. This complex is definitely a non domestic feature and probably functioned as some sort of an administrative and religious place within the settlement.

Early Bronze Age II – especially the later half of this period - is a special period in Aegean prehistory with the emergence of the first regional chiefdoms and the rise of the elite which is a reflection of social stratification within the communities. This is a period when long distance trade routes have been created and administrative control has been applied for the first time to serve the needs of the hierarchically high status people. This phenomenon can be followed on the Greek mainland with the appearence of a special kind of building called “Corridor Houses”. These structures have a special plan with the presence of rectangular rooms at the center and compartment like rooms on the sides43. They are in most cases two storied buildings. Presence of roof tiles is also a characteristic feature of these structures. There is a great controversy regarding their function and different views such as an administrative center or a religious center are among the many suggestions raised by scholars. The “House of the Tiles”44 and “Building BG”45 at Lerna is the most famous “corridor house”. The presence of these structures have also been attested at Akovitika (Megaron A and B)46, Thebes (Fortified Building)47, Aigina (Hause am Felsrand and Weisses Haus)48, Tiryns (Rundbau)49 and most recently as a result of the re-interpretation of the data, Zygouries (The House of the Pithoi)50.

43 Shaw 1987; 1990. 44 Caskey 1958, fig. 1, pl. 31. 45 Wiencke 1986, 41-45, fig. 33. 46 Themelis 1970, figs. 1-2. 47 Aravantinos 1986, 57-63, figs. 53-54, pls. Id, IIa-c. 48 Felten 1986, 21-28, figs. 7-11. 49 Kilian 1986, 65-71, figs. 57-59. 50 Pullen 1986, 73-78, figs. 71-73.


Although no such central complexes or structures have been found in the Cyclades yet, Western Anatolia shows a different perspective regarding this matter. Monumental structures have been found in Western Anatolia at sites like Liman Tepe51, Küllüoba52 and Troy53. Although these structures do not correspond to a special plan, they all yielded important archaeological data to be regarded as administrative or religious structures. In this respect, the central complex of Liman Tepe should be interpreted in the same way as the “Corridor Houses” of the Western Aegean, in terms of its function.

The use and destruction of the central complex at Liman Tepe, must be during the Late Early Bronze Age II – the “Anatolian Trade Network Period”..The reflection of these phenomena in the Cyclades are in the “Kastri Group” and, on the Greek Mainland, in “Lefkandi I” assemblages54. These assemblages are characterised by the presence of certain Anatolian type ceramics namely the depas, tankard, bell shaped cup, cut away spouted jugs, incised pyxides and wheel made plates.

The “central complex” phase at Liman Tepe came to an end with a severe fire whose extent within the settlement remains unknown to date. Following this phase, a totally new re-organization took place and a new terrace wall dating to the beginning of the EB III was erected partly covering the area of the central complex. This level was associated with a depas fragment, some tankard fragments and an imported fine gray burnished tankard fragment. This level is also the phase where wheel made pottery appears for the first time at Liman Tepe. Until the end of this phase, one can follow a local pottery development at the site with the introduction of new shapes and wares along with the continuous presence of the earlier local shapes and wares.

51 Erkanal 1996, 77-78. 52 Efe 2000, 121, figs. 4–6; Efe and Ay-Efe 2001, 48–50,

figs. 2–3. 53 For buildings reflecting a political and / or economic

significance in the northeastern islands, cf Kouka 2002, 295-296.

54 J. B. Rutter 1979; Sotirakopoulou 1993, Manning 1995; 1997; Maran 1998, Wilson 1999

The Early Bronze Age II (Late) Period at Bakla Tepe

Bakla Tepe on the other hand, reflects the end of the Early Bronze Age II Period from a different angle. Unlike Liman Tepe with its monumental features, Bakla Tepe reflects a scattered settlement character but supplies us with important information regarding the burial habits of the period.

The scattered settlement remains were investigated in two different trenches. The first trench, which is on the eastern slope of the EB I mound (Fig. 3, No. 1), yielded no architectural features but many ceramics of the finest quality, contemporary with the Liman Tepe central complex. The Western Anatolian fine ware tankards, bell shaped cups, two handled cups, beak spouted jugs and tea-pots were found in a context with dark burnished coarser carinated bowls and large numbers of bronze needles and small sized idols (Fig. 10). The dominant number of fine ware pouring shapes and the small sized idols point to the “special character” of this context which may have to do with some feasting activities. But the limited area investigated supplies us with no other inormation regarding this case. Perhaps detailed study of the material in the future would be helpful in this matter.

The second area to yield material dating to the end of the EB II – Early EB III, was investigated in the eastern end of the Late Chalcolithic mound (Fig. 3, No. 3). A thin layer of occupation is found succeeding a Late Chalcolithic level. Part of a rectangular structure with stone foundations (perhaps a megaron) was unearthed under the surface soil.

The material related with this architecture displays a puzling character since it includes the typical dark burnished EB II wares together with the wheel made plates (Fig. 11a-b) along with later looking wheelmade gray wares and a trefoil mouthed jar which is a reminiscent of the early Middle Bronze Age examples - all in the same context.

The fact that there is no sign of the presence of this period in any other part of the mound, except for the “special deposit”, is an


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indication of a small scattered settlement at Bakla Tepe during this period.

The Early Bronze Age II (Late) – Early Bronze Age III Cemetery at Bakla Tepe

The cemetery of this period was also found next to the settled area (Fig. 3, No. 4). The cemetery consists of pithos burials all facing east (Fig. 12-14). The mouths of the pithoi were closed with stones and some stones were also placed at the sides of the pithoi (Fig. 13-14). These features and the fact that almost every pithos included multiple burials (Fig. 14), support the idea that the graves were at least partly visible on the surface or the capstones were also used as gravemarkers (Fig. 14). The anthropological investiga-tion of the cemetery is still continuing.

The presence of a single type of burial tradition- namely the pithos burials – in contrast to the earlier cemetery of the site, must be a reflection of the nature of the new inhabitants. The new homogeneous character of the burial traditions may point out to a distinct change in the social and / or political structure of the possible “new” settlers of Bakla Tepe.

The grave goods included bronze and silver jewellery, bronze pins, needles, small daggers and pottery. Pottery shapes include face pots, well known types like depas, all three types of tankards, beak spouted and cut away spouted jugs and pyxides. The wide range of pottery also includes the Western Anatolian red slipped wares, black slipped and burnished wares and fine gray burnished wares. Wheel made examples were present especially in the gray wares. The cemetery included pottery of both Late EB II and early EB III periods. Detailed analyses of this material and the association of shapes with each other is expected to shed more light on the chronology of this problematic period of the Aegean.

The End of the Early Bronze Age III and the Transition to the Middle Bronze Age in the

Izmir Region

The end of the Early Bronze Age reflects a transitional phase to the Middle Bronze Age. Pots made in the Early Bronze Age tradition

were found together with Middle Bronze Age wares. Evidence for this period is again attested at Liman Tepe and the settlement seems to have a scattered habitation following its glorious past. Later EB III levels include simple structures with a domestic character and the pottery tradition of the Middle Bronze Age had already started to be introduced during this phase. Just like all the transitional periods, the transition to the Middle Bronze Age must have been a period of re-formation and re-organization, preparing life for the next important period of Western Anatolia namely the Middle Bronze Age. VASIF ŞAHOĞLU Ankara University Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Department of Archaeology Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology 06100, Sıhhiye – Ankara TURKEY


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List of Illustrations: Fig. 1: Map of the Aegean showing the location of sites mentioned in the text. Fig. 2: Map of Izmir region. Fig. 3: Topographical map of Bakla Tepe. Fig. 4: Late Chalcolithic Graves No. 69 and 70 - Bakla Tepe. Fig. 5: Aerial photo of Bakla Tepe showing the Late Chalcolithic grill planned structures, EB I fortification and the ditch.

(Photograph by Jan Driessen). Fig. 6: Aerial photo of Liman Tepe showing the Early Bronze Age architectural remains. (Photograph by Jan Driessen) . Fig. 7: Imported painted pottery from the Cyclades – Liman Tepe. (Photograph by Chronis Nikolopoulos, INSTAP-SCEC). Fig. 8: Composite vessel – Liman Tepe. (Photograph by Chronis Nikolopoulos, INSTAP - SCEC) Fig. 9: Imported urfirnis sauceboat fragment – Liman Tepe. (Photograph by Chronis Nikolopoulos, INSTAP – SCEC) Fig. 10: Late EB II fine ware pottery from the “special deposit” – Bakla Tepe (Photographs by Chronis Nikolopoulos,

Drawings by Douglas Faulmann, INSTAP - SCEC) Fig. 11: Wheel made plates – Bakla Tepe. (Photograph by Chronis Nikolopoulos, INSTAP – SCEC) Fig. 12: Late EB II – Early EB III Cemetery - Bakla Tepe. Fig. 13: Grave No. 322 - Bakla Tepe. Fig. 14: Grave No. 275 – Bakla Tepe.


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