The 8 Principal Parts of Speech

8/2/2019 The 8 Principal Parts of Speech

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The 8 Principal Parts of Speech


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NounA noun names a person, place, thing, quality, or condition.

Nouns have number: singular and plural and gender:masculine, feminine or neuter.

Types of Nouns

Proper nouns name a specific person, place, thing,quality, or condition. They are always capitalized.

Common nouns name ordinary persons, places, things,qualities, or conditions.

*Frequent noun suffixes: -ion, -er/-or, -on, -ity, -ing(without a preceding helping verb).


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Pronoun

A pronoun replaces a noun or otherpronoun. All pronouns have number andgender.

ALL pronouns need clearly statedantecedents.

Antecedent: a noun to which the pronounrefers or a noun the pronoun replaces.


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Types of Pronouns(Examples and explanations follow.)

Personal: replace people; reflect CASE (usage)and PERSON (who is speaking)

Reflexive: refer toself/-selves

Demonstrative: replace by pointing out

nouns/pronouns

Interrogative: ask questions

Indefinite: replace non-specific

nouns/pronouns Relative: connects a noun or adjective clause

to the independent clause


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Personal and Reflexive PronounsNominativeUsed as subject orpredicate nominative

ObjectiveUsed as direct orindirect object or

object of apreposition

PossessiveUsed to showownership;

may also bepossessiveadjectives

ReflexiveUsed to refer to self

1st I me my, mine myself

2nd you you your,yours

yourself

3rd he, she,it

him, her,it

his,

her, hers,

its

himself,

herself,

itself

1st we us our, ours ourselves

2nd you you your,yours

yourselves

3rd they them their,theirs

themselves


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Types of Pronouns

Demonstrative

Interrogative: when response is a noun/pronoun Who? replaces people; nominative case Whose? replaces people; possessive case Whom? replaces people; objective case Which? replaces objects/places; nominative, objective,

possessive case What? replaces objects/places; nominative or objective

case

singular plural

near this these

far that those


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Types of Pronouns

Indefinite

Always singular: each, either, neither, one

no- every- -one

some- any- -body

Always plural: both, few, several, many

Either depending on antecedent: some, all,

any, none, most


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Types of Pronouns

Relative

who refers to people; nominative case

whom refers to people; objective case

whose refers to people; possessive case

which refers to things/places; all cases

that refers to all; all cases


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Adjective

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

It will answer the following questions:

- What kind of noun/pronoun?

- Which noun/pronoun?

- How many noun/pronoun?

*Frequent adjective suffixes: -ive, -ous, -ate,-al, -ful


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Types of Adjectives(Examples and explanations follow.)

Article: state a noun/pronoun will follow

Demonstrative: show nouns/pronouns

Interrogative: ask questions aboutnouns/pronouns

Indefinite: describe non-specific

nouns/pronouns


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Types of Adjectives

Articles (the, a/an)

Definite: speaker and audience share specific

noun/pronoun

Indefinite: speaker and audience relate

unknown noun/pronoun

Demonstrative(used beforea noun/pronoun)

singular plural

near this these

far that those


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Types of Adjectives

Interrogative (used beforea noun/pronoun) What?

Which?

Indefinite(used before a noun/pronoun) Each - Most

Either - No

Neither - All

Some - One

Any


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Verb

A verb is a word that shows action, state ofbeing, links a word in the subject to a wordin the predicate, or helps another verbshow tense.

A verb phrase is one or more helping verbsand a main verb that show action, state of

being, or link a word in the subject to aword in the predicate. The group of wordsfunctions as one verb.


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Types of Verbs(Examples and explanations follow.)

Action: Can you or could you do it?

Linking: functions like an =

Helping: helps other verbs show tense

Tense is the time the verb shows.

Frequent verb suffixes: -ed, -ing


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Types of Verbs

Action Verbs

Transitive: must be used with a direct object

Direct Object: Find these three criteria:

Noun or pronoun

After Action Verb

Answers: (Action Verb) whom?

(Action Verb) what?

Intransitive: never a direct object after it


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Types of Verbs

Linking Verbs

seem stay is

smell grow are

taste remain was

look appear were

feel become be

sound being been


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Types of Verbs

Helping Verbs(always followed by another verb in averb phrase)

am can shall

is may will

are must havewas might has

were could had

be would do

being should did

been does


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Prepositions

A preposition is a word that relates a noun orpronoun after it to another word in the sentence.

The noun or pronoun after the preposition is calledthe Object of the Preposition. A prepositionmay not exist in a sentence without anobject.

Think of it as anywhere a cat can be or go inrelationship to a house. (p. 352)


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Conjunction

A conjunction connects words or groups ofwords.

Types of Conjunctions(Examples and explanations follow.)

- Coordinate/coordinating

- Correlative

- Subordinate


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Types of Conjunctions

Coordinate/Coordinating: joins equal words orgroups of words

- and: joins equals- but: excludes equals- or: allows choice

- nor: negative choice

- for: similar tobecause- yet: similar tobut


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Types of Conjunction

Correlative Conjunctions: joins equal words

or groups of words;

found in pairs

-either or

-neither nor

-both and

-not only but also


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Types of Conjunctions

Subordinate: joins unequal parts ofsentences; usually an adverb clause to anindependent clause

Examples: because, so, when, if, where,

while (p. 419)


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InterjectionAn interjection shows emotion or strong feeling

but has no other grammatical tie to thesentence.

Types of Interjections

Mild interjections are punctuated with a commaand are not separated from the rest of thesentence

Strong interjections are punctuated with anexclamation point and are separated from therest of the sentence.

The 8 Principal Parts of Speech

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