THE ABERDEEN UPPERKIRKGATE HOARD OF 18861

N . J . M A Y H E W

ON 31 May 1886, while workmen were engaged in extending the premises of Arthur King and Company (soon to become Aberdeen University Press) in Ross's Court, Upperkirkgate, they came upon a bronze pot which was found to contain over 1 2 , 0 0 0

late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century pence. The find was listed by George Sim,2

and this list formed the basis of a short note by Dr. Alex Walker in Scottish Notes and Queries, June 1888. Dr. Walker also wrote an imaginative pamphlet entitled 'An Aberdeen Relic of the War of Independence 1 2 9 6 - 1 3 6 4 ' , on the subject of the Upper-kirkgate find. Some twenty years later G. M. Fraser3 collected together information on a number of hoards from the Aberdeen area, including of course the Bronze Pot hoard. The particulars of Sim's original list were reproduced, but Fraser also gives valuable information on the history of the hoard after it had been recorded by Sim.

A n u m b e r of t he coins , 62 in all, were p u r c h a s e d by H e r late Majes ty , Q u e e n Vic tor ia , v iz : 10 of Berwick , 12 of Bris tol , 4 of Ches te r , 12 of D u r h a m , 3 of Exeter , 4 of W a t e r f o r d , 1 of A q u i t a i n e , 12 of A l e x a n d e r I I I , 2 of R o b e r t Bruce , a n d 2 of J o h n Baliol . 405 of t he coins, inc luding spec imens of all t h e min t s , we re h a n d e d over t o t he N a t i o n a l Col lect ion of Ant iqui t ies , E d i n b u r g h , leaving 11,800 coins f o r f u r t h e r d i sposa l , as a lso the b r o n z e p o t . . .

Unfortunately, neither the coins purchased by Queen Victoria, nor those acquired by the National Museum of Antiquities, can now be traced. On 7 January 1888, 129 selected coins and the pot were returned to Aberdeen, but on 20 May 1891, after local collections throughout the country had been supplied, the remainder of the hoard, 1 0 , 7 4 2 coins and fragments of about twenty more were returned to Aberdeen 'for pre-servation and distribution'. These 1 0 , 0 0 0 coins were subsequently divided between the city and the University of Aberdeen. Moreover, since the total number of coins from the hoard now in the possession of the city and University is 9 , 6 9 8 it is clear that a number of coins were further distributed after the bulk of the hoard was returned to Aberdeen. This is confirmed by a note on some of the labels attached to the bags in which the coins were kept which refers to a number of coins being taken out 'for sets'.

1 I would like to express my gratitude to the City and University of Aberdeen for their great generosity in allowing me to keep the hoard at the Ashmolean Museum for the period of its study. I am also in-debted to Peter Woodhead and Ian Stewart who began to study the city's share of the hoard at the British Museum, and very kindly stood down when I expressed an interest. I am grateful in particular to Mr . J. F. Watt , the Town Clerk/Chief Executive of Aberdeen for help with the administrative aspects of the study-loan of the city's coins. I also have to thank Miss Deborah Rolland and all of the city's museum

staff. Concerning the university's share of the hoard, I have benefited from the assistance of Mr. E. J. P. Raven at every stage. He packed the coins and sent them south, supplied me with detailed observations on the findspot, and greatly smoothed my path on my visits to Aberdeen. It is no exaggeration to say that without his help my study of the hoard would not have been possible.

2 G. Sim, NC 1886, pp. 147-8 and PSAS 1886-7, 233-5.

3 G. M. Fraser, 'Treasure Trove in the North of Scotland', BNJ iii (1906), pp. 329-36.

5433 C 76 D

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D O F 1886 34

So far, it has been my good fortune to examine one of these sets and its contents are recorded in the catalogue. Now in the possession of Mr. G. E. Collie, who very kindly showed them to me, this set of coins formerly belonged to Mr. John Burns of the Aberdeen University Press. The contents of this group are extremely interesting. The coins were obviously picked out with a view to illustrating the major varieties. One coin of Alexander III is present, as is one of Gaucher de Chatillon. The mints of London, Canterbury, Bristol, Bury, Durham, Newcastle, and York are present. Most importantly, one of the York coins is a Fox Class XVd with a rounded 'N' and a quatrefoil on the reverse (PI. II, 27, 28) and thus the most recent coin in the hoard. The rest of the hoard contained a complete range of XVa-c coins so the presence of a XVd coin as part of the original deposit is perfectly feasible. The oral tradition, confirmed by the link through the A.U.P., connects this parcel to the Upperkirkgate hoard unequivocally.

The dating of XVd pence from the archbishop's mint at York is discussed by Wood-head, Stewart, and Tatler in their report on the Loch Doon hoard.1 The archiepiscopal mint at York opened in July 1331, and is unlikely to have struck pence at the old standard after July 1335. The Aberdeen coin, like that found at Loch Doon, has the initial cross attributed to Richard de Snoweshulle, warden of the York mint from 8 August 1331. However, the Aberdeen XVd is double, and possibly weakly, struck, so it is not possible to say what amount of wear it may have received. Like the Loch Doon coin, it can be assigned to the period 1331-5. This coin establishes a terminus post quern for the hoard which is considerably later than the usual date for the concealment of this hoard adopted by numismatists on the basis of the earlier hoard reports.

This leads one to wonder whether any other hoards, apparently ending in XVc and dated 1325-30, may not have been concealed later. The early years of Edward III were notable for the pitifully small quantities of pence produced, and during a period of low output the terminus post quern is an imprecise guide to the date of concealment. Under these circumstances it may be that numismatists should also look beyond the content of a hoard when attempting to date its concealment. This is particularly true when a num-ber of hoards seem to have been concealed at approximately the same time in the same are a.Woodhead, Stewart, and Tatler have already observed that the Edward Baliol campaigns may have occasioned the concealment of the Loch Doon hoard. They also noticed the proximity of Carsphairn2 where another Edwardian hoard was found. But

1 P. Woodhead, I. Stewart, and G . Tatler, 'The Loch D o o n Treasure Trove 1966', BNJxxxwiii (1969), pp. 31-49.

2 Inventory 76. In the following discussion the hoard references are f rom two sources: (i) J. D. A. Thompson, Inventory of British Coin Hoards a.D. 600-1500, 1956; (ii) R. H. M. Dolley, 'The Irish Mints of Edward I in the Light of the Coin Hoards f rom Ireland and Great Britain', Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 66, section C, no. 3, 1968. Any study of Edwardian hoards must begin with Michael Dolley's invaluable list contained in his essay: 'The Irish Mints of Edward I in the Light of the Coin Hoards f rom Ireland and Great Britain'. The collec-tion of material, and the refinement of an analysis which is capable of going some way towards dating Edwardian hoards f rom those nineteenth-century lists which often provide no more information than the

numbers f rom each mint, is extremely useful. How-ever, Professor Dolley wrote at a time when no one could have known of the XVd in the Aberdeen hoard. Similarly, although he had a list of the Loch D o o n coins, the full publication of that hoard had not then appeared, and the implications of the XVd penny as regards the date of the hoard had not yet been made clear. The XVd coins in Lochmaben and Borscar seem to have escaped his notice, as his interest in the Irish coins of this time caused him to concentrate on the beginning of this series rather than the end. Moreover, the numbers of Bristol, Bury, and Berwick coins in an undated Edwardian hoard will generally be most significant in the case of hoards deposited before c. 1320 and may fail to distinguish between hoards deposited in the late 1320s and those concealed in the 1330s. Obviously this method of analysis will be much less telling at a time when Bristol was closed, Berwick

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 35

there are a number of other hoards from this south-west region of Scotland which are generally dated to the 1320s, which may perhaps be pushed into the early 1330s. This region saw a good deal of activity in the Edward Baliol period, while the 1320s saw military manoeuvres mainly in the Lothians, Ireland, and Weardale, but not in the south-west area of Scotland. The hoards in question are Blackhills, Borscar, Dumfries (2 hoards), and Dornock as well as Carsphairn and Loch Doon. In addition the ill-recorded finds at Parton (three-quarters of a mile from Blackhills), Twynholen, Kier, and Penningham may fit into this picture. Where the hoards are better recorded it is worth rereading the reports looking for specific clues. Thus the Lochmaben hoard report1 contains clear evidence of the presence of a Canterbury XVd, while the Borscar list2 contains coins which are recognizable as XVd from the London, Canterbury, Bury, and York mints. If Borscar, Lochmaben, and Loch Doon can definitely be assigned to the 1330s, the case for redating the other hoards from this region is worth considering. It is interesting to note that the Carsphairn (Craigengillan) report3 raises the possibility of this group of hoards belonging to the 1330s. The wars of 1322-3 are also mentioned as a possible background to this series of hoards, but we can surely discount them. The coins are later than 1323, and in any case the wars of 1322-3 did not involve troop manoeuvres in this area. The Scots invaded England twice, and Edward II marched into the Lothians, but failed to bring the Scots to battle.

Apart from the south-western group of finds, hoards from north-eastern Scotland can also be more easily seen in the context of the historical events of the 1330s than of the 1320s. Edward Baliol's landings and manoeuvres before Dupplin Moor in 1333 may well explain the group of hoards from Perthshire and the surrounding area. There was further military activity in this region in 1335 and 1336 when the English moved northwards after Halidon Hill to mop up Scottish resistance. The hoards run up the lowland fringe north of Perth towards Kincardineshire and Aberdeen, and it may be possible to see these hoards in the context of the Scottish victory at Culblean hill, and the campaigns in that area. The hoards which may be worth considering in this light are Aberdeen (3 or 4 hoards), Crathes,4 Kinneff, Kinghornie, Garvock, Montrose,5

Brechin (2 hoards), Monifieth, Kinnell (2 hoards), Dunblane, Kinross, Redgorton, Kinclaven, Kirkmichael, Monlin, and Stanley. Unfortunately in the majority of these cases our knowledge is extremely scant. Apart from Aberdeen, only the Crathes, Dun-blane, and Montrose hoards are sufficiently recorded for us to be able to establish a terminus post quern in the 1320s.

Obviously it is not possible to say categorically that any one of these uncertain hoards was deposited at a date well after the date of its most recent coin. Where there is a group of hoards, however, it is possible that most of them were hidden in response to the same set of events in the locality. Thus, in a period of minimal mint output it may be possible that a group of hoards with termini post quern in the 1320s may not have been concealed till the 1330s, and that this is all the more likely if there are historical events in the 1330s

was in Scottish hands, and all the regular mints, above all Bury, were producing negligible quantities of coin.

1 Macdonald, NC 1905, p. 77. 2 A. B. Richardson, PSAS xxxv (1901), p. 655,

coins numbered 164, 165, 166, 169. 3 G. Macdonald, PSAS xii (1914), pp. 398-402.

4 Forthcoming publication of this small find of 1863.

5 Coin Hoards, i (1975), p. 95. Mr. R. B. K . Stevenson was impressed by the degree of wear which this hoard exhibited. Its terminus post quern is about 1324.

36 THE A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 36

which might explain the concealment of a number of hoards in an area which enjoyed comparative peace in the 1320s. To put this another way, it seems strange to argue that Scotland has a large number of hoards because of its wars, but then to date the majority of those hoards to a period of comparative peace. However, although consideration of the hoards as a group suggests a late date of deposit for them viewed generally, numis-matists should hesitate to date individual hoards to the 1330s if they do not contain XVd.

Returning specifically to the Aberdeen hoard of 1886, some attention should be paid to the earlier finds from Aberdeen. Thompson lists five hoards from Aberdeen: Footdee (Inventory 3) and Bridge of Don (Inventory 5) are undoubtedly later, and unconnected with the Upperkirkgate find. The St. Nicholas Street 1807 (Inventory 1) and the Union Street 1810 (Inventory 2) hoards were evidently Edwardian hoards of a type very similar to that of 1886. The proximity of Union Street and St. Nicholas Street and the fact that both accounts1 refer most unusually to a 'wooden vessel' suggest that these two hoards may in reality be a single find. However, Fraser's account of hoards from Aberdeen also refers to the discovery of another smaller hoard of some 1,800 coins in an earthenware jar, on more or less the same spot about a week after the St. Nicholas Street find. Thus, apart from the Upperkirkgate hoards, we definitely have two other Edwardian finds and possibly three, all within a stone's throw of one another. Of these finds, that of 1,800 coins seems to have been the smallest. Although there is no evidence to prove that all these hoards were concealed on the same occasion, it must be likely, and given the terminus post quern of 1331-5 for the Upperkirkgate find, the sacking of the town by Sir Thomas Roscelyn in 1336 must be a likely occasion for the concealment of that hoard.2

Sir Thomas Roscelyn had landed at Dunnottar, and marched north to Aberdeen. The citizens gave battle on the Green outside the town, but although Roscelyn himself was killed, the English were victorious. The English 'not only put to the sword all the people that they could lay their hands on but they supplemented the massacre by setting the town alight. It burned for six days. It was regarded as the worst calamity the burgh had suffered.'3 Other authorities4 attribute the sacking of the town to Edward III himself, but all sources agree about the seriousness of the damage. It was impossible to collect the Martinmas rents in 1336.5

While linking the hoard with the military events of the period there is no need to subscribe to the belief that these substantial sums of money were intended as payment for the troops. Twelve thousand coins make only £50, a reasonable sum compared with the quantities of cash known to be in Scotland at this time. Aberdeen paid £213. 6s. 8d. a year to the royal exchequer as the rent of the burgh,6 and in 1327 the customs receipts from Aberdeen alone came to £349. lOs. 4d.1 Such sums as those found in Aberdeen are quite compatible with the fortunes of professional and business men in the town. It is easy to underestimate the wealth of the trade carried on in Aberdeen, and the prosperity of many of the Flemish families established there.

1 G. M. Fraser, loc. cit., pp. 330-1, and John Lindsay, A View of the Coinage of Scotland, 1845, p. 266.

2 The exiguity of XVd is such that although there is only one coin of 1331-5 in the hoard, that need not imply a date of deposit early in the bracket 1331-5.

3 Alexander Keith, A Thousand Years of Aberdeen,

1972, p. 48. 4 J. Stuart and G. Burnett (eds.), The Exchequer

Rolls of Scotland, i, 1878, p. cxlvii. 5 Ibid., 472. 6 Ibid., lxxxvii. ' Ibid., c.

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 37

As a sample of the currency in circulation in Scotland this hoard confirms the impres-sion gained from most other hoards1 of the period; namely, that Scottish economic life was almost entirely dependent on the products of the English mints for its money supply. Tins has further implications for those who argue that from time to time the money supply in England was overstretched. Scotland, like most countries in Europe, was beginning to impose restrictions on the movement of coin out of the country. In 1331 the Scots parliament imposed a tax of a shilling in the pound on exported money. In that year Aberdeen paid £10. 11 s. 8d. to the Exchequer,2 but some of this money came from a tax of 4d. in the pound on imports from English ships. Comparison with the Dundee account for the same year indicates that about one-fifth of the sum might be from the 4d. tax. On this basis something over £8 of the Aberdeen sum would have derived from the tax on exported money. This in turn implies that Aberdeen declared some £160 of cash sent abroad in 1331. Such is the nature of tax returns that this sum can be regarded as a minimum. Nevertheless, it is large enough to indicate that, though the fortune hidden and lost in Upperkirkgate was very large, no peculiar circumstances are required to explain the presence of £50 in the town.

Because of the slightly unusual history of this hoard since its discovery, comparison with other hoards requires care. Obviously it is best to use the earlier Aberdeen hoard reports for the purpose of comparing the quantities of coin of different countries and of different mints.3 This is because Scottish, Irish, and continental sterlings, together with coins from the smaller English mints, were particularly liable to be picked out in the last century. For the same reasons detailed comparison of the Scottish and Irish coins4

still in the hoard with similar coins in other hoards will not necessarily be reliable. However, it is possible to provide an analysis of the Fox groups in the Aberdeen hoard, for comparison with Table C in the Loch Doon report.

Fox group Total

Ia - Ic 50 Id -V 1,908 Vl - IXa 247 IXb 830 X 4,248 XI -XI I 1,103 XII I -XIV 546 XVa-c 449 XVd 1 Uncertain 63

Per cent Loch Doon per cent

0-53 0-6 20-20 20-8 2-62 3-1 8-79 10-2

44-98 40-3 11-68 11-5

5-78 6-2 4-75 4-8 0 0 1 0-1 0-67 2-4

This method of analysis is a particularly sensitive indicator of irregularity in a hoard, but the Aberdeen find seems to fit the established pattern well. The percentage of class X may seem a trifle high, but this may be explained by the abstraction of a disproportionate number of coins from provincial mints where class X does not predominate. Accordingly a comparison involving the London and Canterbury mints only brings the Aberdeen hoard even more closely into line.

1 Woodhead, Stewart, and Tatler, loc. c i t . Table A, p. 35.

2 J. Stuart and G. Burnett, op. c i t , pp. 350-1. 3 Woodhead, Stewart, and Tatler, loc. c i t . Tables

A and B. 4 Cf. Woodhead, Stewart and Tatler, loc. c i t .

Tables, D and F, where this has been done success-fully.

38 T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 38

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London and Canterbury

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2,627 32-76 33-1 3,754 46-82 45-7 1,637 20-42 21-1

An analysis of London and Canterbury coins in the hoard is also useful inasmuch as it facilitates comparison with the mint output figures which survive for those two mints. As has been observed elsewhere, the hoards of this period consistently contain fewer coins of the earlier classes than would have been expected from the mint output records. The hoard evidence suggests that large quantities of coin disappear from circulation as the years pass.1

It is difficult to establish the extent to which the classification of Edward pence can be regarded as objective rather than 'a matter of eye and taste'.2 Although the broad outlines of the classification are clear, many of the subtler distinctions are constantly subject to revision. The subclassification of the larger classes III, IV, and X undergoes continual scrutiny as successive numismatists seek improvements. Neither are the smaller groups immune: classes V, VI, and VII still hold secrets. Put in its most general terms, the problem would seem to be one of deciding which particular punches or characteristics should be deemed to be significant. Yet even when certain criteria have been chosen, problem coins occur exhibiting some 'early' and some 'late' characteristics. Theoretically, the proliferation of subclasses could continue almost to the point of die-analysis.

In cataloguing a hoard of this size it has been necessary to take a broader view. Nevertheless, in two cases I have been guilty of furthering the process of proliferation. Certain coins seemed to share the characteristics of classes I and II3 (PI. II, 1, 3). Moreover in class XI, I was struck by a particular form of the letter N (PI. II, 22, 23) which was extremely common, generally late, and more deserving of a class of its own than the extremely rare As of class XIc. Accordingly, any coins with this letter N have been noted separately in the catalogue.

I have also benefited greatly from the advice of Mr. Christopher Wood, concerning classes III, IV, and X. On these matters he was good enough to show me the fruits of his own research and of the research of other Edwardian numismatists such as Woodhead, Tatler, Stewart, and North. I do not wish to anticipate the findings of these researchers. Full discussion of the problems of classification must await the publication of their findings. However, I have tried to make this report as up to date as possible, and the coins are classified in accordance with the general drift of their work as I understand it. The much-discussed question of class IVa-c receives further treatment. Generally IVa resembles Illg with larger commas in place of the crescent-shaped marks (PI. II, 6). IVb is distinguished by the extremely straight limb of the right fleur of the crown (PI. II, 7). The crown of IVc, and incidentally of IVd and IVe, exhibits a tiny nick between the left-hand ornament and the left fleur (PI. II, 8). Class Xc-e is subdivided by crowns 1-5. The two new crowns 4 and 5 would generally have been classed with

1 See N. J. Mayhew, 'Numismatic Evidence and Edward I and II', NC 1936, p. 116. Falling Prices in the Fourteenth Century', Econ. 3 See also G. L. V. Tat ler , 'A Note on the Transition Hist. Rev., 2nd series, xxvii, 1974. between Types I and II of the Pennies of Edward I ' ,

2 D. F. Allen, 'The Boyton Find of Coins of BNJ xxviii (1955-7), pp. 288-93.

40 T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G A T E H O A R D O F 1886 40

crown 3 in the past and are definitely late. Where Xf was distinguished in the past it seems to correspond with crown 4. Once again full descriptions of these types await publication by those who have identified them. I sometimes found crowns 4 and 5 difficult to distinguish from one another, but the plates illustrate good examples of all five crowns. In many cases I found IIIc difficult to distinguish from Illd (PI. II, 4, an early coin with a later h). Certain early IIIc coins were simple enough and have been noted separately, but otherwise IIIc and d are listed together. These bald comments are intended simply to clarify the catalogue.

The Scottish and Irish pence and continental sterlings in the hoard have been thoroughly picked over, as one might expect, and enthusiasts of these series will now find the hoard disappointing. One continental sterling is, however, worthy of particular notice. It is an ordinary rosarius of Jean d'Avesnes which has had a crude crown added to the head long after it left the mint. The reverse of this coin shows the battering which this tooling involved. Clearly this must be seen in the context of the sudden reduction of the legal value of pollards and crockards from one penny to a halfpenny and their subsequent complete demonetization. There is another coin of this type in the British Museum, which exhibits much better workmanship, and others in NMAS and the Ashmolean. Otherwise there are few surprises amongst the continental sterlings. The presence of a Chautard1 199/197 mule is worth mentioning. Coins of this enigmatic type are generally assigned to Ferry IV of Lorraine on the grounds that Thomas de Bourlemont, Bishop of Toul 1330-53, must be too late. If most Scottish hoards of this type are assigned to the 1330s the question might seem to be reopened, but the Tutbury hoard,2 dated 1322, remains an insurmountable obstacle to returning these coins to the Bishop of Toul, and we can regard the Aberdeen hoard as further evidence that they were struck by Ferry IV.

Imitations which bear the correct English legends have generally eluded the nineteenth-century eye3 and are still well represented in the hoard. A detailed analysis of these types of imitation, together with similar coins in the Montraive hoard is to be pub-lished in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1976. Here it will be enough to illustrate and draw attention to the principal types of imitation, for it is only when these imitations are recognized and recorded that we can accumulate hoard evidence to help us date them.

Imitations reading EDWARRA, etc. (PI. II, 29, 30) and resembling Xb have already been the subject of some discussion.4 There were thirty-six such coins in the hoard, although six of them were of a related die-linked type reading EDWARA. In distinguishing this type of imitation from genuine Xb coins the most obvious difference lies in the crown. Genuine Xb coins have the same crown as Xa (PI. II, 13, 14, a very rare Xb Durham King's Receiver), although occasionally the EDWARRA legend is found with crown 1 of the five crowns of Xc-f. The crowns of this imitative type may easily be distinguished from the English Xa-b crown, and from the five crowns of Xc-f. The reverses read variously, London 19, Canterbury 14, and Durham 3.5

1 J. Chautard, Imitations des Monnaies au Type Esterlin, Nancy, 1871.

2 E. Hawkins in Archaeologia, xxiv, 1831, pp. 148 ff.

3 With the exception of E. Burns who never saw this hoard.

1 N. J. Mayhew, 'A Canterbury-Durham Die Link', SNC October 1974.

5 A Dublin reverse of this type is in the Ulster Museum Sylloge (no. 529), but as far as is known it is not f rom this hoard.

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G A T E H O A R D O F 1886 41

Imitations with the irregular reading EDWRE are also present in the hoard. Mr. J. J. North1 has recently drawn attention to this group which is present in most large hoards of the period.2 Since the legend is of a type which does not occur on any regular English coins, the series of imitations has generally been recognized in the past and has a number of useful provenances. The earliest so far to come to light is Mellendean, which may be thought to have been concealed in 1296. There were six coins with the EDWRE reading in the Aberdeen hoard, all with London reverses. Two of them have comparatively good-looking portraits with well-curled hair and rounded chins (PI. II, 31, 32). The other four coins have less attractive portraits with heavily ringed eyes (PI. II, 33, 34). Two groups of coins with similar faces but reading EDWRA should be linked to this type. There are four good-looking coins reading EDWRA (2 Canterbury, 2 London) and five of the ugly type (all London). The approximate correspondence of this EDWRE reading to the legends of English coins in type la-c has led some to date this imitative series to the early 1280s. There is nothing to rule out so early a date, except that I have found one coin of this type from the Montraive hoard with the reverse reading CIVITAS ALOST, and so attributable to Gui de Dampierre.3 One probably has to choose between dating Gui's pollards earlier than is usual, or dating the EDWRE type to the 1290s.

Apart from the Flanders forgeries I have been able to identify only one other Euro-pean mint as a source of imitation sterlings with English legends. This is Gaucher de Chatillon's mint at Yves (PI. II, 35, 36). The evidence of Gaucher's forgery has already appeared elsewhere,4 and here it will be sufficient to list the Gaucher and Edward types in the catalogue in accordance with this classification. There remain twenty-nine imita-tion sterlings which have not been assigned to any particular group. Some of them may be unrecognized members of groups already discussed; others may be individual 'home-made' coins without any related types. In the catalogue they are subdivided: those with extremely crude types, those reading EDWR (including one with a Dublin reverse) and those reading EDWAR. There is also an example of the plate-type forgery similar to that found at Dunblane5 of which only one plate survives.

P O S T S C R I P T

On a recent visit to Aberdeen I was shown another 'set' of coins taken from the hoard. They were kept on the wall of the Chamberlain's office at the Town House, Aberdeen. This set differed from the other set owned by Mr. Collie in two respects. It was larger, containing places for thirty coins, although two places were empty; and it was specifically stated on the case that these were 'Specimens of coins found in Bronze Pot, Upper-kirkgate, Aberdeen 1886'. The framing and mounting of the two sets seemed similar, and the discovery of the second set confirms the assumptions made in the full hoard report.

One of these twenty-eight coins is particularly worthy of note. It is one attributed to Thomas de Bourlemont, Bishop of Toul 1330-53. Four crucial letters on the reverse were not legible on the Aberdeen specimen, but a few days after seeing this coin I was

1 J. J. North, 'Contemporary Forgeries of Ed-wardian Pence', SNC May 1975.

2 e.g. Montraive, Tutbury, Blackhills, Mellendean. 3 It will be recalled that Robert de Bethune's

sterlings from this mint read ALOTEN.

1 N. J. Mayhew, 'Gaucher de Chatillon and the Imitation of Sterlings', Revue Beige de Numismatique, cxxi, 1975.

5 D. F. Allen in BNJ (1940), p. 281.

42 THE A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 42

fortunate enough to examine Mr. Blunt's collection and found another coin with the same distinctive obverse legend, and a more informative reverse. Reference to H. B. Earle Fox's notebooks indicated that the Fox brothers had attributed this coin to Thomas de Bourlemont. Fritze Lindahl found one coin of this type in the Ebbelnaes find (342 illustrated),1 and there were two in the Kirial hoard (603 and 604 illustrated).2

The Derby hoard is the only other British hoard known to have contained an example.3

Thomas de Bourlemont's sterlings have already caused a good deal of confusion, and one hesitates to attribute coins reading COMES to him. Nevertheless, in this case, TON-(M)AS and TVLENSI do not appear to allow much doubt, and since the opinions of the Fox brothers, Fritze Lindahl, and Jorgen Steen Jensen all concur, this attribution seems sure. This makes this coin the most recent in the set and, assuming it was struck early in Thomas's episcopate, roughly contemporary with the York XVd penny in the other set which was used to date the whole hoard. This second set of coins, like the first, leaves no doubt that the Upperkirkgate hoard of 1886 was concealed after 1330.

The identification of the coins is not always as full as might be expected because some of the coins were made partially illegible by the glue which kept them in their places.

None of the coins in this postscript is included in the List of Coins covering the rest of the hoard.

England Berwick Blunt type I l i a Bristol I l l f Bury R o b e r t u s de Hadel ie IVa

X I V C a n t e r b u r y X a doubles t ruck

X b Chester I l l g D u r h a m X c rown 2, Bek Exeter I X b Hul l I X b L o n d o n I I I c Newcas t le I l l e N o r t h e r n type Y o r k Roya l I l l e N o r t h e r n type

Ireland D u b l i n Dol ley Class 2 W a t e r f o r d Dol ley Class 2

Scotland Alexander I I I J o h n Baliol ( rough coinage) R o b e r t the Bruce

Continental Sterlings C h = C h a u t a r d

Aqui ta ine . E d w a r d I—II of E n g l a n d Braban t . J ean I I I . C h 112. Brussels F landers . R o b e r t de Bethune . 12, 13, o r 14. Alos t

1 Fritze Lindahl, 'Mtentfundet f ra Ebbelnaes pa Djursland', NNA 1970. M0n' , NNA 1952. 3 L. A. Lawrence, 'A Hoard of English and Foreign

2 Jargen Steen Jensen, 'M0ntfundet fra Kirial pa Sterlings found at Derby', NC 1928.

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 43

H a i n a u t . J e a n d 'Avesnes . C h 33. M o n s L igny . Va le ran I I . C h 226 var . Serain L u x e m b o u r g . J o h n t he Bl ind . C h 186. va r . H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e . L o u i s IV. C h 317, C h 315 var . T o u l . T h o m a s de B o u r l e m o n t . +EDWSAIWATTONAS COM ES[TVLE]NSI Yves . G a u c h e r d e Cha t i l lon . type I ( R B N 1975).

L I S T O F C O I N S

E N G L A N D

E D W A R D I—II I I V a - c / e 3

London mint I V e / a - c 4

w i t h l c reverse i.e. N + H IVe 57

l a w i t h l c reverse i.e. N + H 4 IVe

l b n o n e - 617 l c 38 l c w i t h pellet a f t e r DNS 8 l c w i t h pellet a f t e r DNS a n d

ANGL 1 V 30

I d 14 VI 8

65 VI wi th EDWA 3

11 I d w i t h f ace of I I 9 I I wi th f ace of I d 20 H a 31 V i l a 8 l i b 101 V l l b 6 I I unce r t a in 1

162

V i l l a

14

65 I l i a 10 V l l l b 36 I l i a b i fo l ia te 2 111b 7 101 A l l i.e. I I I c wi th pellets in c r o w n 4 I I I c ea r ly h 28

wi th s ta r 84 I I I c w i t h wedge abbrev ia t ions 1 I X a wi th s ta r 84

I I I c wi th all ear ly signs bu t la te h 1 I X a w i t h o u t s ta r (difficult t o 9

I l l c - d wi th all ear ly signs bu t la te h

186 dis t inguish f r o m V l l l b ) I l l f 8 I X b wi th s ta r 346

I l l f w i t h crescent abbrev ia t ions 3 I X b wi thou t s ta r 138

I H g ear ly s 75 I X b s ta r unce r t a in 13 I H g ear ly a n d la te s 38

590 I H g la te s 83 590

I H g wi th c o m m a s 5 I l l g n o abb rev i a t i ons 1

mules 117 60

I l l g

452

X a / I X X a

mules 117 60

X b / I X X b / I X

mules t r i fo l ia te c r o w n

28 6

I V a 164 X b / I X t r i fo l ia te c r o w n EDWRR 2 I V b 167 X b 184 I V c 74 X b EDWRR 22 IVd 148 X a - b b u t EDWARA 10

44

X c - f X c - f X c - f X c - f X c - f

X c - f

X c - f X c - f

X c - f X c - f X c - f X c - f

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 44

c r o w n 1 b u t EDWARRA c r o w n 1 / IX m u l e c r o w n 1 c r o w n 2 c r o w n 3 Mayf ie ld (see M . M . A r c h i b a l d , ' T h e Mayf i e ld (Sussex) 1968 H o a r d ' in Mints, Dies and Currency, ed. R . A . G . C a r s o n ) c r o w n 3 Mayf ie ld wi th EDWARRA c r o w n 3 la ter t ype c r o w n 3 la te r t ype s t ra ight -s ided NS c r o w n 3 la ter type EDWARRA c r o w n 5 c r o w n 4 c r o w n 4 s t ra ight -s ided NS

7 1

503 541 259

X I a X I a / X X I a / X X I a X I a X l b X l b X I N X I N X I c X l c / b X l b

X I I / X I N X I I

wi th s p e a r h e a d in tac t wi th s p e a r h e a d in tac t

EDWARRA

EDWARRA

EDWARRA EDWARRA

E D W A R R / X I C

m u l e

493 18

1 4 0

166 24

2 ,485

3 1 1

208 2

114 26

118 12 1 1 1

488

X V c

U n c e r t a i n X s U n c e r t a i n X - X V

T o t a l

Canterbury mint

l i b

I l l b IIIc I l l c - d I l l f I H g

I V a I V a I V b I V c I V a - c I V d I V d I V a / e I V e / d I V d / e I V e I V e

ear ly h la te h la te s ear ly s ear ly a n d la te s l a t e s

EDRI

pellet b e f o r e TAS wi th CAN.TOR

pellet b e f o r e .TAS

39

123

6 1

5 , 2 8 8

2 2

1 3

57 2 8 3

41

115

83 1

79 32

2 88 1 1 3 2

14 7

313

1 4

68 I X a w i t h o u t s t a r 5 I X a w i t h s ta r 17 I X b wi th s t a r 59

71 I X b w i t h o u t s t a r 53 71 I X b w i t h o u t s t a r r e a d i n g CASTOR 1 I X b s ta r unce r t a in 3'

X V a X V b

33 51

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 45

I X b / X w i t h o u t s ta r 7 X a 57 X b 150 X b EDWARR 1 X b EDWRR 4 X a - b W i t h EDWARA 2 X c - f c r o w n 1 EDWARR 7 X c - f c r o w n 1 191 X c - f c r o w n 2 329 X c - f c r o w n 3 Mayf ie ld 150 X c - f c r o w n 3 Mayf ie ld r ead ing 2

CANTAO X c - f c r o w n 3 la ter type 198 X c - f c r o w n 3 la te r type wi th 10

s t ra igh t NS X c - f c r o w n 5 12 X c - f c r o w n 4 150

1,270

X c - f c r o w n 4 / X I 2 X I a / X 1 X I wi th c r o w n 3 2 X I w i t h c r o w n 3 / X I c m u l e 6 X I a 98 X l b 189 X I N 100 X I c 16

414

X I I 17

X I I I / X I c 4 X I I I wi th X c r o w n 3 5 X I I I EDWARANGL 1 X I I I 93

103

X I V 156

X V a 36 X V b 128 X V c 40

204

U n c e r t a i n X 10

U n c e r t a i n X I - X V 1

T o t a l 2 ,761

Durham mint

l i b 6

I I Ic 4 I l l e m a r k o n bus t 1 I H g ear ly a n d la te s 1 I H g la te s 8

14

I V a 10 I V b Bek ' s m a r k o n obv . 1 I V b Bek ' s m a r k o n rev. 1 IVc Bek ' s m a r k o n obv . 1

13

I X a Bek, o n e wi th s tar , o n e 4 w i t h o u t , t w o unce r t a in

I X b Bek w i t h s t a r 12 I X b Bek w i t h o u t s t a r 5 I X b Bek s tar unce r t a in 3 I X b R o y a l wi th s t a r 19 I X b R o y a l w i t h o u t s ta r 20 I X b R o y a l s ta r unce r t a in 2 I X b Bek o r R o y a l s ta r unce r t a in 7

72

I X b / X R o y a l 1 X a R o y a l 16 X b Bek 14 X b R o y a l 1 X c - f c rown 1 Bek 38 X c - f c rown 2 R o y a l 45 X c - f c rown 2 m m uncer ta in 3 X c - f c rown 2 Bek 49 X c - f c rown 3 Mayf ie ld R o y a l 15 X c - f c rown 3 Mayf ie ld Bek 4

EDWARR

X c - f c rown 3 Mayf ie ld Bek 36 EDWARA

X c - f c rown 3 Mayfie ld m m un- 2 cer ta in

X c - f c rown 3 later type Bek 128 X c - f c rown 3 later type R o y a l 1

46 T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G A T E H O A R D O F 1 8 8 6

X c - f c r o w n 3 later t ype R o y a l Bury St. Edmunds mint EDWARR I I I c Ta t l e r B b 2 1

X c - f c r o w n 4 Bek 18 I l l d T a t l e r T t 1 1 X c - f c r o w n 4 m m unce r t a in 3 X c - f c r o w n 4 R o y a l 6 2 X c - f c r o w n 4 Bek wi th s t ra ight N 1 X c - f c r o w n 5 Bek 3

I V a Ta t l e r I 1 386 I V a Ta t l e r H h 1 1

X I a Bek 53 2

X I a Bek /Ke l l awe mu le 1 w i t h o u t s ta r X I a K e l l a w e 19 I X a w i t h o u t s ta r 1

X I a R o y a l 6 I X b wi th s ta r 4

X I b Ke l l awe 16 I X b w i t h o u t s ta r 1

X I b K e l l a w e EDWARR 3 X I N K e l l a w e 28 6 X I c Ke l l awe 6

X a 2 132 X b 5

X c - f c r o w n 1 6

X I I K e l l a w e 4 X c - f c r o w n 2 2 4 X c - f c r o w n 3 Mayf ie ld 10 X c - f c r o w n 3 la ter t ype 2 9

X I I I K e l l a w e 30 X c - f c r o w n 3 / X I m u l e 1 X I I I B e a u m o n t 9 X c - f c r o w n 5 1

39 X c - f c r o w n 4 8

39 X c - f c r o w n 4 EDWARRA 2

X I V B e a u m o n t 52 88

X I V L o n d o n - D u r h a m m u l e 2 X c - f c r o w n 4 / X I 15

54 X I a 2 4 X l b 7

X V a 9 X I N 5

X V b 33 X V b L o n d o n - D u r h a m m u l e 1 51

X V c 38 X I I 3

81

X I I I 6 unce r t a in X 17

X c - e c r o w n a n d m m . unce r t a in 8 X I V 4 9 X c - e c r o w n unce r t a in , Bek 9

X I V

X I - X I I I unce r t a in Ke l l awe 3 unce r t a in X I - X V 1 X V a l l unce r t a in B e a u m o n t 7 X V b 2 0

X V c 10 45

41

T o t a l 846 T o t a l T o t a l T o t a l 248

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E ]

Bristol Mint

l i b 15

I I I c la te h 19 I l l c - d ? 3 I l l d 6 I H g ear ly s 15

la te s 11

54

I V a 1

l X b wi th s ta r 27 I X b w i t h o u t s t a r 15

42

T o t a l 112

Chester mint

I H g 2

Exeter mint

I X b 2

Kingston mint

I X b 1

Lincoln mint

I I I c 6 I l l c - d ? 1 I l l d 8 I l l f 2 H l g w e d g e / c o m m a abbrev ia t ions 1 I H g ear ly s 5 I H g ear ly a n d la te s 1 I H g la te s 3

T o t a l 27

Newcastle mint

I X b w i t h o u t s ta r 11 I X b wi th s ta r 15

26

G A T E H O A R D O F 1 8 8 6 4 7

I X b / X 11 X a 10

21

T o t a l 4 7

York mint

l i b 12

I l l b 8 I I Ic 5 I l l e 2 2 I l l e qua t re fo i l o n reverse 1 I l l e qua t re fo i l o n reverse, flower 1

o n obverse

37

I X b episcopal wi th s ta r 3 I X b episcopal w i t h o u t s tar 3 I X b roya l w i t h o u t s ta r 2 5 I X b roya l with s ta r 43

7 4

X V d TI a n d qua t re fo i l 1

T o t a l 124

Berwick mint: a r r a n g e d accord ing to B lun t

l a or b 1

I a - b / I I 1 I a - b / I I b 1 H a 2 l i b dif ferent face f r o m B M ex- 2

amples

6

I l i a 1 I l i a or b 2

3

48 T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G A T E H O A R D O F 1886

I V a I V a - b I V b I V b - c IVc

3 1 6 6

13

VI

V I I

uncer ta in

1

1

29 To ta l 43

V 2

I R E L A N D - -arranged according to Dolley E D W A R D I—II Waterford mint

Dublin mint 2nd coinage 2

2 n d coinage 2nd /3 rd coinage mules 6 th coinage

3 2 1

6

To t a l 8

S C O T L A N D - —arranged according to Stewart

B D D E E E F F

A L E X A N D E R I I I

24 poin ts 24 poin ts 26 poin ts 26 po in t s 24 poin ts 25 poin ts 24 poin ts 26 po in t s

1 1 1 2 2 1 7 1

G - F 24 poin ts G 24 poin ts Unce r t a in

J O H N B A L I O L

Fi rs t Co inage

2 4 1

1

24

E U R O P E

Continental Sterlings, excluding G a u c h e r de Chat i l lon ' s sterlings which a re listed with his imi ta t ions s t r u c k in E d w a r d ' s n a m e .

T w o coins were b r o k e n in to unident i f iable pieces bu t h a d the original ident i f icat ion wri t ten o n the package . They were described as one of Fe r ry IV of Lo r r a ine a n d o n e of J e a n d 'Avesnes of H a i n a u t .

Wtjg.

1. Aqu i t a ine E d w a r d I o r I I (1272-1327) sterling cf. Hewlet t , 70 -1 , a n d 258 Obv. EDWARD' REX ANGL Rev. DVX AQV ITA NIE 1-371

2 . B raban t -L imburg Jean I (1261-94) C h a u t a r d 95 1-302 3. Braban t Jean I I I (1312-55) C h a u t a r d 112 1-202 4. Ligny Valeran I I (1316-54) C h a u t a r d 232 or 233 1-320 5. Ligny Valeran I I C h a u t a r d 229, bu t rev. reads SERAIN 1-387 6. Ligny Valeran I I

Obv. GDOM (INUS DE LL) IT H i Rev. as C h a u t a r d 226 1-086

7. L igny-Luxembourg Valeran I I C h a u t a r d 237 1-283 8. As 7 1-284 9. N a m u r G u i de D a m p i e r r e (1263-97) C h a u t a r d 47 1-040

10. As 9 1-169

T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 49

Wt\g. 11. N a m u r G u i d e D a m p i e r r e

Obv. M A R C H I O H A M U R C

Rev. MO R E T A R A MUR 1 -286

T h i s c o i n a p p e a r s t o h a v e a ' F l a n d e r s ' t y p e o b v e r s e u s u a l l y f o u n d w i t h G. COMES FLAND o n t h e r e v e r s e cf . C h a u t a r d 1. 12. N a m u r - F l a n d e r s G u i d e D a m p i e r r e C h a u t a r d 1 1-140 13. F l a n d e r s R o b e r t d e B e t h u n e (1305-22)

Obv. R COMES FLARDRIE d o u b l e t r e f o i l s t o p s Rev. M O R ETA ALO T E R 1-387

14. F l a n d e r s R o b e r t d e B e t h u n e C h a u t a r d 14 1-300 15. F l a n d e r s R o b e r t d e B e t h u n e C h a u t a r d 14 b u t s ingle t r e fo i l s t o p s ? 1-361 16. A s 15 1-296 17. A s 15 1-436 18. A s 15 1-260 19. L u x e m b o u r g J o h n t h e B l ind (1309^16) C h a u t a r d 187 b u t : s t o p s 1-233 20. L u x e m b o u r g J o h n t h e B l ind C h a u t a r d 187 1-422 21. L o r r a i n e F e r r y I V (1312-28 ) C h a u t a r d 192 0 - 9 4 2 22 . L o r r a i n e F e r r y I V C h a u t a r d Obv. 199 Rev. 197 a t t r i b . t o T h o m a s d e 1-179

B o u r l e m o n t 23 . H a i n a u t J e a n d ' A v e s n e s I I (1280-1304) , V a l e n c i e n n e s C h a u t a r d 26 1-036 24 . H a i n a u t J e a n d ' A v e s n e s I I M o n s C h a u t a r d 29 1-260 25 . H a i n a u t J e a n d ' A v e s n e s I I M o n s C h a u t a r d 32 w i t h t o o l e d c r o w n 0-943 26. L o o s A r n o l d V I I I (1280-1328) C h a u t a r d 146 1-155 27. H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e L o u i s o f B a v a r i a (1314-47) C h a u t a r d 318 1-231 28. A r l e u x J e a n d e F l a n d r e (1313-25) C h a u t a r d 224 1-135

Continental Imitations w i t h E n g l i s h l egends p l u s G a u c h e r d e C h a t i l l o n :

EDWARRA t y p e i m i t a t i o n s 36 G a u c h e r d e C h a t i l l o n a n d h is E d w a r d t y p e i m i t a t i o n s 84

viz. E d w a r d t ypes a 5, b 14, c 9, d 35 G a u c h e r t y p e s I 3, I I - , I I I 5, I V 6, V 1 ?, V I 4 , V I / V I I 2

EDWRE-type 6 P o s s i b l y r e l a t e d t y p e s w i t h EDWR 9 EDWR w i t h D u b l i n r e v e r s e 1 O t h e r I m i t a t i o n s o f ve ry c r u d e s tyle 7 O t h e r I m i t a t i o n s o f b e t t e r s ty le r e a d i n g EDWR 7 O t h e r I m i t a t i o n s o f b e t t e r s ty le r e a d i n g EDWAR 13 P l a t e - t y p e f o r g e r y 1

Totals E n g l i s h 9 ,458 B e r w i c k 4 3 I r i s h 8 S c o t t i s h 2 4 C o n t i n e n t a l S t e r l i n g s ( exc lud ing G a u c h e r ) 28 P l u s f r a g m e n t s of t w o 2 C o n t i n e n t a l I m i t a t i o n s ( i nc lud ing G a u c h e r ) 164

9 ,727

I n c l u d e d in t h e a b o v e list a r e t h r e e g r o u p s of co in s in t h e possess ion o f :

a. A b e r d e e n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s 4 / R E n g l i s h a n d Sco t t i sh . E n g l a n d : L o n d o n X c r o w n 3 M a y f i e l d , 1; C a n t e r b u r y X l b , 1; X I I I , I. S c o t l a n d : A l e x a n d e r I I I R e x S c o t t o r u m S t e w a r t C la s s E 24 p t s , 1.

5433 C 76 E

50 T H E A B E R D E E N U P P E R K I R K G ATE H O A R D OF 1886 50

b. M r . G . E . Collie 25 /R English, Scot t ish , a n d Fore ign . E n g l a n d : L o n d o n H a , 1; I X b star , 1; X b , 1; X c rown 1, 1.

C a n t e r b u r y X c rown 3 Mayf ie ld , 1; X c rown 3 later type, 1; XIV, 1. Bristol l i b , 1; I H g early S, 1; I I Ic , 1. Bury XIV, 1; X V b , 2. D u r h a m I X b Bek n o s tar , 1; I X b R o y a l s tar , 1; X c rown 3 later type Bek, 1; X V b Beau-

m o n t 1. Newcas t le X a , 1. Y o r k I l l e , 1; I X b n o star , 1; X V d , 1.

Sco t l and : Alexander I I I Class F 24 pts , 1. Con t inen ta l : G a u c h e r de Chat i l lon , 2.

EDWARRA type imi ta t ion , 1.

c. Abe rdeen A r t Galleries a n d M u s e u m s a t J o h n D u n ' s H o u s e , Abe rdeen . 12 JR. English a n d Scott ish. L o n d o n : Ic, 2 ; l i b , 1; I l i a , 1; IVe, 2 ; V i l a , 1; X a / I X , 1; X b EDWRR, 1; X I a , 1; XVc , 1. Scot t i sh : Alexander I I I Class E 25 pts , 1.

K E Y T O T H E P L A T E

1. F a c e H a , c rown Id 2. Rev . of 1 3. F a c e Id , c rown I l a 4. I I Ic wi th early fea tures bu t la te h

20. X c rown 4 21. X c rown 5

5. I l l f 6. IVa 7. I V b 8. IVc

22. X I N L o n d o n 23. Rev . of 22 24. X V c D u r h a m Bishop B e a u m o n t 25. X V a Bury 26. Rev . of 25

b ina t ion 10. Rev . of 9 11. X b 1 2 . X b EDWARA 13. X b D u r h a m roya l receiver 14. Rev . of 13 15. X c rown 1, EDWARRA 16. X c rown 1 17. X c rown 2 18. X c rown 3 Mayfield let tering 19. X c rown 3 later non-Mayf ie ld type

9. X a / I X b mule L o n d o n , a very c o m m o n c o m - 28. 27. X V d Y o r k archiepiscopal m i n t 28. Rev . of 27 29. EDWARRA type imi ta t ion D u r h a m , cf. nos .

13 a n d 14 30. Rev . of 29 3 1 . EDWRE i m i t a t i o n 32. Rev . of 31 3 3 . EDWRE i m i t a t i o n 34. Rev . of 33 35. E d w a r d type imi ta t ion of G a u c h e r de

Chat i l lon 36. Rev . of 35

PLATE VII VOL. XLIV

MAYHEW, ABERDEEN HOARD