The Abbreviated Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI)
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Transcript of The Abbreviated Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI)
The A-WEAI
Photo credits: Chiara Kovarik and Katie Sproule
Hazel Malapit - Research Coordinator/IFPRIA-WEAI Online Webinar, September 23, 2015
Overview• Creating the A-WEAI• 10 indicator vs 6 indicator WEAI comparison • Indicator by indicator highlights from the pilot– Modifications to questionnaire– What changes to adopt and why
• FAQs
p. 2
Creating the A-WEAI• USAID Goals
– Streamline survey– Reduce time to administer by ~30% – Improve problematic modules (time use, autonomy in production, credit,
and speaking in public) • Process
– Developed pilot questionnaire (2013-early 2014)– Conducted cognitive testing (summer 2014)– Pilot fieldwork in Bangladesh and Uganda (summer-fall 2014)– Analyzed data from pilots (early 2015)
• Outcomes– Version of WEAI with 6 indicators and streamlined questions– Intended for use by USAID, other donors, and potentially by national
statistical systems for household surveys
DOMAIN INDICATORS WEIGHT
1 Production Input in productive decisions
1/5
2 Resources Ownership of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
2/15
1/15
3 Income Control over use of income
1/5
4 Leadership Group membership 1/5
5 Time Workload 1/5
TOTAL 100%
DOMAIN INDICATORS WEIGHT1 Production Input in productive
decisionsAutonomy in production
1/10
1/10
2 Resources Ownership of assetsPurchase, sale, or transfer of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
1/15
1/15
1/15
3 Income Control over use of income
1/5
4 Leadership Group membershipSpeaking in public
1/101/10
5 Time WorkloadLeisure
1/101/10
TOTAL 100%
Original WEAI vs A-WEAIOriginal: 5 domains, 10 indicators A-WEAI: 5 domains, 6 indicators
Original WEAI vs A-WEAI:5DE decomposition
10 6 10 6Female Male
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
17.107.80 8.30 1.09
23.50
24.9014.80
17.30
14.40
13.17
13.00
7.61
31.5036.59
39.80
45.65
13.30 17.5624.10 28.26
Bangladesh: 10 vs 6 indicators
Production Resources IncomeLeadership Time
10 6 10 6Female Male
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1530.0% 18.6% 2170.0% 17.5%
1900.0% 17.9%1740.0% 21.1%
2630.0% 23.3%870.0% 5.3%
1440.0% 17.1%
2600.0% 31.6%
2500.0% 23.3% 2600.0% 24.6%
Uganda: 10 vs 6 indicators
Production Resources IncomeLeadership Time
Top contributors to disempowerment*
Bangladesh Uganda Indicators Women Men Women Men Original WEAI (10 indicators)
1. group member
2. credit3. speaking in
public
1. group member
2. workload3. control over
income
1. control over income
2. workload3. credit
1. group member
2. workload3. credit
A-WEAI (6 indicators)
1. group member
2. credit3. workload
1. group member
2. workload3. credit
1. workload2. control over
income3. input in
decisions
1. group member
2. workload3. credit
Original WEAI vs A-WEAI:Indicator rankings
*Using pilot data 2.0.
• Pros: – Shorter administration time compared with the original WEAI (reduced by 30%)– Does not include some of the more problematic modules from original
baselines– When compared to the original WEAI using the second pilot data, the top two
constraints contributing to women’s and men’s disempowerment remained the same
• Cons: – Measures fewer indicators of empowerment; dropping four indicators– Only comparable to original baselines if analysis is restricted to 6 indicators – When compared to the original WEAI using the second pilot data, one of the
top three indicators contributing to women’s and men’s disempowerment changed
CAVEAT: Pilots are based on small samples in 2 countries, so results are only indicative
A-WEAI
ProductionIndicator 1: Input in productive decisions
Indicator 2: Autonomy in production
• Pilot modifications– Input in productive decisions: no significant
modifications piloted – Autonomy in production: tested original autonomy
questions against a series of vignettes that ask about autonomy in various agricultural activities
• Recommendations– Input in productive decisions: keep– Autonomy in production: drop
Autonomy
missing
never true
not very true
somewhat true
always true
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00
Distribution of responses to "no option" vignettes, by activity & sex of respondent, Bangladesh
Livestock raising femaleLivestock raising maleTaking crops to market femaleTaking crops to market maleTypes of crops to grow femaleTypes of crops to grow male
p. 9
ResourcesIndicator 1: Ownership of assets
Indicator 2: Purchase, sale or transfer of assetsIndicator 3: Access to and decisions on credit
• Pilot modifications– Ownership of assets
• Ownership definition changed from “who owns most” to “do you own any”? • Eliminated question asking for number of assets.
– Purchase, sale or transfer of assets: Tested combined rights question (sell, give away, mortgage, rent) versus separate rights questions as analysis of original pilot data suggested rights are bundled together.
– Access to and decisions on credit • Added question on hypothetical borrowing.
• Recommendations– Ownership of assets: keep, but modify – Purchase, sale or transfer of assets: drop – Access to and decisions on credit: keep original definition of adequacy, but
require additional question on hypothetical borrowing to facilitate analysis
ResourcesIndicator 1: Ownership of assets
Indicator 2: Purchase, sale or transfer of assetsIndicator 3: Access to and decisions on credit
UGANDAEmpowerment rates conditional on asset ownership empowerment
1.0 VERSION 1.1 VERSION 2.0 VERSION Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%)Asset rights indicator 94.36 89.61 97.79 91.41 97.92 86.7Credit indicator 33.21 25.41 64.39 65.36 78.68 75.28
Empowerment rates conditional on asset rights empowerment
1.0 VERSION 1.1 VERSION 2.0 VERSION Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%)Ownership indicator 99.60 93.88 100 100 100 99.39Credit indicator 32.80 25.86 64.34 65.71 79.1 79.35
Those who own assets also very likely to have rights over assets, and vice versa… …less so for credit
Ownership of assets: original questions
Original WEAI
A- WEAI:
1. Removes questions on decisions on assets
2. Eliminates question on number of assets
3. Changes question from “who owns most?” to “do you own any?”
A-WEAI
Ownership of assets: revised questions
IncomeIndicator 1: Control over use of income
• Pilot modifications – Combined into section with input in production decisions– Not clear if it saved time
• Recommendations – Control over use of income indicator: keep – Change definition: Adequate if there is at least one
domain where individual has some input in income decisions [or feels she/he can make decisions regarding wage, employment and minor hh expenditures; as long the only domain in which the individual feels that he/she makes decisions is not minor household expenditures]
Control over use of income: original questions
Original WEAI
Control over use of income: original questions
Original WEAI
A-WEAI
Control over use of income: revised questions
LeadershipIndicator 1: Group member
Indicator 2: Speaking in public
• Pilot modifications– Group member: Minor changes (changes in sequence in qx, group categories, added
DK as response)– Speaking in public: New questions designed to be more broad and less controversial;
new adequacy cutoff if reported comfort in speaking in public or has spoken up in last 3 months
• Recommendations– Group member indicator: keep – Speaking in public indicator: drop
• Rationale– Group member indicator emerged as a top constraint in 6 out of 13 countries from the
FtF WEAI baseline data – While the new speaking in public questions seem to do better than the old ones, this
indicator has not been useful in analyses and in many places has been sensitive to collect
TimeIndicator 1: Workload
Indicator 2: Leisure
• Pilot modifications– Workload: collected a 7-day recall (both last 7-day and typical 7-days), 24-hr recall w/ primary and
secondary activities and a 24-hr recall w/ primary activities only– Leisure: no change except sequence in qx
• Findings– 7 day recall faster to implement than 24 hr recall w/ primary and secondary; however, concern about
recall accuracy and burden on enumerators to calculate – 24 hr recall w/ primary only saves 2-3 minutes compared to 24 hr recall w/ primary and secondary – Both Uganda and Bangladesh teams prefer 24 hr recall to 7 day recall because of recall accuracy
concerns • Recommendations
– Workload indicator: keep -- collect 24 hr recall w/ primary activities only – Leisure indicator: drop
• Rationale– Workload indicator was identified as a top constraint in 6 out of 13 countries in the FtF WEAI baseline
data – Leisure indicator has not been useful for analyses because concern on women’s adaptive expectations
Workload 7dr vs 24hr
Average work hours by method, country and sex of respondentBangladesh Uganda
male female total male female totalPilot 1.1N 179 221 400 136 140 27624hr primary & secondary 9.4 8.8 9 8.1 10 9.124hr primary only 9.3 8.8 9 8.1 10 9.1
Pilot 2.0N 175 225 400 144 189 3337dr actual 8 8.7 8.4 8.7 13 117dr typical 9.8 11 10 11 14 13
N 175 225 400 142 149 29124hr primary only 8.5 8.9 8.7 6.3 9.1 7.7
p. 20
DOMAIN INDICATORS WEIGHT
1 Production Input in productive decisions
1/5
2 Resources Ownership of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
2/15
1/15
3 Income Control over use of income
1/5
4 Leadership Group membership 1/5
5 Time Workload 1/5
TOTAL 100%
DOMAIN INDICATORS WEIGHT1 Production Input in productive
decisionsAutonomy in production
1/10
1/10
2 Resources Ownership of assetsPurchase, sale, or transfer of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
1/15
1/15
1/15
3 Income Control over use of income
1/5
4 Leadership Group membershipSpeaking in public
1/101/10
5 Time WorkloadLeisure
1/101/10
TOTAL 100%
Original WEAI vs A-WEAI
Original: 5 domains, 10 indicators A-WEAI: 5 domains, 6 indicators
FAQsQuestion: We are not sure we have the time to collect the entire A-WEAI module. Is it possible to only measure particular domains of the A-WEAI and not administer the Index in its entirety without threats to validity and reliability? Answer: You can certainly measure particular domains (or even indicators) by themselves, but please note that doing so does not result in the A-WEAI. The A-WEAI is obtained by taking a weighted average of two subindexes, the 5DE and GPI, and both of them are obtained by taking the weighted average of the 6 indicators representing the 5 domains. These 6 indicators can each be interpreted on their own, so if you do not have time to administer the entire module but wish to collect some gender-relevant indicators, you can try to see which domains/indicators are most relevant to you. There is a discussion paper available that describes some of the validity testing that was done for the original indicators; please see: http://www.ifpri.org/publication/women-s-empowerment-agriculture-index. In addition, we recommend referring to the versions table to determine which version of the index is best for you.
FAQsQuestion: How much does it cost to collect the A-WEAI module? Answer: The second pilot cost $44-$83k but that included a longer module that included all the questions we were testing but didn’t use, as well as 2 rounds of cognitive testing. The original WEAI pilots cost between $36-$56k across the three countries. The Feed the Future baselines (which collected many more modules) were much more expensive. The Rwanda survey (2000 households) cost $160,000 but included two dietary diversity modules and the Household Hunger Scale. The Tajikistan survey (2000 households) cost $425,000 and collected many more modules on consumption, expenditure, dietary diversity, anthropometric measurement, etc.
Question: How long does it take to administer the A-WEAI?Answer: Based on IFPRI’s experience implementing the A-WEAI pilots, the final A-WEAI questionnaire is estimated to take 25-30 minutes per person. If the surveys are done concurrently with men and women, then the additional time per dual-adult household is also 25-30 minutes.
Thank you! Any questions?
Contact Hazel Malapit at [email protected]
Visit the WEAI Resource Center:https://www.ifpri.org/topic/weai-resource-center