PROCEEDINGSTHE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON LOCAL LANGUAGES

EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES

EditorsI Nengah Sudipa

Ida Bagus Putra YadnyaMade Budiarsa

I Nyoman Darma Putra

Udayana UniversityDenpasar, 23—24 February 2018

“Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages”

Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Copyright © 2018All rights reserved

EditorsI Nengah Sudipa

Ida Bagus Putra YadnyaMade Budiarsa

I Nyoman Darma Putra

Cover DesignEspistula Communications Bali

Cover PhotoBalinese Offering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan

“Baligrafi” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)

Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa

PublisherUdayana University Press

Organized byMasters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistics

Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

in collaboration withLocal Languages Researcher Association

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7

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TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Preface .............................................................................................................................Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University .....................................Message from The Rector of Udayana University ...........................................................Table List of Content ........................................................................................................

KEYNOTE SPEAKER“HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECTHara Mayuko ...................................................................................................................

INVITED SPEAKERTOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVACece Sobarna ...................................................................................................................

MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPEI Nyoman Darma Putra....................................................................................................

EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGESF.X. Rahyono ....................................................................................................................

THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESEI Nyoman Sedeng ............................................................................................................

PRESENTERDISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARATAditya Wardhani ..............................................................................................................

THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN BIAK LANGUAGE: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSISAdolfina Krisifu ................................................................................................................

“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITYAkhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana ...................................................................................

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BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANGAnak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri .................................

BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI INDONESIAAnak Agung Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi ..............................................................................

MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGEAnak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari ...............................................................................

THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF KUI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLSAnggy Denok Sukmawati .................................................................................................

PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECTAnis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri ............................................................

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACHApriyani Purwaningsih .....................................................................................................

THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONEArga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahfi Susanto ...................................................................................................................

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTSBarokah Widuroyekti, Titik Setyowati .............................................................................

COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TESTDenok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana ..................................................................................

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARYDeny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartini, Almira Fidela Artha ...............................................

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YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGESDesak Gede Chandra Widayanthi....................................................................................

THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGEDesak Putu Eka Pratiwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ......................

PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PONTIANAK MALAYDewi Ismu Purwaningsih ................................................................................................

UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARYDita Dewi Palupi ..............................................................................................................

SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYADjarlis Gunawan ..............................................................................................................

THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAUFebriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim

INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPETGede Yoga Kharisma Pradana .........................................................................................

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCKGusti Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ................................................................................

THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVEI Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigitta Prativi ..................................................

INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI”I Gde Nyana Kesuma ......................................................................................................

BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALII Gede Gita Purnama A.P. ...............................................................................................

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LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLANDI Gede Oeinada ...............................................................................................................

KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREENI Gusti Agung Ayu Made Dianti Putri ..............................................................................

HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEMI Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, I Made Rajeg.........................................................................

EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDINGI Gusti Ngurah Parthama .................................................................................................

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECTI Ketut Darma Laksana ....................................................................................................

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTSI Ketut Setiawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ..........................................................................

THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG”I Ketut Suardana ..............................................................................................................

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACHI Ketut Warta ...................................................................................................................

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDAI Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra .................................................................................................

MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH BALINESE SCRIPT IN TATTOO MEDIAI Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setiawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra .................................

MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDYI Nyoman Aryawibawa ....................................................................................................

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THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNAI Nyoman Tri Ediwan .......................................................................................................

AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALII Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...........................................................................................

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECTI Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra .......................................................................

INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDYI Wayan Pastika ...............................................................................................................

SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBSI Wayan Sidha Karya .......................................................................................................

VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHSI Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...........................................................................

THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGEIda Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ..................................................................................................

THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISHIda Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ........................................................................

STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATUREIda Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ..........................................................................................

RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCEIda Bagus Putra Yadnya ..................................................................................................

WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA)Indrawati, Sri Samiati Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...............................................................

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RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIAIrma Setiawan .................................................................................................................

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY)Jaya ................................................................................................................................. STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESEJufrizal .............................................................................................................................

LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...........................................................

BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICEKadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartini ..............................................................................

THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCEKadek Feni Aryati, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...............................................................

ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALIKadek Ratih Dwi Oktarini ................................................................................................

REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORYKetut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati, Gede Eka Wahyu ..............................................

CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE)Krisna Pebryawan ...........................................................................................................

HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13Kurniawan, Solihin ..........................................................................................................

COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KAROLaili Mahmudah ..............................................................................................................

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LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDINGLina Pratica Wijaya ..........................................................................................................

PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGELis Setiawati ....................................................................................................................

THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACHLuh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi .........................................

GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSISLuh Putu Puspawati, I Made Suastika .............................................................................

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESELuh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma ............................................................................................

‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSISLukia Zuraida ...................................................................................................................

LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVALukiyati Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ................................................................................

LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIAM. Izzudin Ma’ruf ............................................................................................................

THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGSMahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ................................................................

CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORESMaria Matildis Banda ......................................................................................................

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THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTOMarta Widyawati, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ............................................................

STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBEMia Maulana Sarif ...........................................................................................................

REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF PAPUAN MALAY LANGUAGEMonika Gultom ...............................................................................................................

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGESMuhammad Yunus Anis ..................................................................................................

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING BALINESE PEOPLE USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE)Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septiani .........................................................................................

CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESENi Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati .............................................................................................

THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR)Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti .................................................................................................

HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORYNi Wayan Sukarini ...........................................................................................................

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALINi Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka......................................................................................

TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITYNidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ........................................................................................

YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEENiko Kobepa....................................................................................................................

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LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLA BORATION OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON LOMBOK ISLANDNining Nur Alaini ............................................................................................................

EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGENirwan ............................................................................................................................

CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSENiswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafiz ...................................................................................

RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONSNyoman Sujaya ...............................................................................................................

ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG MALAY LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSISOktaria Hasiyana ............................................................................................................

A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILANDPhra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thittayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ............................................................

JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATIONPrembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawati, Mujimin .............................................

INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATIONPutu Irmayanti Wiyasa ....................................................................................................

CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATIONPutu Prinda D`amour Nisa ..............................................................................................

STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVEPutu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...........................................................

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNASPutu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ......................................................

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EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIARanti Rachmawanti .........................................................................................................

BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGERatih Kusumastuti ...........................................................................................................

THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASIRatu Badriyah .................................................................................................................

THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUESRomaida Lubis .................................................................................................................

TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHSandy Nugraha

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYARSang Ayu Isnu Maharani .................................................................................................

LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITYSatyawati ........................................................................................................................

AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ........................................................................................................................

METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIASebastianus Menggo .......................................................................................................

PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDYServo P. Kocu ...................................................................................................................

PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFESowit Bamrungphak .......................................................................................................

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LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami ..................................................................................................

ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon .................

FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGETunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawati ..........................................................

THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN KAILI LANGUAGE, DIALECT RAIUlinsa, Yunidar ................................................................................................................

THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN BIMA LANGUAGE: PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEMUmar ...............................................................................................................................

ORAL PROFICIENCY IN TAMIL LANGUAGE: AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGEVijay Khana .....................................................................................................................

THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETYWahyu Sekti Wijaya .........................................................................................................

IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGEWigati Yektiningtyas ......................................................................................................

BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILANDWan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit .........................................................................................

ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILANDYasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung .........................................................................................................

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“PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILANDYasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung .........................................................................................................

KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBOYendra .............................................................................................................................

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SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBS

I Wayan Sidha KaryaSTIBA SaraswatiDenpasarwsidhakarya@yahoo.co.id

AbstractThis study explores some aspects of the Balinese sentence constructions, which the writer calls as grammaticalization by way of serial verb processes. Serial verb construction is a form of construction in which there are two verbs being concatenated without being connected by a coordinator or a subordinator. Syntactically Balinese is split into Agent-Verb-Patient and Patient-Verb-Agent, both of which are conceptualized as External Noun Phrase and Internal Noun Phrase. The serial verb construction, in the writer’s view, is a sub-type of either one of these major types, whose sequence of verbs act together as a single predicate.

This research applied analytic method with descriptive-qualitative approach. Most of the data were taken from reading Balinese folk tales. The writer also took the freedom of using personal communication for his data. The writer’s main concern was especially with grammaticalization that were related with the verbs: maan/baan. The data were then descriptively analyzed by comparing the grammaticalized forms of the word in the serial verb with those which were not grammaticalized. They were analyzed semantically as well as syntactically in order to find how grammaticalization in the serial verbs worked. The result was that there was systematic grammaticalization in the serial verbs in which only one verb has a full fledge of meaning while the other one was being semantically bleached or grammaticalized.

Keywords: serial verbs, synchronic grammaticalization, semantic bleaching, condensation.

IntroductionI. Grammaticalization in its original sense is understood as the process of becoming more

grammatical from a less grammatical item. The word ‘becoming’ here has a particular importance as to indicate an historical development, whereby a word item in the earlier time might have been classified as a lexical item and overtime it might appear as a grammatical item in the form of, for example, an affix. This is what linguists such as T. Givon (1984; 19) adhered when he said that “… grammaticalization” is “the process by which grammatical morphology develops out of lexical item.” Citing Kurylowics (1965) Lehman (2002:6) mentioned that grammaticalization is consisting “in the increase of range of a morpheme advancing from a lexical to a grammatical or from a less grammatical to a more grammatical status.” A similar idea was expressed by Sankoff (1988), as mentioned by Heine (1991, p. 3), that grammaticalization was present when content words or open-class morphemes of a language have become function words.

Grammaticalization may also be seen from the synchronic perspective (Hacking, 1999) in which it is understood as seeking

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“to establish parameters for assessing the degree to which a given form in the contemporary language is grammaticalized include such factors as decategorialization: lack of inflections associated with a particular category; recategorization: reinterpretation as a member as a member of a different grammatical class; and lack of syntactic autonomy.” (p.416)

Commenting on Meillet ‘s (1912) view that grammatacalization is to denote language change through the process of which results in the loss of meaning, which conveys the idea of bleaching or desemanticization, Hacking along with others viewed that the process should not necessarily correlate with the loss of meaning, rather the meaning is shifted. (p. 417) But the present writer of this paper sees no significant difference between those views.

Due to time and space the writer decided to only take maan vs. baan as the only material for the discussion on this grammaticalizaiton.

MethodologyII. The data of this article are based on examples from reading such falktales as Satua Bali,

volumes IA, IB, IIA, IIIA; and Satua-satua sane Banyol ring Kesusasteraan Bali. In doing this research the writer applies qualitative methods such as that of textual analysis. (Silverman,1994: 13) The data used were the ones selected according the needs for analyzing the process of grammaticalization in the Balinese language, especially those constructions related with the lexical word maan and its variants in the serial word constructions (SVCs). First of all the data of the lexical word’s variants were categorized according to their grammatical categories. Then they were analyzed descriptively to see how the those lexical word variants were grammaticalizing.

Analysis: the grammaticalization of maan into baanIII. The process of the grammatilizing maan into baan takes several stages. The first the

writer would like to show the canonical form of maan ‘get’ the serial verb construction (SVC). The relation between the verb maan as the main verb and its concomitant in the SVC is quite tight in that maan cannot take an object by itself, but the second verb can. Basically maan grammaticalizes through the shifting of word order and the change of form. Maan behaves in two different ways. The first is that maan behaves just like a normal transitive verb that requires a direct object, as in (1a). But, in the SVC it does not take an object. It behaves as a main verb in a serial verb construction, where the second verb may be considered to be the complement of the modality verb maan, with the meaning variably of ‘have the opportunity’, as in (1b) for example.

(1)a. “…, ene i-cang maan kutu a-ukud. …” (1B2) This DEF-I AT-get louse CLS-one.animate ‘Here, I got one louse.’

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b. A-bulan ane suba lewat awak-e maan mentas ditu. (1A12) CLS-month REL already pass body-DEF AT-get pass.by over.there ‘A month ago I happened to pass by over there.’

Note that maan is an anti-passive verb construction, meaning that the object or patient that follows cannot be promoted to a subject position. Normally the object of the anti-passive verb is indefinite. One might hear, though, a Balinese native speaker would use it with a definite one, especially when the object is present within the context of a conversation. On the contrary, the object of the complement verb in the serial verb construction with maan may be promoted to a subject position, causing the main verb maan to undergo an inverse into its supposedly basic form baan. As maan in its transitive form is an anti-passive verb it means that it lacks the full-fledge of transitivity. Yet when it is serially combined with another transitive verb it is forced to passivize itself when the object of the complement verb is promoted to a subject position, as in (2b).

(2)a. Tiang maan meli kamben di peken. [OWN] 1P AT-get AT-buy sarong LOC market ‘I had the opportunity to buy a sarong at the market.’ b. Kamben ento baan tiang meli di peken. [JK] sarong that OT-get 1P AT-buy LOC market ‘That sarong I obtained by way of buying.’

It is my conjecture that example (2b) must be an inverse construction of (2a). Looking up J. Kersten SVD’s Bahasa Bali, a book which had two sections: Tata Bahasa and Kamus Bahasa Lumrah, the writer had found out that under the entry of the word baan, he also give examples of maan such as Ibi sanja tiang tusing maan mabalih ‘Last night I didn’t have the chance to watch [the performance]’ (p. 170). This gave me the conviction to my belief that baan was derived from maan after undergoing a process of grammaticalization as the result of the change of word order from an active construction to an inverse/passive construction.

Many occurrences of inverse similar to the example in (2b) were found in folktales, as exemplified in (3a). The Balinese word order constituents are very flexible, where a noun with a definite marker may come before the verb or after, as shown in this example the definite object is placed after the verb naar ‘eat’. And, under pragmatic condition it is possible to omit an understood item such as the word naar ‘eat’ in (3a). The writer just wanted to make it clear that that word was supposed to be there by putting it in capital letters and between braces [ ].

(3)a. Akejep pesan suba telah baan-a [NAAR] nasi-n-e a-pinggan. (2A28) a.moment very already be.finished get/OBL.3P [AT-eat] rice-L-DEF CLS-plate ‘In a short time the plate of rice had been eaten up by him.’/ ‘It did not take a long time for him to eat up the plate of rice.’

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b. Apang beneh baan kai mragatang prakara-n iba-n-e. (2A44) so.that be.the.right.way get/OBL.1P AT-put.to.end case-L 2P-L-DEF ‘ So that it would be the right way for me to end your case.’ c. Tuara kodag baan cang naanang sakit tendas-e. (2A27) NEG capable get/OBL 1P AT-bear sick head-DEF It is not capable for/by me to bear the headache.

From the three constructions above the writer consistently get the sense of reduced meaning for the item baan. It comes close to mean like the oblique ‘by’ in the English passive construction. Constructions (3a-c) are the result of fronting such adverbial modifier as telah ‘be gone’, beneh ‘be right’, sing kodag ‘be uncapable’. For the purpose of rechecking the connection of baan with maan here, the writer tried to trace back the active form of each construction by paraphrasing it, as shown in (4a-c) below.(4)a. Ia maan naar nasi apinggan kanti telah. ‘He got the opportunity to eat a plate of rice until there was nothing left.’ b. Apang Kai maan mragatang prakaran ibane sebeneh-benehne. ‘So that I get the opportunity to accomplish/end your case in the right way.’ c. ?Cang maan naanang sakit tendas sing kodag-kodagan. ‘I got the time of bearing an unbearable headache.

The fact that it is maan which is being inversed rather than the second verb in the SVC is a clue of significant understanding of how the meaning of maan is bleached into an amorphous baan, as exemplified in (2b) above and especially in (3a-c), thus, clearing the way to the full-fledge of grammaticalization of maan into an oblique marker baan, as examplied in (5a&b).(5)a. celeng-e lantas 0-tampah-a baan Ni Sari …. (2A21) pig-DEF then OT-butcher-3P.A OBL DEF.F Sari ‘And then the pig was butchered by Ni Sari.’ b. Lantas 0-andupang-a cicing-ne baan Ni Sari. (2A18) then OT-harangue-3P dog-3POSS OBL DEF.F Sari ‘And then her dog was harangued by Ni Sari.’

Up to this stage we still could trace how baan becomes an oblique, i.e. by inverting it back to the maan form, as for example, inverting the construction (5a) Celenge lantas tampaha baan Ni Sari ‘The pig then was butchered by Ni Sari’ into Ni Sari maan nampah celeng ‘Ni Sari gets the opportunity to butcher a pig’. There are some cases in the folktales in which a baan construction cannot exactly be traced to maan but the writer believes that its occurrence is highly grammatilized out of maan, as in (6) which the writer glosses as ‘because of’.(6) Baan belog-ne, ia adan-in-a I Belog. (1A20) Because of dumb-3POSS/NML 3P OT-name-APL-3P DEF Dumb ‘Because of his dumbness he was named The Dumb.’

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This type of baan construction is very productive in the folktales. Out of 59 construction with maan and baan, 13 items were baan followed by nominalized adjectives which the writer glossed it as ‘because of’. Now if the writer may expand his imagination and hypothetically produce the examples (7a-c) he would come up with a plausible explanation.(7)a. Bapa maan ng-opak cai, lantas cai ma-gedi. (OWN) Father(=1P) AT-get AT-harangue 2P, then 2P INT-leave ‘ I(=father) once got to harangue you, then you left.’ b. Cai maan opak bapa, lantas cai magedi. (OWN) 2P AT-get OT-harangue father, ‘You once had gotten harangued by me (=father), then you left. c. Baan cai 0-opak bapa, lantas cai magedi. (OWN) get(=CAUS) 2P OT-harangue father(-1P) ‘Because you got harangued by me, then you left.’ OR, ‘You left because I harangued you.’

From the canonical serial verb construction in (7a) in which bapa ‘the first person’ as the subject the second person cai as the object, then the two are switching places in (7b). This forces the second complement verb to revert to its basic form, maintaining the first verb maan to stay as if now it behaves like a ‘modal’, losing its lexical like meaning, unlike that of the Indonesian modal mau ‘want’ in Saya mau dipukul oleh Ali ‘I wanted to be punched by Ali’. It is actually Ali who wants to punch the first person saya. The next stage is that that modal aspect of maan bleaches further as the subject cai ‘you’ in (7b) switches places with it and maan turns to its basic form as baan with a causative function, as in (7c), thus making the second clause lantas cai magedi ‘then you left’ the more prominent. From here on it is not difficult to guess how this causative conjunction baan becomes more condensed to convey the idea of ‘because of’ through the nominalization process of the conjunctive clause, as shown in (6).

ConclusionIV. Grammaticalization phenomena are common occurrences in the Balinese language. From

the discussion on the cases of maan/baan above, the main reason that the item undergoes grammaticalization is because of the change of the word orders. Now grammaticalization in Balinese can be determined to occur because of the constituent word order which changes, causing the change of form of the main verb in SVC from maan to baan with its various functions..

ABREVIATIONS0 Zero1P First Person2P Second Person3P Third Person3POSS Third person Possessive

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AT Actor TriggerCLS ClassifierDEF DefiniteEV EvidentialityINT IntransitiveJK J. KerstenL LinkerNML NominalizerOBL ObliqueOT Object TriggerOWN The writer’s own exampleREL RelativizerSG Singular

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Hacking, Jane F. 1999, Sep-Dec. Grammaticalization theory and the particle bi/by in Bulgarian, Maccedonian and Russian. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 41, ¾, p. 415.

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Kersten, J. (1984). Bahasa Bali: Tata bahasa. kamus bahasa lumrah. Ende: Penerbit NUSA INDAH.

Lehmann, Christion. (2002, July). Thoughts on grammaticalization. Retrieved January 27, 2018 from from https://www.christianlehmann.eu/publ/ASSidUE09.pdf

Silverman, David. (1994). Interpreting qualitative data. London: SAGE Publication

Udayana University Press