The 4x4 Approach, a MobileIP Variation

The 4x4 Approach, a MobileIP Variation

The 4x4 Approach, a MobileIP The 4x4 Approach, a MobileIP VariationVariation

• An Address Mobility SolutionsAn Address Mobility Solutions

• Extension of MobileIPExtension of MobileIP


Mobile IP - ConcernsMobile IP - Concerns

• Mobile devicesMobile devices– Addresses assigned by region is not applicableAddresses assigned by region is not applicable– Device locationDevice location

• Integration into current infrastructureIntegration into current infrastructure– CompatibilityCompatibility– ScalabilityScalability– TransparencyTransparency


Key TermsKey Terms

• Mobile node (MN)Mobile node (MN)– Mobile end user device/system communication Mobile end user device/system communication

with CNwith CN– Communicates with CNCommunicates with CN

• Correspondent node (CN)Correspondent node (CN)– Fixed (for this topic) or mobile device/systemFixed (for this topic) or mobile device/system– Communicates with a MNCommunicates with a MN


Key Terms Cnt’dKey Terms Cnt’d

• Foreign agent (FA)Foreign agent (FA)– Node/router MN is connected toNode/router MN is connected to– Boasts all network facilitiesBoasts all network facilities

• Home Network (HA)Home Network (HA)– MN’s IP address belongs to this networkMN’s IP address belongs to this network– A router/nodeA router/node


MobileIP - BackgroundMobileIP - Background

• Keeps old IP addressKeeps old IP address

• Adds an additional addressAdds an additional address– Care of address (COA)Care of address (COA)– Two types:Two types:

* Foreign agent-based (COA is FA)Foreign agent-based (COA is FA)* Colocated (Uses Tunneling, COA is topologically Colocated (Uses Tunneling, COA is topologically

correct)correct)


The 4x4 ApproachThe 4x4 Approach

• Removes unnecessary overhead of MobileIPRemoves unnecessary overhead of MobileIP

• Presumes MN not dependent on FAPresumes MN not dependent on FA

• MN able to aquire COA from current subnetMN able to aquire COA from current subnet

• Optimization Goals:Optimization Goals:– Guaranteed delivery, low latency, and low Guaranteed delivery, low latency, and low

overheadoverhead


4x4 Approach - Concepts4x4 Approach - Concepts

• MN-to-CN (OUT)MN-to-CN (OUT)– Four packet delivery optionsFour packet delivery options

• CN-to-MN (IN)CN-to-MN (IN)– An additional four packet delivery optionsAn additional four packet delivery options

• Delivery selection optionsDelivery selection options– IN/OUT selection not necessarily independentIN/OUT selection not necessarily independent– session-to-sessionsession-to-session– packet-to-packetpacket-to-packet


4x4 Terms4x4 Terms

• ss– Encapsulated sourceEncapsulated source

• dd– Encapsulated sourceEncapsulated source

• SS– SourceSource

• DD– DestinationDestination


4x4 IN packet options4x4 IN packet optionsIN StrategyIN Strategy ss dd SS DD NotesNotes

Incoming Incoming Indirect Indirect Encapsulated Encapsulated (IN-IE)(IN-IE)

IP IP address address of HAof HA

COA COA of of MNMN

IP IP addresaddress of s of CNCN

Home IP Home IP address of address of MNMN

1. Highest overhead1. Highest overhead

2. Guaranteed Delivery2. Guaranteed Delivery

3. Uses tunneling3. Uses tunneling

4. CN can be mobility 4. CN can be mobility unawareunaware

Incoming Incoming Direct Direct Encapsulated Encapsulated (IN-DE)(IN-DE)

IP IP address address of CNof CN

COA COA of of MNMN

IP IP addresaddress of s of CNCN


1. CN is mobility aware1. CN is mobility aware

2. No tunneling2. No tunneling

Incoming Incoming Uses Home Uses Home AddressAddress

(IN-DH)(IN-DH)

-- -- IP IP addresaddress of s of CNCN


1. No encapsulation1. No encapsulation

2. Only if intervening 2. Only if intervening routers have no security routers have no security constraintsconstraints

3. MN & CN on common 3. MN & CN on common subnetsubnet

Incoming Incoming Direct Uses Direct Uses Temporary Temporary AddressAddress

(IN-DT)(IN-DT)

-- -- IP IP addresaddress of s of CNCN

COA of MNCOA of MN 1. MN cannot receive 1. MN cannot receive packets sent to its original packets sent to its original addressaddress

2. Short-term 2. Short-term communicationcommunication


4x4 OUT packet options4x4 OUT packet optionsIN StrategyIN Strategy ss dd SS DD NotesNotes

Outgoing Outgoing Indirect Indirect Encapsulated Encapsulated (IN-IE)(IN-IE)

COA COA of of MNMN



IP IP addreaddress of ss of CNCN

1. Highest overhead1. Highest overhead

2. Guaranteed Delivery2. Guaranteed Delivery

3. No ingress filtering3. No ingress filtering

4. CN can be mobility 4. CN can be mobility unawareunaware

Outgoing Outgoing Direct Direct Encapsulated Encapsulated (IN-DE)(IN-DE)

COA COA of of MNMN




1. CN is mobility aware1. CN is mobility aware

2. No tunneling2. No tunneling

Outgoing Outgoing Uses Home Uses Home AddressAddress

(IN-DH)(IN-DH)

-- -- Home IP Home IP address of address of MNMN


1. No encapsulation1. No encapsulation

2. Only if intervening 2. Only if intervening routers have no security routers have no security constraintsconstraints

3. MN & CN on common 3. MN & CN on common subnetsubnet

Outgoing Outgoing Direct Uses Direct Uses Temporary Temporary AddressAddress

(IN-DT)(IN-DT)

-- -- COA of MNCOA of MN 1. MN cannot receive 1. MN cannot receive packets sent to its original packets sent to its original addressaddress

2. Short-term 2. Short-term communicationcommunication


Note: (1) Lighter shading indicates compatibility with current standards (2) Darker shading indicates incompatibility with current standards

4x4 Option Set4x4 Option Set


ReferencesReferences

1.1. Handout (unknown source), Wireless Internet, Ch4. Handout (unknown source), Wireless Internet, Ch4. Page 155 to 189.Page 155 to 189.

2.2. Stuart Cheshire and Mary Baker , “Internet Mobility Stuart Cheshire and Mary Baker , “Internet Mobility 4x4”. ACM SIGCOMM 1996, pp. 318-329, August 1996. 4x4”. ACM SIGCOMM 1996, pp. 318-329, August 1996. https://www.cs.tcd.ie/~htewari/papers/InternetMobility4https://www.cs.tcd.ie/~htewari/papers/InternetMobility4x4.pdfx4.pdf

3.3. http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs444n/handouts/http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs444n/handouts/mobile1.pptmobile1.ppt


A TitleA Title

• FirstFirst– Sub-FirstSub-First

• SecondSecond– Sub-secondSub-second

The 4x4 Approach, a MobileIP Variation

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