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The AAPG Century – Giant Fields through the Decades*
Robert K. Merrill1 and Charles A. Sternbach
2
Search and Discovery Article #70267 (2017)** Posted June 19, 2017
*Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG 2017 Annual Convention and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, April 2-5, 2017
**Datapages © 2017 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.
1Catheart Energy, Inc., Sugar Land, Texas, United States ([email protected]) 2Star Creek Energy, Katy, Texas, United States
Abstract
A giant oil field is generally estimated to contain in excess of 500 MMBOE estimated ultimate recovery. Since the late
nineteenth century, at least four factors seem to control the frequency of discovery of giant oil and gas fields. These factors
include concepts (e.g., geological models), technology, price, and access to drilling locations. The importance of understanding
these factors drove creativity in the exploration process. In our efforts to understand common petroleum system parameters in
these fields and, importantly, what is unusual about each field, leads to “Discovery Thinking” in our search for new oil and gas
fields. In the mid- to late-nineteenth century the recognition of seeps focused exploration efforts. This was followed by
recognizing the importance of anticlines. Petrophysical tools followed in the early 20th century as well as the application of
seismic as an exploration tool. These tools continued to be developed and improved with time and processing advances in the
1970's significantly improved our ability to image the subsurface and characterize the reservoir. Advances in drilling technology
have led us from the land to deep water. The integration of rock mechanics using geology, geophysics, and engineering in this
decade led to new workflows for geologists, geophysicists, and engineers to complete wells in reservoirs previously considered
too tight for economic production. This integration brought together intensive core analysis and new sample imaging techniques
to characterize the pores in low-permeability rocks that we now recognize as basin-wide “unconventional” fields. Traditional
roles in discovering giant fields over previous decades included the “rockers” (geologists well versed in reservoirs), the
“trappers” (geophysicists mapping the geometry of accumulations), and the “sealers and the sourcers” (explorers following
source rock and seals). More than ever, successful giant field discovery in the decade 2000 through 2010 was led by the
“integrators.” If you know how to hammer, every problem is a nail. The enhancement of the tools including Basin analysis,
geochemistry, cutting-edge seismic imaging, and rock mechanics have become critical additions to the explorer's skill set. The
ingenuity of combined disciplines continues to meet the demands of an energy hungry world. AAPG Memoir 113 documents the
fifth decade of the Giant Fields series.
Selected References
Gries, R.R., 2017, Anomalies: Pioneering Women in Petroleum Geology: 1917-2017: Jewel Publishing LLC, ISBN 978-1-
936499-09-0, 405 p.
Halbouty, M.T., 1970, Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, 575 p.
Höök, M., B. Söderbergh, K. Jakobsson, and K. Aleklett, 2009, The Evolution of Giant Oil Field Production Behavior: Natural
Resources Research, v. 18/1, p. 39-56
Kelley, W.L., D.R. Harrell, R.S. Bishop, and K. Wells, 2009, Proposition: Global Effort to Model Largest Oil Fields: Oil and
Gas Journal, June 8, 2009, p. 20-25.
Robelius, F., 2007, Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production:
Ph.D. Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 168 p.
Stone, D.S., 2006, Structures of the Rocky Mountain Foreland: Salt Creek Field, A Prototypical Basement-Involved Thrust-
Generated Fold: Mountain Geologist, v. 43/2, p. 145-156.
Tennyson, M.E., 2005, Growth History of Oil Reserves in Major California Oil Fields during the Twentieth Century: United
States Geological Survey Bulletin 2172-H, p.4.
Website Cited
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html. Website accessed May 2017.
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
Houston ACE 2017
Houston ACE April 2, 2017
Robert K. Merrill and Charles A. Sternbach
The AAPG Century– Giant Fields through the Decades
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
Houston ACE 2017
Why Study Giant Fields? � Contribute prosperity and major wealth transfer for
nations � Provide significant infrastructure with economies of
scale for smaller discovery developments � Global supply tracks giant field output� Giants keep getting bigger� Provide insight into petroleum systems for
exploration and development programs
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Giant fields contribute 60% of Global Production since the 1960’s
6/4/2017
World Crm ie Oil PnxllUl;tiQ-n 1!Jl5-l005
&0 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------
70 +-------------------------------------------------------------~
~60 +---------------------------------------~ ~
~-.. 50
t .. 1 40 +------------------, "CI. .. ': 30 Q
20 +--------------------------
10 +-------------------
o 1 925 1930 1935 1.94!) 194 5 t 950 195 1 Ii(] 1 6 1 -70 1975 1980 t 9&5 1990 19 5 200!) ?OOS
• Hlsrorlcill IProdLJCdon All Giant s • To 20 Glsnts
H glll"e 3.1 Wodd daily oil production sbol\ing th~ ,eolltJilb nOli of giaut fi~]d5 (K~IDl~y, et 3~_ .2009. Qft~!f Robfliu5, 200 ,and Ho()k, ~t ai, 2009).
World Crm ie Oil PnxllUl;tiQ-n 1!Jl5-l005
&0 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------
70 +-------------------------------------------------------------~
~60 +---------------------------------------~ ~
~-.. 50
t .. 1 40 +------------------, "CI. .. ': 30 Q
20 +--------------------------
10 +-------------------
o 1 925 1930 1935 1.94!) 194 5 t 950 195 1 Ii(] 1 6 1 -70 1975 1980 t 9&5 1990 19 5 200!) ?OOS
• Hlsrorlcill IProdLJCdon All Giant s • To 20 Glsnts
H glll"e 3.1 Wodd daily oil production sbol\ing th~ ,eolltJilb nOli of giaut fi~]d5 (K~IDl~y, et 3~_ .2009. Qft~!f Robfliu5, 200 ,and Ho()k, ~t ai, 2009).
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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Giants Keep Getting Bigger!
6/4/2017 From: Tennyson, M.E., 2005, Growth history of oil reserves in major California oil fields during the twentieth centrury; U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 2172-H, p.4
3,000,000
EXPLANATION Midway-Sunset ~ Buena Vista (1909) - Coalinga E Extension (1938)
2,500,000 - Coles Levee N (1938) - Cymric (1909) - ,- Edison (1928)
>' - Elk Hilis (1 919) "'", - Fruitvale (1928) w-,
- G,.eley (1936) >w 2 ,000,000 0", - Kern Front (1912) Ua:: - Kern River (1899) w «
"'OJ - Kettleman North Dome (1928) w,,- - Lost HHis (1910) !;:o - McKittrick (1896) :;;'" 1,500,000 - Midway-Sunset (1890) _0 ~z - Mount Poso (1926) Elk ::o;li - North Belrldge (1912) 0::0 - Rio Bravo (1937) w o
- Round Mountain (1927) !;:I :;;f- 1,000,000 - South Belridge (1911)
Coalinga _ z Yow)umne (1974) r-'--f- -' . Coalinga (1887) '" w
500,000
O~~~~~~~ 20 40 50 60 70
YEARS SINCE DISCOVERY
3,000,000
EXPLANATION Midway-Sunset ~ Buena Vista (1909) - Coalinga E Extension (1938)
2,500,000 - Coles Levee N (1938) - Cymric (1909) - ,- Edison (1928)
>' - Elk Hilis (1 919) "'", - Fruitvale (1928) w-,
- G,.eley (1936) >w 2 ,000,000 0", - Kern Front (1912) Ua:: - Kern River (1899) w «
"'OJ - Kettleman North Dome (1928) w,,- - Lost HHis (1910) !;:o - McKittrick (1896) :;;'" 1,500,000 - Midway-Sunset (1890) _0 ~z - Mount Poso (1926) Elk ::o;li - North Belrldge (1912) 0::0 - Rio Bravo (1937) w o
- Round Mountain (1927) !;:I :;;f- 1,000,000 - South Belridge (1911)
Coalinga _ z Yow)umne (1974) r-'--f- -' . Coalinga (1887) '" w
500,000
O~~~~~~~ 20 40 50 60 70
YEARS SINCE DISCOVERY
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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What is a Giant Field? � Oil: Estimated Ultimate
Recovery (EUR) ≥ 500 MMBO
� Oil and Gas: EUR ≥ 500 MMBOE � Gas conversion = 6000
cu ft per barrel � Gas Field ≥ 3 tcf gas� Supergiant Fields ≥
5 Billion BOE � Megagiant Fields ≥
10 Billion BOE
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Courtesy of Dick Bishop, 2016
957 Giant Fields 97 Super-giant Fields
7 Mega-giant Fields
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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Future Giants Require � Open access to exploration in remote and challenging
areas � Historical Explorers – “Rockers”, “Trappers” and
“Sealers & Sourcers”� Technological integration: The ingenuity of the
combined disciplines � “Big Data” – Parallel processing & Neural networks � Understanding Reservoirs from the micro to macro scale � Mapping Traps and Migration paths � Geochemistry: Source Rock & HC Generation � Drilling and Completion practices
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� Database of 1,062 Giant Fields (Mike Horn) � IHS Support � AAPG Archives going back 100 years - Datapages � AAPG Giant Field Memoirs like the upcoming
release, Memoir 113
Source Material
6/4/2017
Mike Horn
2017
Memoir 14
Memoir 30
Memoir 54
Memoir 78
Memoir 113
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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0
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1856-1925 1926 - 1945 1946-1970 1971-1987 1988-2005 2006-2017
NU
MBE
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F G
IAN
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YEAR
NORTH AMERICA EASTERN EUROPE AND FORMER USSR CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
MIDDLE EAST ASIA AND OCEANA AFRICA
WESTERN EUROPE
US Dominated Exploration
Globalization/ Mergers
Emerging Countries
GlobalExpansion
Where and When were they Found?
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Post WWII Growth
OPEC/ Nationalization
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0
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2010
2020
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lars
US
Year
Oil Price 2014 USD Nominal Oil Price Real Global Oil Price
Oil Price and Number of Giant Discoveries
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OPEC/Nationalization
Globalization/ Mergers
Post WWII Growth
Global Expansion Emerging Countries
Nominal = Inflation Adjusted $; Real Global Price = Adjusted for US Dollar Value
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ield
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ries
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Concept & Technology Evolution
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Con
cept
s Seeps & Anticlinal Traps
Deep Water Stratigraphic Traps
Petrophysical
Unconventional
Tech
nolo
gy
1850
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Rotary Drilling
Geophysical Single Fold
Pre-Stack
3D Seismic Landsat
CDP
Attributes
Drilling & Completion
Stimulation Multi-Stage Enhanced Horizontal
Offshore Evolution Cemented Casing
Resistivity Logs Archie’s Laws
Combined Tools Computing
US Dominated Exploration OPEC/Nationalization n
Globalization/ Mergers
Post WWII Growth Global Expansion Emerging Countries
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Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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- 0 Mega-giant
• 1 00 200 lOCI 400
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\ \
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1850 . 1900
11 Fields
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ----~
= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1850 . 1900
11 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1901 ·1910
8 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1901 ·1910
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1911 - 1920
15 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1911 - 1920
15 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1921 - 1930
31 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1921 - 1930
31 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1931 · 1940
48 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1931 · 1940
48 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1941 ·1950
39 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1941 ·1950
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1951 ·1960
99 Fields
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1951 ·1960
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1961 -1970
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Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ----~
= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1961 -1970
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1971 - 1980
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1971 - 1980
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1981 • 1990
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1981 • 1990
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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= .. :::::~ -Giant Fields of the World Decade 1991 · 2000 " "",:-;"";
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 2001 ·2010
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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Giant Fields of the World Decade 2001 ·2010
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= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400
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US Dominated Exploration 1856 – 1925
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US Dominated Exploration
n,
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Poat WW II Growth
Global Expansion Giant Fields of=t~he~w~o~rld~n~~S==~ ~=-~~? _~ ~~~-Ius Dominated ~: - 1856 . 1925 .:;;;:» "----'-:7l
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n,
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-110 ., .. -140 . , .. ., .. .,. , ,. .. .. .. , .. n, '" , .. '"
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
US Dominated Exploration
;.. Prior to 1900 v' Emerging concept of where to
drill- Seeps and Anticlines
;.. 1900 - 1925 v' Surface mapping of Anticlines v' 1914 First 1 D seismic v'
v' First resistivity log
v' 1919 Cementing casing v' Rotary Drilling
6/13/2017 Houston ACE 2017
Courtesy Robbie Gri es, 2016
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
Houston ACE 2017
Salt Creek, Field, Wyoming, USA
Adapted from: Stone, D.S., 2006
6/4/2017
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Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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Global Expansion 1926 – 1945
6/4/2017
Global Expansion
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ---
Global Expansion
~ 1926 - 1935 " 1928 Reflection seismic " 1930 Stratigraphic traps
~ 1935-1945 " 1938 First offshore drilling " Evolution of petrophysical logs
" 1941 Archie 's laws
" Three cone roller bit " 1941 Diamond bit " Multiple bullet-shot casing
perforator
" Texas RRC - Controlled & cooperative development
6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017
. .. I Ii..-
... . "'. \ -", . . ~ ........ \ .. .....
SCHE:M~AT~'C~~~~~~i,~ • EAST TI BASIN
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.. •
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6/13/2017 HoustonACE2017
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ---
Post WWII Growth ~ 1945 - 1960
" Petrophysical logs evolve " 1947 - Kermac#16 drilled 10 miles
offshore Louisiana
" 1949 -Hydraulic Fracturing license to Haliburton issued by Stanolind
" 1954 Jackup drilling
~ 1961 - 1970 " Digital computers enable 2D seismic,
log analysis, & data management
" 1965 "BrightSpots" " Semisubmersible drilling rig
" Measurement while drilling
~ 1970 - First Giant Fields Memoir 14
6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017
,
-• • ' 11
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OPEC & Nationalization 1971-1987 . ,.. ., .. , . - - • • • • • ,.. , .. ,. ,
•
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-Global Expansion
- • . '00 ., .. , . • • • • • • '00 , .. ,.. , ..
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OPEC & Nationalization � Arab Oil Embargo � Seismic technology evolves
� Seismic data in color � Seismic response & interval
attributes � Seismic stratigraphy � 3D seismic emerges
� Petrophysics � 1977 first logging truck equipped
with a computer � 1978 Digital sonic tool (SDT)
� Geochemistry � Directional Drilling � 1980 - Giant Fields Memoir 30
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Globalization & Mergers 1988 – 2005
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Globalization/Mergers
_180 _180 _140 _1:!0 _100 ~O
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Globalization & Mergers � Seismic attribute analysis
matures � Horizontal drilling & Staged
hydraulic fracturing � First subsalt discovery � 1999 – First dual activity drill
ship � Deep water drilling matures � Giant Fields Memoir 54 – 1992� Giant Fields Memoir 78 – 2003
6/4/2017
Discover Enterrprise from: 1999 Oil & Gas Journal
From: Rigzone
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
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Emerging Countries 2006 – Present
6/4/2017
Emerging Countries
-110
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I , ..
n,
'"
'"
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ---
Emerging Countries :.- Seismic technology
" Processing algorithms evolve " Multi-attribute analysis matures
" Spectral decomposition and elastic inversion
:.- Subsalt drilling becomes common
:.- New turbidite plays
:.- Source Rocks become reservoir targets " Horizontal drilling " Multi-stagefracs
" M icroseismic
:.- Giant Fields Memoir 113 6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017
Ffom,RoMevil<,ln Q'lISS
From: ZagorSki,ln press
Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades
Houston ACE 2017
The Usual, and the Unusual “As we make it a point to learn how these giant fields formed, we should study the modes of occurrence of theaccumulations, the types of trap, how each trap formed and how it was found, the age of the reservoir and the age, or ages, of the sediments in which the petroleum generated and from which it was expelled and migrated to the trap. We should ask ourselves: first, what is usual about each of these accumulations? Andsecond, what is unusual? Then we must concentrate on the unusual, for commonly it isthat unusual aspect which is the key toaccumulation. Prejudiced ideas should be discarded, for it is these old, ingrained, hard-nosed prejudices which also stifle exploration; old prejudices must not be tolerated in our thinking of the future.”
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Where We Have Been
6/4/2017
Sediment Thickness in meters
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html
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Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ----
The Journey Continues
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•
,-
_ Vac:a Muerta
I .. , . -0((-.. .) 180 200 240 280 300 320 340 360
Sediment Thickness in meters
0 - ~ w ,. ~ 0> ~ - - - - - - - - - -"0 "0 "0 "0 0 0 0 0 - ~ w ,.
~ 0> ~ 0> <0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hnps.lmwwn gdc.n oaa.gov/mgglsedlh icklsedth ickhtml
6/1312011 HoustonACE2017