THE ABDOMEN - iMULimul.pl/system/files/3. INTESTINE RECTUM AORTA VENA CAVA.pdf · THE ABDOMEN •...
Transcript of THE ABDOMEN - iMULimul.pl/system/files/3. INTESTINE RECTUM AORTA VENA CAVA.pdf · THE ABDOMEN •...
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THEABDOMEN
• SMALLINTESTINE• LARGEINTESTINE• RECTUM• ABDOMINALAORTA• INFERIORVENACAVA
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THESMALLINTESTINE
THESMALLINTESTINE:• IsthelongestpartofthegastrointesAnaltract-lengthof5metres
(3–7metres)inthelivingadult• Consistsoftheduodenum,jejunum,andileum
• ExtendsfromthepyloricopeningtotheileocecaljuncAon• IsthelocaAonofcompletedigesAonandabsorpAonofmostofthe
productsofdigesAonandwater,electrolytes,andmineralssuchascalciumandiron
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THESMALLINTESTINE
DUODENUMquickreview
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THEDUODENUM
TheduodenumpursuesaC-shapedcoursearoundtheheadofthepancreas.
Itbeginsatthepylorusontherightsideandendsattheduodenojejunalflexure(juncAon)ontheleVside.
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THEDUODENUM
SUPERIOR(FIRST)PARTOFTHEDUODENUM:• L1level• proximal2cmhasamesenteryandismobile,calledtheampulla
• distal3cm(andtheotherthreepartsoftheduodenum)haveno
mesenteryandareimmobile-theyareretroperitoneal
• peritoneumcoversanterioraspect
• itisbareofperitoneumposteriorly,exceptfortheampulla
• hepatoduodenalligament(partofthelesseromentum)a[achesto
theproximalpart
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THEDUODENUM
DESCENDING(SECOND)PART:• alongtherightsidesoftheL1–L3vertebrae• liestotherightofandparalleltotheIVC• thebileandmainpancreaAcductsenteritsposteromedialwall
• isenArelyretroperitoneal• anteriorsurfaceofitsproximalanddistalthirdsiscoveredwith
peritoneum
• peritoneumreflectsfromitsmiddlethirdtoformthedouble-
layeredmesenteryofthetransversecolon,thetransverse
mesocolon
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THEDUODENUM
INFERIOR(THIRD)PART:• passingovertheIVC,aorta,andL3• iscrossedbytheSMA• posteriorly:rightpsoasmajor,IVC,aorta,andtherighttesAcularor
ovarianvessels• anteriorsurfaceiscoveredwithperitoneum(exceptwhereitis
crossedbythesuperiormesentericvessels)
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THEDUODENUM
Ascending(fourth)part:• runssuperiorlyfromL3–L2vertebra• runsalongtheleVsideoftheaorta• supportedbythea[achmentofasuspensorymuscleofthe
duodenum(ligamentofTreitz)
• anteriorsurfaceiscoveredwithperitoneum
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THEDUODENUM
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THEJEJUNUM
THEJEJUNUM
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THEJEJUNUM
Thejejunumandileum,6–7mlong,occupythecentralandlowerpartsoftheabdominalcavityandusuallyliewithintheboundaryformedbytheabdominalcolon.
ThereisnocleardisAncAonbetweenthetwoparts,butthereisagradualchangeinmorphologyfromtheproximaltodistalendsofthesmallbowel.
• thejejunumbeginsattheduodenojejunalflexure• thejejunum-proximal2/5• theileum–distal3/5• theileumendsattheileocecaljuncNon
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THEJEJUNUM
MostofthejejunumliesintheleVupperquadrant(LUQ)Mostoftheileumliesintherightlowerquadrant(RLQ)
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THEJEJUNUM
Themesenterya[achesthejejunumandileumtotheposteriorabdominalwall-rootofthemesentery(15cmlong).
Therootofthemesentery:• directedobliquely• inferiorly• andtotheright
FromtheduodenojejunaljuncNonontheleVsideofvertebraL2totheileocolicjuncNonandtherightsacro-iliacjoint.
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THEJEJUNUMTherootofthemesenterycrossesthe:• ascendingandinferiorpartsoftheduodenum,• abdominalaorta,• IVC,• rightureter,• rightpsoasmajor,
• righttesAcularorovarianvessels.
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THEJEJUNUMBetweenthetwolayersofthemesenteryarethe:• superiormesentericvessels,• lymphnodes,• avariableamountoffat,• autonomicnerves.
TheSMAsuppliesthejejunumandileumviajejunalandilealarteries
TheSMAusuallyarisesfromtheabdominal
aortaattheleveloftheL1vertebra
-1cminferiorceliac
trunk.
TheSMArunsbetweenthelayersofthemesentery,
sending15–18branchestothejejunumandileum
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THEJEJUNUM
Thearteriesunitetoformloopsorarches,calledarterialarcades,
whichgiverisetostraightarteries,calledvasarecta
TheSMVdrainsthejejunumandileum.TheSMVendsposteriortotheneckofthepancreas,whereituniteswiththesplenicveintoformthehepaNcportalvein
SpecializedlymphaAcvesselsintheintesNnalvillithatabsorbfatarecalledlacteals.
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THEJEJUNUM
Withinthemesentery,thelymphpassessequenAallythroughthreegroupsoflymphnodes:• juxta-intesNnallymphnodes:locatedclosetotheintesAnalwall.• mesentericlymphnodes:sca[eredamongthearterialarcades.• superiorcentralnodes:locatedalongtheproximalpartofthe
SMA.EfferentlymphaAcvesselsfromthemesentericlymphnodesdraintothesuperiormesentericlymphnodes.LymphaAcvesselsfromtheterminalileumfollowtheilealbranchoftheileocolicarterytotheileocoliclymphnodes.
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THEJEJUNUM
TheinnervaNonofthesmallintesNneisbytheentericnervoussystem,whichinthesmallintesAneconsistsofthe:• submucosalplexusofMeissnerand• myentericplexusofAuerbach.
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THEJEJUNUM
SYMPATHETICPreganglionicneuronalcellbodiesarelocatedintheintermediolateralcellcolumnofthespinalcord(T8–12).Preganglionicaxonsformthe:• greatersplanchnicnerve,• lessersplanchnicnerve,• leastsplanchnicnerve.
SYMPATHETICPostganglionicneuronalcellbodiesarelocatedintheceliacganglionandsuperiormesentericganglion.
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THEJEJUNUM
PARASYMPATHETICPreganglionicneuronalcellbodiesarelocatedinthedorsalnucleusofthevagus.
PreganglionicaxonsruninCNXandreachthesmallintesAneviatheposteriorvagaltrunk.Postganglionicneuronalcellbodiesarelocatedintheentericnervoussystem;someofthesearethe“tradiAonal”postganglionicparasympatheAcneuronsthatreleaseAChasaneurotransmi[er.
Thepostganglionicaxonsterminateonmucosalglandsandsmoothmuscle.
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THEJEJUNUM
SympatheNcsAmulaAonreducesperistalAcandsecretoryacAvityoftheintesAneandactsasavasoconstrictor,reducingorstoppingdigesAonandmakingblood(andenergy)availablefor“fleeingorfighAng.”
ParasympatheNcsAmulaAonincreasesperistalAcandsecretoryacAvityoftheintesAne,restoringthedigesAonprocessfollowingasympatheAcreacAon.
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THEJEJUNUM
ThesmallintesAnealsohassensory(visceralafferent)fibers.TheintesAneisinsensiAvetomostpainsAmuli,includingcuingandburning;however,itissensiAvetodistensionthatisperceivedascolic(“intesAnalcramps”).
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THEABDOMEN
• SMALLINTESTINE• LARGEINTESTINE• RECTUM• ABDOMINALAORTA• INFERIORVENACAVA
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THELARGEINTESTINE
ThelargeintesNneconsistsofthe:• cecum• appendix• ascending• transverse• descending• sigmoidcolon• rectum• analcanal
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THELARGEINTESTINE
• ExtendsfromtheileocecaljuncNontotheanusandisapproximately1.5m(5V)long.
• FuncAonstoconverttheliquidcontentsoftheileumintosemisolidfecesbyabsorbingwater,salts,andelectrolytes.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
ThelargeintesNnecanbedisAnguishedfromthesmallintesAneby:• Omentalappendices:small,fa[y,omentum-likeprojecAons.• Teniaecoli:threedisAnctlongitudinalbands:1.mesocolictenia,to
whichthetransverseandsigmoidmesocolonsa[ach;2.omentaltenia,towhichtheomentalappendicesa[ach;and3.freetenia,towhichneithermesocolonsnoromentalappendicesarea[ached.
• Haustra:sacculaAonsofthewallofthecolonbetweentheteniae• Amuchgreatercaliber(internaldiameter).
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Theteniaecoli,thickenedbandsofsmoothmusclerepresenAngmostofthelongitudinalcoat,beginatthebaseoftheappendixasthethicklongitudinallayeroftheappendixseparatesintothreebands.
ThececumisthefirstpartofthelargeintesAneandisablindintesAnalpouch.
Itliesintheiliacfossaoftherightlowerquadrantoftheabdomen
Itmaybedisplacedfromtheiliacfossa,butitiscommonlyboundtothelateralabdominalwallbyoneormorececalfoldsofperitoneum
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Theilealorificeentersthececumbetweenileocoliclips(superiorandinferior),foldsthatmeetlaterallyformingridgescalledthefrenulaoftheilealorifice.
TheappendixisablindintesAnaldiverAculum(6–10cminlength)thatcontainsmassesoflymphoidAssue.
TheappendixhasashortTRIANGULARmesentery,themeso-appendix
TheposiAonoftheappendixisvariable,butitisusuallyretrocecal
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Thearterialsupplyofthececumisfromtheileocolicartery,theterminalbranchoftheSMA.
Theappendicularartery,abranchoftheileocolicartery,suppliestheappendix.
VenousdrainagefromthececumandappendixflowthroughatributaryoftheSMV,theileocolicvein.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
LymphaNcdrainageofthececumandappendixpassestolymphnodesinthemeso-appendixandtotheileocoliclymphnodesthatliealongtheileocolicartery.
ThenervesupplytothececumandappendixderivesfromthesympatheAcandparasympatheAcnervesfromthesuperiormesentericplexus.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Thecolonhas4parts:• ascending• transverse• descending• andsigmoid.
Theascendingcolonpassessuperiorlyontherightsideoftheabdominalcavityfromthececumtotherightlobeoftheliver,whereitturnstotheleVattherightcolicflexure-hepaAcflexure.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
ThearterialsupplytotheascendingcolonandrightcolicflexureisfrombranchesoftheSMA,theileocolicandrightcolicarteries.
VenousdrainagefromtheascendingcolonflowsthroughtributariesoftheSMV,theileocolicandrightcolicveins.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Thetransversecolonisthethird,longest,andmostmobilepartofthelargeintesAne.FromtherightcolicflexuretotheleVcolicflexure.
ThedescendingcolonisbetweentheleVcolicflexureandtheleViliacfossa,whereitisconAnuouswiththesigmoidcolon.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Thele_colicflexure(splenicflexure)isusually:• moresuperior,• moreacute,• lessmobile.
Themesenteryofthetransversecolon(transversemesocolon)isadherenttoorfusedwiththeposteriorwalloftheomentalbursa.
Therootofthetransversemesocolonliesalongtheinferiorborderofthe
pancreasandisconAnuouswiththeparietal
peritoneumposteriorly.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Intallthinpeople,thetransversecolonmayextendintothepelvis
Thearterialsupplyofthetransversecolonismainlyfromthemiddlecolicartery,abranchoftheSMA.
Thearterialsupplyofthetransversecolonismainlyfromthemiddlecolicartery,abranchoftheSMA.ThetransversecolonmayalsoreceivearterialbloodfromtherightandleVcolicarteriesviaanastomoses.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
VenousdrainageofthetransversecolonisthroughtheSMV.
ThelymphaNcdrainageofthetransversecolonistothemiddlecoliclymphnodes,whichinturndraintothesuperiormesentericlymphnodes.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Theperitoneumcoversthe
descendingcolonanteriorlyand
laterally.Thearterialsupplyofthedescendingisfromthele_colic,branchesoftheIMA.
VenousdrainagefromthedescendingcolonisprovidedbytheIMV,flowingusuallyintothesplenicveinandthenthehepaAcportalveinonitswaytotheliver.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
Thesigmoidcolon,characterizedbyitsS-shapedloopofvariablelength,linksthedescendingcolonandtherectum.
Thesigmoidcolonhasalongmesentery,thesigmoidmesocolon,andthereforehasconsiderablefreedomofmovement
Theomentalappendicesofthesigmoidcolonarelong.
Thearterialsupplyofthesigmoidcolonisfromthesigmoidarteries,branchesoftheIMA.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
TheSMAsupplyingbloodtotheleVcolicflexure-derivedfromtheembryonicmidgut.TheIMAsupplyingbloodfromtheleVcolicflexure-derivedfromtheembryonichindgut.
VenousdrainagefromthesigmoidcolonisprovidedbytheIMV,flowingusuallyintothesplenicveinandthenthehepaAcportalveinonitswaytotheliver.
LymphaNcdrainagefromthedescendingcolonandsigmoidcolonisconductedthroughvesselspassingtotheepicolicandparacolicnodes,andthenthroughtheintermediatecoliclymphnodesalongtheleVcolicartery.
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THELARGEINTESTINE
ThesympatheNcnervesupplyofthedescendingandsigmoidcolonisfromthelumbarpartofthesympatheNctrunkvialumbar(abdominopelvic)splanchnicnerves.
TheparasympatheNcnervesupplyisfromthepelvicsplanchnicnervesviatheinferiorhypogastric(pelvic)plexusandnerves(S2-S4).
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THEABDOMEN
• SMALLINTESTINE• LARGEINTESTINE• RECTUM• ABDOMINALAORTA• INFERIORVENACAVA
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THERECTUM
TherectumisconAnuouswiththesigmoidcolonatthelevelofS3vertebra,isconAnuousinferiorlywiththeanalcanal.
Therectumisthefixed(primarilyretroperitonealandsubperitoneal)terminalpartofthelargeintesAne.
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THEABDOMEN
• SMALLINTESTINE• LARGEINTESTINE• RECTUM• ABDOMINALAORTA• INFERIORVENACAVA
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THEABDOMINALAORTA
Theabdominalaortabeginsat
theaorNchiatusinthediaphragmatthe
leveloftheT12vertebra
andendsattheleveloftheL4vertebra
bydividingintotherightandle_common
iliacarteries.
Theabdominalaortaisapproximately13cminlength.
Thebranchesoftheaortaaredescribedas:• anterior,• lateraland• dorsal.
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THEABDOMINALAORTA
Theanteriorandlateralbranchesaredistributedtotheviscera.Thedorsalbranchessupplythebodywall,vertebralcolumn,vertebralcanalanditscontents.
Theaortaterminatesbydividingintotherightandle_commoniliacarteries.
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THEABDOMINALAORTA
Thebranchesoftheaorta:• inferiorphrenica.• celiactrunk• superiormesenterica.• middlesuprarenala.• renala.• tesAcularorovariana.• fourlumbaraa.• inferiormesenterica.• mediansacrala.• commoniliaca.
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THEABDOMINALAORTATHEBRANCHESOFTHEAORTAINFERIORPHRENICA.Pairedarteriesthatsupplythediaphragm,whichtheyenterfrombelow.Itsuppliesdiaphragmandgivessuperiorsuprarenalarteries.CELIACTRUNKCommonstemoftheleVgastric,commonhepaAcandsplenicarteriesatthelevelofT12.Anteriortotheceliactrunkliesthelessersac.Theceliacplexussurroundsthetrunk,sendingextensionsalongitsbranches.Thebodyofthepancreasandthesplenicveinareinferiortotheceliactrunk.
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THEABDOMINALAORTATHEBRANCHESOFTHEAORTASUPERIORMESENTERICARTERYUnpairedbranchoftheaortaarisingabout1cmbelowtheceliactrunk.Itextendsfrombehindthepancreastotheuncinateprocessandpasseswithitsbranchesintothemesenteryandmesocolon.MIDDLESUPRARENALARTERYArisesfromthelateralaspectoftheabdominalaorta,levelwiththesuperiormesentericarteryandsuppliesthesuprarenalgland.RENALARTERYThelargestbranchesoftheabdominalaorta,itarisesfromtheaortainfrontofL1anddividesintoseveralbrancheswhichenterthekidney.
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THEABDOMINALAORTATHEBRANCHESOFTHEAORTARENALARTERYTherightislongerandusuallyarisesslightlyhigherthantheleV.Itpassesposteriortotheinferiorvenacava,rightrenalvein,headofthepancreasandsecondpartoftheduodenum.TESTICULAROROVARIANARTERYThegonadalarteriesaretwolongvessels,thatarisefromtheaortainferiortotherenalarteries.Eachpassesinferolaterallyundertheparietalperitoneumonpsoasmajor.FOURLUMBARARTERIESTheyarisefromtheposterolateralaspectoftheaorta,whichcorrespondtotheintercostalarteries.
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THEABDOMINALAORTATHEBRANCHESOFTHEAORTAINFERIORMESENTERICARTERYItarisesfromtheanteriororleVanterolateralaspectoftheaorta.Theinferiormesentericarteryisusuallysmallerincalibrethanthesuperiormesentericartery.MEDIANSACRALARTERYArisesfromtheposterioraspectoftheaortaali[leaboveitsbifurcaAon.Itdescendsinthemidlineandendsinthecoccygealbody.COMMONILIACARTERYItextendsfromthebifurcaAonofthedescendingaortaatL4/L5toitsdivisionintotheinternalandexternaliliacarteriesinfrontofthesacroiliacjoint.
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THEABDOMINALAORTA
Thebranchesoftheaorta:• inferiorphrenica.• celiactrunk• superiormesenterica.• middlesuprarenala.• renala.• tesAcularorovariana.• fourlumbaraa.• inferiormesenterica.• mediansacrala.• commoniliaca.
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THEABDOMINALAORTA
Thecommoniliacarteriesdivergeandruninferolaterally,followingthemedialborderofthepsoasmusclestothepelvicbrim.• Theinternaliliacarteryentersthepelvis.• Theexternaliliacarteryfollowstheiliopsoasmuscle,givesriseto
theinferiorepigastricanddeepcircumflexiliacarteries
RELATIONSOFABDOMINALAORTA:•Celiacplexusandganglion•Bodyofthepancreasandsplenicvein•LeVrenalvein•Horizontalpartoftheduodenum•CoilsofsmallintesAne
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RELATIONSOFABDOMINALAORTA:Ontheright,theaortaisrelatedtotheazygosvein,cisternachyi,thoracicduct,rightcrusofthediaphragm,andrightceliacganglion.Onthele_,theaortaisrelatedtotheleVcrusofthediaphragmandtheleVceliacganglion.
THEABDOMINALAORTA
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THEABDOMEN
• SMALLINTESTINE• LARGEINTESTINE• RECTUM• ABDOMINALAORTA• INFERIORVENACAVA
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Theinferiorvenacava(IVC)beginsanteriortotheL5vertebrabytheunionofthecommoniliacveins.
THETHEINFERIORVENACAVA
TheIVCleavestheabdomenbypassingthroughthecavalopeninginthediaphragmandentersthethoraxattheT8vertebrallevel.
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THETHEINFERIORVENACAVATHEINFERIORVENACAVATheinferiorvenacavaisformedbythejuncAonofthecommoniliacveinsanteriortothefiVhlumbarvertebralbody,ali[letoitsright.Itascendsanteriortothevertebralcolumn,totherightoftheaorta,andiscontainedinadeepgrooveontheposteriorsurfaceoftheliver.TheabdominalporAonoftheinferiorvenacavaisdevoidofvalves.
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TRIBUTARIES• thecommoniliacveinsatitsorigin• lumbar,• rightgonadal,• renal,• rightsuprarenal,• inferiorphrenic,• hepaAcveins
THETHEINFERIORVENACAVA
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THETHEINFERIORVENACAVA
THEINFERIORVENACAVATheveinsoftheposteriorabdominalwallaretributariesoftheIVC,exceptforthele_tesNcularorovarianvein,whichenterstheleVrenalveininsteadofenteringtheIVC
TheIVCreturnsbloodfromthe:• lowerlimbs,• mostoftheback,• abdominalwalls,• abdominopelvicviscera.
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BloodfromtheabdominalviscerapassesthroughtheportalvenoussystemandtheliverbeforeenteringtheIVCviathehepaNcveins.
THETHEINFERIORVENACAVA
TheIVCcollectsbloodfromthelowerlimbsandnon-portalbloodfromtheabdomenandpelvis.ThetributariesoftheIVCcorrespondtothepairedvisceralandparietalbranchesoftheabdominalaorta.
AllthebloodfromthegastrointesNnaltractiscollectedbythehepaAcportalsystemandpassesthroughthehepaAcveinstotheIVC.Theveinsthatcorrespondtotheunpairedvisceralbranchesoftheaortaareinsteadtributariesofthehepa9cportalvein.
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Thebranchescorrespondingtothepairedvisceralbranchesoftheabdominalaortaincludethe:• rightsuprarenalvein,• rightandleVrenalveins,• rightgonadal(tesAcularorovarian)vein.Thele:suprarenalandgonadalveinsdrainindirectlyintotheIVCbecausetheyaretributariesofthele:renalvein.
THETHEINFERIORVENACAVA
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INTRAPERITONEALAND
RETROPERITONEALORGANS
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THEPERITONEALCAVITY
INTRAPERITONEALANDRETROPERITONEALORGANS:• Intraperitonealorgansaresuspendedbyamesenteryandare
almostcompletelyenclosedinvisceralperitoneum.Theseorgansaremobile.
• RetroperitonealorgansareparAallycoveredononesidewith
parietalperitoneumandareimmobileorfixedorgans.Manyretroperitonealorganswereoriginallysuspendedbyamesenteryandbecomesecondarilyretroperitoneal.
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THEPERITONEALCAVITY
INTRAPERITONEALANDRETROPERITONEALORGANS:MajorlntraperitonealOrgans(suspendedbyamesentery)• Stomach• Liverandgallbladder• Spleen• Duodenum,1stpart• Tailofpancreas• Jejunum• Ileum• Appendix• Transversecolon• Sigmoidcolon
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THEPERITONEALCAVITY
INTRAPERITONEALANDRETROPERITONEALORGANS:MajorSecondaryRetroperitonealOrgans(lostamesenteryduringdevelopment)• Duodenum,2ndand3rdparts• Head,neck,andbodyofpancreas• Ascendingcolon• Descendingcolon• Upperrectum
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THEPERITONEALCAVITY
INTRAPERITONEALANDRETROPERITONEALORGANS:MajorPrimaryRetroperitonealOrgans(neverhadamesentery)• Kidneys• Adrenalglands• Ureters• Aorta• lnferiorvenacava• Lowerrectum• Analcanal
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THEPERITONEALCAVITYADULTSTRUCTURESDERIVEDFROMEACHOFTHE3DIVISIONSOFTHEPRIMITIVEGUTTUBEFOREGUTArtery:celiacParasympatheNcinnervaNon:vagusnervesSympatheNcinnervaNon:• preganglionics:thoracicsplanchnicnerves,T5-T9• postganglioniccellbodies:celiacganglionReferredPain:EpigastriumForegutDerivaNves:• Esophagus• Stomach• Duodenum(firstandsecondparts)• Liver• Pancreas• Biliaryapparatus• Gallbladder
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THEPERITONEALCAVITYADULTSTRUCTURESDERIVEDFROMEACHOFTHE3DIVISIONSOFTHEPRIMITIVEGUTTUBEMIDGUTArtery:superiormesentericParasympatheNcinnervaNon:vagusnervesSympatheNcinnervaNon:-Preganglionics:thoracicsplanchnicnerves,T9-T12-Postganglioniccellbodies:superiormesentericganglionReferredPain:UmbilicalMidgutDerivaNves• Duodenum(second,third,andfourthparts)• Jejunum• Ileum• Cecum• Appendix• Ascendingcolon• Transversecolon(proximaltwo-thirds)
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THEPERITONEALCAVITYADULTSTRUCTURESDERIVEDFROMEACHOFTHE3DIVISIONSOFTHEPRIMITIVEGUTTUBEHINDGUTArtery:inferiormesentericParasympatheNcinnervaNon:pelvicsplanchnicnervesSympatheNcinnervaNon:• preganglionics:lumbarsplanchnicnerves,L1-L2• postganglioniccellbodies:inferiormesentericganglionReferredPain:HypogastriumHindgutDerivaNves• Transversecolon(distalthirdsplenicflexure)• Descendingcolon• Sigmoidcolon• Rectum• Analcanal(abovepecAnateline)