The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (CAA ...

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS (28MAR-03APR21)

1. The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (CAA),

1992 (noun) – These acts prescribe the states to establish a three-tier system of Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels and Municipalities in the urban areas respectively. States are expected to devolve adequate powers, responsibilities and finances upon these bodies so as to enable them to prepare plans and implement schemes for economic development and social justice. These Acts provide a basic framework of decentralisation of powers and authorities to the Panchayati Raj/Municipal bodies at different levels.

2. Part IX of the Constitution (noun) – Part IX of the Indian Constitution is related to Rural Local Self Government added by the 73rd constitutional amendment act. It is also known as Panchayat Raj.

3. Part IX-A of the Constitution (noun) – Part IX of the Indian Constitution is related to Urban Local Self Government added by the 74th constitutional amendment act. It is also known as Municipal.

4. Panchayati Raj (noun) – the system of local self-government of villages in rural India as opposed to urban and suburban municipalities.

5. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) or Three-tier PR structure (noun) – The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level). It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution.

6. Article 243G in The Constitution Of India (noun) – It stipulates the “Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats”.

7. Article 243W in The Constitution Of India (noun) – It deals with the “Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities”.

8. Article 243ZD in The Constitution Of India (noun) – It mandates the setting up of District Planning Committees (DPCs) in every state.

9. Alma-Ata Declaration (noun) – The Alma-Ata Declaration of the World Health Organization (1978) emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health that outlined/expressed the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.

2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context.

3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

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10. electoral bond (noun) – an electoral bond is designed to be a bearer

instrument like a Promissory Note — in effect, it will be similar to a bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest. It can be purchased by any citizen of India or a body incorporated in India. it allows limitless, secret donations to political parties, including (and especially) by corporations.

11. Know Your Customer (KYC) (noun) – it refers to the process of identity and addresses verification of all customers and clients by banks, insurance companies and other institutions either before or while they are conducting transactions with their customers.

12. Disaster Management (noun) – It can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

13. Disaster Management Act (noun) – the Disaster Management Act, 2005 The stated object and purpose of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 is to manage disasters (e.g. cyclone, earthquake & etc.,), including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. To address the current epidemic outbreak, the Central government has included the Covid-19 outbreak as “Notified Disaster” as a “critical medical condition or pandemic situation”.

14. ripple effect (noun) – an event (or a process/action) that causes several other events to happen indirectly one after the other. knock-on effect, secondary/indirect effect, consequence/implication, chain of events; domino effect.

15. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language.

16. UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (noun) – The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them. The Council is created on 15 March 2006 and it is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly. The Human Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

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17. East Container Terminal (ECT) (noun) – Sri Lanka, Japan and India

(in May 2019) signed an agreement to jointly develop the East Container Terminal at the Colombo Port.

18. terminal (noun) – a specific part of a port dedicated to a particular activity. For example, on a port, there can be different terminals for oil and gas, crude oil, building materials, automobiles, and so on. A port is a central station that houses all of the terminals.

19. lobbying (noun) – a group of people attempting to influence (the government / its official group/elected legislators) to create the actions, policies, or decisions to help a particular organization.

20. International Criminal Court (ICC) (noun) – it is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

21. The war of liberation (noun) – The Bangladesh War of Independence; It began on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. It was an armed conflict between West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The armed struggle was the culmination of a series of events, situations and issues contributing to the progressively deteriorating relations between East and West Pakistan.

22. The Gandhi Peace Prize (noun) – It is an annual award instituted by the government of India since 1995, the 125th birth anniversary commemoration year of Mahatma Gandhi. It is for Social, Economic and Political transformation through Non-violence. The Award comprises an amount of Rs. One Crore and a Citation.

23. Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) (noun) – The 2015 Land Boundary Agreement served a historic role in advancing the exchange of 111 enclaves (17,160.63 acres) from India to Bangladesh and reciprocatively, the latter transferred 51 enclaves (7,110.02 acres) to India. In addition, the choice of citizenship in either country was offered by states to enclave residents. It was the most important bilateral initiative between Bangladesh and India to resolve the longstanding border dispute that arose after the Partition of 1947, by means of the 2015 Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) and the exchange of enclaves (chhitmahals) and adverse possessions between the two countries.

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24. confidence-building (measures/mechanisms) (noun) – confidence-

building measures (CBMs) are planned procedures to prevent hostilities, to avert escalation, to reduce military tension, and to build mutual trust between countries.

25. Teesta water dispute (noun) – The Teesta river, a tributary (branch river) of the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra River), originates in Sikkim and flows through West Bengal as well as Bangladesh. Negotiations on how to share the water have been going on since 1983. Currently, Bangladesh’s share is lower than that of India’s. Sharing the waters of the Teesta river is the most contentious issue between two friendly neighbours, India and Bangladesh.

26. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, and Parsis.

27. Matua (noun) – The Matua Mahasangha, a religious reforms movement and a sect, was formed by Harichand Thakur in East Bengal in the mid-1800s. The word ‘matua’ means to be absorbed or remain absorbed in meditation, specifically to be absorbed in the meditation of the divine. Matuas are Namasudras, a Scheduled Caste group, trace their ancestry to East Bengal, and many of them entered West Bengal after Partition and after the formation of Bangladesh.

28. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) (noun) – The Unique Identification Authority of India is a government body. UIDAI is created with an objective to issue Unique Identification Numbers UID), which is also known as ‘Aadhaar number’ to all the residents of India.

29. Global Hunger Index (GHI) (noun) – a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national levels. GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake (undernourishment), wasting (under five), stunting (under five) and child mortality.

30. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (noun) – The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets, and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.

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31. World Happiness Report, 2021 (noun) – a landmark survey of the state

of global happiness that ranks 156 countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be. The rankings of country happiness are based this year on the pooled results from Gallup World Poll surveys from 2017-2019 and continue to show both change and stability. The top countries tend to have high values for most of the key variables that have been found to support well-being, including income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust, and generosity.

32. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) (noun) – The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) was set up in 2012 under the auspices of (with the help of) the UN Secretary-General. SDSN mobilizes global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical solutions for sustainable development, including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. SDSN works closely with United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, the private sector, and civil society.

33. Ease of Doing Business (noun) – it is about different parameters which define the ease of doing business in a country; (Ease of doing business index is annually published by the World Bank. Doing business ranking is based on quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency).

34. Tryst with Destiny (phrase) – Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, delivered his “Tryst with Destiny” speech on the eve of independence (15th, Aug 1947, towards midnight on 14th, Aug 1947). It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century. This phrase means that “independence/freedom of India destined to happen”. Literally ‘tryst with destiny’ means “to make a secret deal with something that is in destined for us”.

35. The Heart of Asia (noun) – it provides a platform for sincere and results-oriented regional cooperation by placing Afghanistan at its center, in recognition of the fact that a secure and stable Afghanistan is vital to the prosperity of the Heart of Asia region. This platform was established to address the shared challenges and interests of Afghanistan and its neighbors and regional partners. The Heart of Asia is comprised of 15 participating countries, 17 supporting countries, and 12 supporting regional and international organizations.

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36. Doha Agreement (noun) – The Doha Agreement, more formally,

“Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognised by the US as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America, 2020” was signed on the February 29 in Doha, Qatar. The deal was considered a historic step towards establishing peace in Afghanistan.

37. NITI Aayog (noun) – The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015. NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs. (NITI Aayog replaced “The Planning Commission” – an institution in the Government of India established in 1950, which formulated India’s Five-Year Plans, among other functions to oversee the country’s economic and social development). (Think tank is a panel of experts who provide advice and ideas on political, social or economic issues).

38. Finance Commission (FC) (noun) – It is a Constitutionally mandated body that is at the centre of fiscal federalism. Set up under Article 280 of the Constitution of India, its core responsibility is to evaluate the state of finances of the Union and State Governments, recommend the sharing of taxes between them, lay down the principles determining the distribution of these taxes among States. The first Finance Commission was set up in 1951 and there have been fifteen so far.

39. Fifteenth Finance Commission (FC-15) (noun) – The Fifteenth Finance Commission was constituted on 27 November 2017 against the backdrop of the abolition of the Planning Commission (as also of the distinction between Plan and non-Plan expenditure) and the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST), which has fundamentally redefined federal fiscal relations. It is constituted to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five fiscal years, commencing 01.04.2020.

40. (fiscal) imbalance (noun) – It refers to a situation where all of the future debt obligations of a government are different from the future income streams.

41. vertical imbalance (noun) – it describes a situation where revenues do not match expenditures for different levels of government. It is an imbalance between the tiers (levels) of government.

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42. horizontal imbalance (noun) – it describes a situation where revenues

do not match expenditures for different regions of the country. It is an imbalance across a single tier (level) of government.

43. basis point (BPS) (noun) – a unit of measure used in finance to describe the percentage change in the value or rate of a financial instrument. One basis point is equivalent to 0.01% (1/100th of a percent). Used for measuring change in interest rate/yield.

44. divisible pool (noun) – the taxes of the central government that it should share with the state governments in accordance with the recommendations of the Finance Commission.

45. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) (noun) – it is defined as a measure, in monetary terms, of the volume of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of the State during a given period of time, accounted without duplication.

46. price stability (noun) – no (drastic) change in the price of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It implies avoiding both prolonged inflation and deflation.

47. consumer price index (CPI) (noun) – it is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by specific groups of households. To put it simply, it tracks the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers.

48. retail or consumer price index (CPI) inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, including commodities such as food and energy prices. The CPI monitors retail prices at a certain level for a particular commodity. The change in the price index over a period of time is referred to as CPI-based inflation or retail inflation.

49. core inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, excluding commodities such as food and energy prices (which change frequently).

50. IHS Markit (noun) – it is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide. It partners with clients in business, finance and government to help them see the big picture with unrivaled insights that lead to well-informed, confident decisions.

51. trend inflation (noun) – it can be thought of as the rate of inflation that would be expected to prevail if there were no temporary factors, such as a level of economic activity below the economy’s potential, influencing the inflation rate. Put another way, trend inflation is the inflation rate that we would expect after temporary factors subside (diminish/ease up).

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52. The monetary policy committee (MPC) (noun) – it is a six-member

panel that is expected to bring “value and transparency” to rate-setting decisions. It will feature three members from the RBI — the Governor, a Deputy Governor and another official — and three independent members to be selected by the Government. The MPC will meet four times a year to decide on monetary policy by a majority vote.

53. monetary policy (noun) – monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply, and availability of credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy mentioned in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

54. monetary policy framework (noun) – The amended RBI Act explicitly provides the legislative mandate to the Reserve Bank to operate the monetary policy framework of the country. The framework aims at setting the policy (repo) rate based on an assessment of the current and evolving macroeconomic situation; and modulation (change/variation) of liquidity conditions to anchor money market rates at or around the repo rate. Repo rate changes transmit through the money market to the entire the financial system, which, in turn, influences aggregate demand – a key determinant of inflation and growth. Once the repo rate is announced, the operating framework designed by the Reserve Bank envisages liquidity management on a day-to-day basis through appropriate actions, which aim at anchoring the operating target – the weighted average call rate (WACR) – around the repo rate. The operating framework is fine-tuned and revised depending on the evolving financial market and monetary conditions, while ensuring consistency with the monetary policy stance. The liquidity management framework was last revised significantly in April 2016.

55. monetary authority/central bank (noun) – it refers to the institution responsible for managing the currency of a country, establishing interest rates, and controlling its money supply. The goals of a country’s central bank include stabilizing prices, fostering economic growth, and increasing employment. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India.

56. deflationary bias (noun) – it refers to a government approach to managing inflation versus deflation. It means that there is a tendency for economic policy to promote lower growth and lower inflation. It means there are pressures that keep demand subdued leading to lower inflation, higher unemployment and lower growth.

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57. financial stability (noun) – financial stability is a condition where the

financial system is able to withstand internal or external economic shocks and also able to smoothly conduct its core tasks.

58. informal/unorganized sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy; it is the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.

59. formal sector/organised sector (noun) – formal economy; it is the part of an economy that is taxed, or monitored by any form of government.

60. Public Provident Fund (PPF) (noun) – a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India, introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. It is one of the most popular long-term (a lock-in period of 15 years) saving-cum-investment products, mainly due to its combination of safety, returns, and tax savings.

61. Provident Fund (PF) (noun) – a government-managed savings scheme, where you invest your money and benefit from the accumulated interest over time. Salaried employees get this lump sum amount once they retire or exit from employment.

62. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India). Serum Institute of India (SII), a biotechnology company has partnered with global pharma giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University for this vaccine candidate ‘Covidshield’.

63. chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (noun) – it means that the company took a virus that normally infects chimpanzees, and genetically modified to avoid any possible disease consequences in people. This modified virus carries a portion of the Covid-19 coronavirus called the “spike protein.” When the vaccine is delivered into human cells, it triggers an immune response against the spike protein, producing antibodies and memory cells that will be able to recognize the virus that causes Covid-19. The AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine is a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine.

64. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (noun) – Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.

65. myelitis (noun) – inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain.

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66. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness

ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death.

67. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) (noun) – CEPI is an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations. They’re working together to accelerate the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases and enable equitable access to these vaccines for people during outbreaks.

68. Disease X (noun) – Disease X represents the knowledge that a serious international epidemic could be caused by a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease. The R&D Blueprint explicitly seeks to enable early cross-cutting R&D preparedness that is also relevant for an unknown “Disease X”.

69. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.

70. antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease-causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom).

71. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (noun) – The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency regulates medicines, medical devices, and blood components for transfusion in the UK. MHRA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care.

72. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (noun) – It is an independent expert advisory committee that advises United Kingdom health departments on immunisation, making recommendations concerning vaccination schedules and vaccine safety.

73. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) (noun) – a decentralised agency of the European Union (EU) responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision, and safety monitoring of medicines in the EU.

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74. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for

Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and WHO. Its aim is to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world.

75. Operation Warp Speed (OWS) (noun) – It is a public–private partnership initiated by the United States government to facilitate and accelerate the development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

76. Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) (noun) – an independent group of experts who monitor patient safety and treatment efficacy data while a clinical trial is ongoing.

77. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (noun) – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make medical products more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medical products and foods to maintain and improve their health.

78. candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 (noun) – mRNA-1273 is an mRNA vaccine candidate which was co-developed by Moderna and investigators from NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center.

79. candidate vaccine BNT162b2 (noun) – mRNA-based vaccine candidate produced by Pfizer and BioNTech.

80. epidemiology (noun) – the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

81. sequence (noun) – the complete order of compounds/building blocks (nucleotides) of nucleic acids, such as RNA or DNA.

82. genome (noun) – the genetic material (a complete set of DNA, including all of its genes) of an organism. The sum total of the genetic material of a cell or an organism.

83. genome sequence (noun) – a process that determines the order, or sequence, of the DNA (nucleotides i.e., A, C, G and U) in each of the genes present in the virus’s genome.

84. serosurvey (noun) – collection and testing of serum (or proxy such as an oral fluid) specimens from a sample of a defined population over a specified period of time to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against a given specific infectious pathogen as an indicator of immunity.

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85. herd immunity (noun) – also known as “population immunity”; it

refers to a means (ways) of protecting a whole community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of its populace (population). It is also defined as a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population is immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.

86. community transmission (noun) – community spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is unknown. An infected person has no travel history to an affected area and no known contact with a person previously diagnosed with a particular disease. It is possible the patient is exposed to a returning traveler who is infected.

87. local transmission (cluster) (noun) – local spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is known. An infected person has a travel history to an affected area. We could able to identify and trace individual cases, and ring-fence a cluster (of them) to prevent the spread of infection.

88. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (noun) – the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. As early as in 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. It was redesignated in 1949 as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.

89. prevalence (noun) – it refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time whereas “incidence” refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given period of time.

90. Disease Control Priorities Project (noun) – Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN), funded in 2010 by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was a multi-year project managed by the University of Washington’s Department of Global and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. It provides a periodic review of the most up-to-date evidence on cost-effective interventions to address the burden of disease in low-resource settings.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation,

example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.



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91. pneumococcal vaccine (noun) – pneumonia vaccine; vaccines against

the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.

92. Covaxin (noun) – India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine candidate (COVAXIN) developed by a Hyderabad-based company (Bharat Biotech) in collaboration with the ICMR (The Indian Council of Medical Research).

93. vaccine hesitancy (noun) – a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one’s children vaccinated; reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines.

94. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

95. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

96. social/physical distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in community settings.

97. primary health (care) (noun) – it is a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centred on the needs and preferences of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and well being.

98. one country two systems policy (noun) – the One Country Two Systems policy was originally proposed by Chinese communist leader Deng Xiaoping shortly after he took the reins of the country in the late 1970s. Deng’s plan was to unify China and Taiwan under the One Country Two Systems policy. He promised high autonomy to Taiwan. Under Deng’s plan, the Taiwan could follow Chinese capitalist economic system, run a separate administration and keep its own army but under Chinese sovereignty.

99. (Chinese) Communist Party (CCP) (noun) – also known as the Communist Party of China (CPC); it is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation,

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100. Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress

(NPCSC) (noun) – the National People’s Congress (NPC) is China’s top legislative body. The Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress (NPCSC) is the permanent body of the National People’s Congress (NPC) of the People’s Republic of China. Both the NPC and the NPCSC exercise the legislative power of the state.

101. Basic Law (Hong Kong) (noun) – The “one country, two systems” principle is enshrined in a document called the Basic Law – Hong Kong’s mini-constitution. That came into effect on 1 July 1997, the day British rule ended and the territory was returned to China. That agreement is only valid for 50 years.

102. Candidate Eligibility Review Committee (Hong Kong) (noun) – It is set up to review and confirm the eligibility of candidates contesting in an election for Hong Kong’s Legislative Council (LegCo).

103. National Security Law (for Hong Kong) (noun) – a new national security law for Hong Kong that would prohibit “acts of political secession (separation from a federation), subversion (overthrow/undermining government), sedition (illegal rebellion against the government) that seriously threaten national security and foreign intervention”.

104. representative government/representative democracy (noun) – a government where citizens elect people to represent them and make laws on their behalf, instead of always voting directly on laws and other government actions.

105. career diplomat (noun) – this term is used worldwide in opposition to political appointees (that is, people from any other professional backgrounds who may equally be designated by an official government to act as diplomats abroad).

106. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (noun) – The FBI stands for Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Federal” refers to the national government of the United States. “Bureau” is another word for department or division of government. “Investigation” is what we do—gathering facts and evidence to solve and prevent crimes.

107. motion capture (noun) – the process of recording the movement of objects or people digitally. It is a technology that blends real-life and animation, allowing you to film someone live and transfer them into computerized form.

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The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (CAA ...

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