The 19th Century - Kevin Stilley · 16th century England & France “nation” designated the...

The 19th CenturyIts Place in the Flow of History

Tuesday, February 12, 13

Nation BuildingTuesday, February 12, 13

Congress of ViennaTuesday, February 12, 13

“The French Revolution put Europe on the boil for twenty-five years. States and institutions that people had lived with for centuries vanished overnight; new ones with strange names appeared in their place. Every time there was a battle-- and particularly after napoleon had become emperor of france, there were battles all the time -- the whole political picture changed. What next years’s alliances would be, what next year’s map would look like, were questions no one could answer.” (new Penguin atlas of Recent History, page 7)


Congress of Vienna

Major World Powers trying to restore order and legitimate power after dealing with Napoleon

Guiding principle was a balance of power in which no country would be powerful enough to destabilize international relations.

If everyone accepted that frontiers were immutable, there would be no more wars.


Carving up EuropePut Louis XVIII in power in France

Restored Kingdom of netherlands

Confirmed Bourbon rulers in Spain & two Sicilies

Reduced the number of German States from about 300 to 38 and Created the German Confederation (linked to Prussia)

Created a nominally independent Poland and gave control of it to Tsar Alexander


Britain received French territories in South Africa and South America [and Ceylon] as compensation for costs of war

Established the “Concert of Europe” to meet regularly to cooperate and suppress any disturbances


South America

When Napoleon conquered Spain it shook the foundations of her imperial control in south america

Independence movements gathered momentum

Unintentionally, the French Revolution turned back what had begun in 1492


Turning back 1453Tuesday, February 12, 13

OttomonSerbia

Greek independence (help from British, french and russians)

Treaty of adrianople also conferred autonomy on the Romanian provinces of Moldavia & Wallachia

French occupy Algeria

1830 Ottomans lose Egypt when Mohammad Ali and the sultan have a falling out


Congress of ViennaTuesday, February 12, 13

Major powers

The major European powers at the middle of the nineteenth century were the same as at the beginning

Russia, France, austria, United kingdom & Prussia

Britain - Industrial revolution

Spain - poor economy so couldn’t make its manpower effective


Austria

8 million Germans

16 million Slavs (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, croats, serbs, etc.)

5 Million Hungarians

5 million italians

2 Million Romanians


accumulation of lands and peoples acquired by the ruling habsburg Family over the centuries.

Variety of languages, ethnic groups, religions


Reform in Europe

Conservatism = Concerned w/ Legitimacy (support of monarchy)

Liberalism = The term liberalism emerged in the 1820s and 1830s; it came from the Latin word liberalis, which meant “pertaining to a free man.”


Liberalism

Liberalism = Committed to individual liberties, rights; Government protection of liberties would promote justice, knowledge, progress, and prosperity.

Equality before the law

Government based on political rights and consent of the governed

Unfettered economic activity


Utilitarianism

In Britain, the most prominent form of liberalism was called utilitarianism, which was influential between about 1810 and 1830.

[Many of these early 19th Century reform movements will discussed again at the end of the semester when we focus on philosophy of the period.]


Reform in Europe (cont)

Republicans= Whereas liberals advocated for a constitutional monarchy, Republicans wanted a Government by the people

Socialists = How can social inequalities and miseries be remedied? You don’t replace a hierarchy based on rank and privilege with on based on social class.

Karl Marx - Father of modern Socialism (1818-1883)


Reform in Europe (cont.)Nationalism

16th century England & France “nation” designated the aristocracy & Nobility

French Revolution redefined the “nation” to mean “the People”

Early 19th Century Nation symbolized legal equality, constitutional government, and unity.

Usually linked to “liberals” but could undermine liberal values such and individual liberties.


Cultural Revolt: Romanticism

The movement was more of a literary and artistic movement than a coherent political movement, though it often became linked to politics.

✴Romantics could be found in almost every political faction— liberal, conservative, socialist, and nationalist.

✴Against the enlightenment ideals of reason and discipline, Romanticism emphasized Emotion, freedom, and Imagination.



The themes of Romanticism began to emerge in the late eighteenth-century writings of such authors as Rousseau and Goethe, yet the Romantic movement had its greatest influence in European intellectual life between about 1800 and 1840.

Mary Godwin Shelley / Frankenstein = Romantic critique of enlightenment


“Romanticism, so often ill-defined, is only ... liberalism in literature. Liberty in Art, liberty in Society, behold the double banner that rallies the intelligence.” ~ Victor Hugo

Poetry, plays, historical novels focused sympathetically on the experience of common people


Romanticism: Artistic and literary interest in religion

• Romantics challenged the idea that reason provided the only valid path to truth; instead of celebrating reason, most Romantics argued that reasonable inquiry cannot adequately account for the mysteries of life or the human mind.

• Romantics wrote about the irrational components of human desire and human feelings that reason alone could never fully describe.

• This interest in the nonrational aspects of experience led to a new interest in religion—but usually not the religion of traditional churches.

• Nature for the Romantics was a place in which poets sought spiritual truths rather than rational laws; it offered consolation for despairing artists and a refuge from modern urban life.


Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775–1854)

Schelling accepted Fichte’s idea that located the spirit in the human mind, but he said that the spirit also appears in nature, though nature is the unconscious expression of the spirit. This theory is often called pantheism, because it sees a spiritual element everywhere in nature.

• The human mind, in contrast to nature, is the conscious expression of the spirit, which is why the artist is so important.

• Schelling argued that artists bring the unconscious and conscious expressions of the spirit together in artistic objects, which unite nature and the mind; artists give material substance to the spiritual realm.


Two Influential people to Romantic movement

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Influential to the Romantic movement / cast off the french style and develop own language and style

Ludwig van Beethoven - Classicist, but the glorification of nature and individuality ring clearly in his work



British Romantic poetry: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats


Romanticism

Romantic Painters:

JOhn Constable & J.m.W. Turner -

emotional and poetic approaches to nature / Landscapes -

Experimented with brushstrokes and color / points way to modernism in art


John ConstableTuesday, February 12, 13

J.M.W. TurnerTuesday, February 12, 13

Orientalism

early 19th century created a wave of interest in the orient

Napoleon had invaded egypt led to interest in Eastern languages and history

Rosetta Stone (Hieroglyphs, demotic, Greek)

Classic Greek heritage


Revolutions of 1830France -

King Charles X determined to reverse the legacies of revolutionary and napoleonic era (parliament, liberals, etc)

Instead he got another revolution

People make the duke of orleans the new king Louis philippe a new constitutional monarch


Belgium - spreading from france, Street rioting rebels brought about reforms

Poland: Revolutionaries are quickly crushed by Tsar Nicholas


Reform in Great Britian

No Revolution because britain became one of the most liberal nations

1832 Reform Bill reallocated 143 parliamentary seats from the rural south to the industrial north

reduced but did not destroy the political strength of the landed aristocracy


People’s Chartersix demands

Universal white suffrage

secret ballot

abolition of property qualifications for members of house of commons

annual parliamentary elections

salaries for members of house of commons

equal electoral districts

Popular but Rain, poor management, and unwillingness to do battle with a well-armed constabulary put an end to the chartist campaign.


Hungry 1840s

Some merely immigrated to the US


French Revolution of 1848

We shall talk about “1848” a little later.


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