th - Institutional Repository...

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54 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Modi’s. Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. In:Alcohol Intoxication 18 th edition 2. Bertram G Katzung (1998), Alkohol. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik edisi VI , E G C , PP.369-379 3. Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants March 1999 ACUTE TOXICITY SUMMARY METHANOL. 1999;(March):199-206. 4. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. 2014. 5. WHO [Internet]. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate. The International Pharmacopoeia. 5 th Ed; 2015 [cited 2015 December 12]. Available from : http://apps.who.int/phint/pdf/b/Jb.6.1.131.pdf 6. Katzung, B. Farmakologi dasar dan klinik. 4 th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 1997. 7. Kumar R. Buku ajar patologi. 7 th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. 8. Pan J, He S, Xu H, Zhan X, Yang X, Xiao H, et al. Oxidative stress disturbs energy metabolism of mitochondria in ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury. World J Gastroenterol [serial on the internet]. 2008 [cited 2010 Feb 1]; 14(38):5857-67. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC275189 9. Papp E, Leergaard B, Calabrese E, Johnson G, Bjaalie J. Waxholm space atlas of the sprague dawley rat brain. National Institutes of Health Public Access. 2014 August 15; 97:374-386. DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.001. 10. Paulsen F, Waschke J. Sobotta atlas of human anatomy Volume 1 Head, Neck, Upper Limb. 14 th Ed. Putz R, Pabst R, editors. Bedoui S, translation. Germany, Elsevier; 2006. 11. Laboratory rat Wikipedia. The laboratory rat [homepage on the internet]. 1998 [updated 1998; cited 2010 Jan 10]. Available from http://www.issu.edu/faculty/jrosse/Animalcare/rat.blood.htm 12. SITUS ABDOMINIS. Semarang: LABORATORIUM ANATOMI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO; 2011.

Transcript of th - Institutional Repository...

54

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Modi’s. Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. In:Alcohol Intoxication 18th

edition

2. Bertram G Katzung (1998), Alkohol. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik

edisi VI, E G C, PP.369-379

3. Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants March

1999 ACUTE TOXICITY SUMMARY METHANOL. 1999;(March):199-206.

4. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. 2014.

5. WHO [Internet]. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate. The International

Pharmacopoeia. 5th

Ed; 2015 [cited 2015 December 12]. Available from :

http://apps.who.int/phint/pdf/b/Jb.6.1.131.pdf

6. Katzung, B. Farmakologi dasar dan klinik. 4th

ed. Jakarta: EGC; 1997.

7. Kumar R. Buku ajar patologi. 7th

ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007.

8. Pan J, He S, Xu H, Zhan X, Yang X, Xiao H, et al. Oxidative stress disturbs

energy metabolism of mitochondria in ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury.

World J Gastroenterol [serial on the internet]. 2008 [cited 2010 Feb 1];

14(38):5857-67. Available from:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC275189

9. Papp E, Leergaard B, Calabrese E, Johnson G, Bjaalie J. Waxholm space atlas of

the sprague dawley rat brain. National Institutes of Health Public Access. 2014

August 15; 97:374-386. DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.001.

10. Paulsen F, Waschke J. Sobotta atlas of human anatomy Volume 1 Head, Neck,

Upper Limb. 14th

Ed. Putz R, Pabst R, editors. Bedoui S, translation. Germany,

Elsevier; 2006.

11. Laboratory rat Wikipedia. The laboratory rat [homepage on the internet]. 1998

[updated 1998; cited 2010 Jan 10]. Available from

http://www.issu.edu/faculty/jrosse/Animalcare/rat.blood.htm

12. SITUS ABDOMINIS. Semarang: LABORATORIUM ANATOMI FAKULTAS

KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO; 2011.

55

13. Kautsar A. 4 2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Anatomi Lambung Tikus (. :4-20.

14. Junquiera L.C, Carneiro J, Kelley R.O. Basic Histology. 10th

edition, Washington,

Lange, 2003: 316-23

15. Komarova TV, Petrunia IV, Shindyapina AV, Silachev DN, Sheshukova EV,

Kiryanov GI et al. Endogenous Methanol Regulates Mammalian Genes Activity.

Available at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937363/pdf/pone.0090239.pdf.

Accessed at 12 November 2015

16. Shindyapina AV, Petrunia IV, Komarova TV, Shesukova EV,, Kosurukov VS,

Kiryanov GI, et al. Dietary Methanol Regulates Human Gene Activity. Available

at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102594/pdf/pone.0102837.pdf.

Accessed at 12 November 2015

17. Epker JL, Bakker J. Accidental Methanol Ingestion. Available at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836994/pdf/1471-227X-10-

3.pdf. Accessed at 12 November 2015

18. Bertram G. Katzung, Susan B. Masters AJT. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology A

Lange Medical Book. 10, illust. (Bertram G. Katzung, Susan B. Masters AJT, ed.).

McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012; 2012.

19. Ilelt KF, Nation RL, Tjokrosetio R, Thompson WR, Oh TE, Cameron PD.

Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in critically ill patients. 1986:279-288.

20. FKUI DF. Farmakologi & Terapi UI. 5th ed. jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Indonesia; 2010.

21. Damage C, In G, Rats W. PENGARUH LAMA PEMBERIAN METANOL 50 %

PER ORAL TERHADAP TINGKAT KERUSAKAN UNIVERSITAS

DIPONEGORO TAHUN 2010. 2010.

22. Underwood JCE. Patologi umum dan sistemik. Jakarta : EGC, 1999.

23. Loho L. Gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar pasca pemberian metanol

1. :890-895.

24. Kasno, Awal P. Patologi rongga mulut dan traktus gastrointestinal. Semarang:

Badan Penerbit Undip, 2003; p. 66-7.

25. Fawcet DW. Buku ajar histologi. 12th

ed. Jakarta : EGC, 2002; p. 536-550.

56

26. Sinnatamby CS. Last’s anatomy regional and applied. 10th

ed. Edinburgh:

Churchill Livingstone, 1999; p. 243-49.

27. Shayne P. Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Medscape J Med [serial on the

Internet]. 2009 [cited 2010 Jan 14]. Available from:

http//:emedicine.medscape.com

28. Wehbi M. Acute Gastritis. Medscape J Med [serial on the internet]. 2008 [cited

2010 Jan 14]. Available from: http//:emedicine.medscape.com

29. Rydning A, Weberg R, Lange O, Berstad A. Healing of benign gastric ulcer with

low-dose antacids and fiber diet. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:56-61.

30. Aldoori WH, Giovannuci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Willett WC. A

prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in

men. Epidemiology. 1997;8:420-4.

31. Setiawan VW, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, et al. Protective effect of green tea on the risks

of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. Int J Cancer. 2001;92:600-4.

32. Lee KM, Yeo M, Choue JS, et al. Protective mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-

gallate against Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric epithelial cytotoxicity via the

blockage of TER-4 signaling. Helicobacter. 2004;9:632-42.

33. Masaki S, Hajime A, Hiroko T. Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying of

solids in Japanese smokers. J Gastroenterol [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited

2010 Jan 14]. Available from : http//:sciencelink.ijp.

34. Li M, Jimmy Y, Chi C. Effects smoking on gastric ulcer formation and healing. J

Clin Gastroenterol [serial on the internet]. 1998 [cited 2010 Jan 14]. Available

from : http//:journals.lww.com

35. Mukheriee S. Chronic Gastritis. C2009 [updated 2009;cited 2010 jan 10].

Available from : http//:www.emedicine.medscape.com

36. Weck MN, Stegmaier C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Epidemiology of chronic

atropic gastritis. Alimentary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2007;26(6):879-87.

37. Barthel M, Hapfelmeier S, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kremer M, Rohde M, Hogardt

M, et al. Pretreatment of mice with streptomycin provides a salmonella enterica

serovar typhimurium colitis model that allows analysis of both pathogen and host

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[homepage on the internet]. C2003 [updated 2003; cited 2010 Feb 2]. Available

from : http//:www.iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/71/52839

38. Tintinalli J. Emergency medicine, a comprehensive study guide. 5th

ed.

2000;13;1105-1108.

39. Hanzlik R, Fowler S, Eells J. Absorption and elimination of formate following

oral administration of calcium formate in female human subject. Drug metabolism

and disposition. USA : The American Society for Farmacology and Experimental

Therapeutics; 2005.

58

LAMPIRAN 1

METODE BAKU HISTOLOGIS PEMERIKSAAN JARINGAN

A. Cara pengambilan dan fiksasi jaringan

1. Mengambil jaringan sesegera mungkin setelah tikus mati

(maksimal 2 jam) dengan ukuran 1 cm3.

2. Kemudian memasukkan ke dalam larutan fiksasi dengan urutan

sebagai berikut:

a. Fiksasi dalam larutan formalin 10%

b. Dehidrasi dengan alkohol 30% selama 20 menit I, 20 menit

II, 20 menit III

Lalu dilanjutkan dengan alkohol 40% 1 jam

Alkohol 50% 1 jam

Alkohol 60% 1 jam

Alkohol 70% 1 jam

Alkohol 80% 1 jam

Alkohol 90% 1 jam (alkohol 70%-80% dapat

ditunda sampai keesokan harinya)

c. Larutan xylol alkohol 1:1 dengan waktu kurang lebih 24

jam

d. Clearing dengan larutan xylol 1,2,3 dengan waktu masing-

masing 20 menit, sehingga jaringan terlihat tembus

pandang.

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e. Xylol paraffin 1:1 selama 20 menit/24 jam dengan

dipanaskan dalam oven 60oC.

f. Ending dan blocking: paraffin 1,2,3 selama 20 menit, lalu

jaringan dicetak blok paraffin, kemudian didinginkan,

sehingga cetakan dapat dibuka.

g.Trimming: memotong balok-balok paraffin sehingga

jaringan mudah dipotong.

B. Cara pemotongan blok (sectioning)

1. Menyiapkan kaca objek bersih.

2. Kaca objek diberi albumin di tengahnya.

3. Blok yang sudah disiapkan, dipotong dengan ketebalan 5 mikron,

lalu dimasukkan air panas 60oC.

4. Setelah jaringan mengembang, jaringan diambil menggunakan

kaca objek yang sudah diberi albumin, kemudian dikeringkan.

5. Paraffin yang ada pada kaca objek atau jaringan dihilangkan

dengan dipanaskan dalam oven 60oC atau dengan tungku.

C. Pewarnaan

1. Slide jaringan dimasukkan dalam xylol 1, xylol 2, xylol 3, masing-

masing 10 menit.

2. Rehidrasi dengan alkohol xylol selama 5 menit.

3. Bilas alkohol 30%-96% masing-masing 30 menit.

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4. Bilas aquades 1x10 menit.

5. Rendam dalam Hematoksilin eosin selama 10 menit.

6. Bilas dengan air mengalir sampai bersih.

7. Bilas aquades, lalu acid alkohol (alkohol+NaCl 0,9%).

8. Bilas alkohol 50%-96%.

9. Eosin 2-5 menit.

10. Bilas alkohol 96% 2x.

11. Bilas alkohol xylol.

12. Keringkan dengan kertas saring, lalu langsung dibersihkan dari

kotoran-kotoran yang ada di sekitar jaringan.

13. Xylol 1 (5 menit), xylol 2 (5 menit), tetesi asam canada, langsung

ditutup kaca penutup.

14. Preparat dibaca dan dianalisa menggunakan mikroskop.

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LAMPIRAN 2

ETHICAL CLEARANCE

62

LAMPIRAN 3

SURAT PERMOHONAN IJIN PENELITIAN UNNES

63

LAMPIRAN 4

SURAT KETERANGAN TELAH MELAKUKAN PENELITIAN DI

LABORATORIUM BIOLOGI FMIPA UNNES

64

LAMPIRAN 5

SURAT TELAH MELAKSANAKAN PENELITIAN DI LABORATORIUM

PATOLOGI ANATOMI RSUD GEMOLONG SRAGEN

65

LAMPIRAN 6

SKOR HISTOPATOLOGIS SEL GASTER SECARA DESKRIPTIF

Tabel 9. Skor integritas epitel mukosa gaster berdasarkan modifikasi kriteria

Barthel Manja.37

Kelompok LAPANG PANDANG Mean

I II III IV V

Kontrol Negatif (K0)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Kontrol Positif 1 (K1)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

2,00

1,40

1,00

1,60

1,40

Kontrol Positif 2 (K2)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

3

3

2

3

3

3

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

2

3

2

2

4

2

2

1

1

1

2

2

2,40

2,20

2,60

2,20

2,60

Kontrol Positif 3 (K3)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3,40

3,60

3,60

3,00

3,20

Perlakuan 1 (P1)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

2

2

2

2

3

2

2

2

2

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

2

1,80

1,60

2,00

2,00

2,40

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Perlakuan 2 (P2)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

2

3

3

3

2

2

3

3

3

2

2

3

2

3

2

2

2

2

3

3

1

2

2

4

3

1,80

2,60

2,40

3,20

2,40

Perlakuan 3 (P3)

Mencit 1

Mencit 2

Mencit 3

Mencit 4

Mencit 5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

3,60

4,00

4,00

4,00

4,00

Keterangan:

Kontrol Negatif (K0) : Tidak diberi metanol maupun ranitidin

Kontrol Positif 1 (K1) : Diberi metanol ¼ x LD-100

Kontrol Positif 2 (K2) : Diberi metanol ½ x LD-100

Kontrol Positif 3 (K3) : Diberi metanol 1 x LD-100

Perlakuan 1 (P1) : Diberi metanol ¼ x LD-100 dan ranitidin

Perlakuan 2 (P2) : Diberi metanol ½ x LD-100 dan ranitidin

Perlakuan 3 (P3) : Diberi metanol 1 x LD-100 dan ranitidin

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LAMPIRAN 7

HASIL ANALISA GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI MUKOSA

GASTER

Explore

Case Processing Summary

Kelompok Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

LPMean

Kontrol 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1 x ld 100 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

metanol 1 x ld 100 + ranitidin 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

LPMean

Mean 2,2286 ,20826

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 1,8053

Upper Bound 2,6518

5% Trimmed Mean 2,2540

Median 2,4000

Variance 1,518

Std. Deviation 1,23206

Minimum ,00

Maximum 4,00

Range 4,00

Interquartile Range 1,60

Skewness -,417 ,398

Kurtosis -,527 ,778

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Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.

LPMean ,108 35 ,200* ,929 35 ,027

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Npar Test

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank

LPMean

Kontrol 5 3,00

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 5 8,90

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 5 19,70

metanol 1 x ld 100 5 27,90

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 13,70

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 20,00

metanol 1 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 32,80

Total 35

Test Statisticsa,b

LPMean

Chi-Square 31,213

Df 6

Asymp. Sig. ,000

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable:

kelompok

69

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

Kontrol 5 3,00 15,00

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 8,00 40,00

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U ,000

Wilcoxon W 15,000

Z -2,795

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,005

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,008b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

Kontrol 5 3,00 15,00

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 8,00 40,00

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U ,000

Wilcoxon W 15,000

Z -2,795

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,005

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,008b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

70

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

Kontrol 5 3,00 15,00

metanol 1 x ld 100 + ranitidin 5 8,00 40,00

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U ,000

Wilcoxon W 15,000

Z -2,887

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,004

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,008b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 5 3,70 18,50

metanol 1/4 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 7,30 36,50

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U 3,500

Wilcoxon W 18,500

Z -1,915

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,055

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,056b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

71

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 5 5,20 26,00

metanol 1/2 x ld 100 +

ranitidin

5 5,80 29,00

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U 11,000

Wilcoxon W 26,000

Z -,322

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,747

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,841b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

LPMean

metanol 1 x ld 100 5 3,20 16,00

metanol 1 x ld 100 + ranitidin 5 7,80 39,00

Total 10

Test Statisticsa

LPMean

Mann-Whitney U 1,000

Wilcoxon W 16,000

Z -2,511

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,012

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] ,016b

a. Grouping Variable: kelompok

b. Not corrected for ties.

72

LAMPIRAN 8. DOKUMENTASI PENELITIAN

Proses adaptasi tikus selama 7 hari

Proses pemberian metanol dosis bertingkat per oral menggunakan sonde lambung

73

Proses pemberian ranitidin intraperitoneal

Dokumentasi bersama penjaga hewan coba Universitas Negeri Semarang

74

Proses pembedahan dan pengambilan organ tikus wistar

Organ ditempatkan pada kontainer berisi formalin 10%

75

Preparat gaster siap diperiksa dibawah mikroskop

Proses pemeriksaan histopatologi gaster menggunakan mikroskop

76

Dokumentasi bersama dokter spesialis Patologi Anatomi dan staf laboratorium PA

Rumah Sakit Soeratno Gemolong Sragen

77

LAMPIRAN 9. BIODATA PROFIL

Identitas

Nama : Firly Syah Putra

NIM : 22010112140064

Fakultas : Kedokteran

Jurusan : Pendidikan Dokter

Angkatan : 2012

Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : Jepara/10 Februari 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki

Agama : Islam

Alamat : Perumahan Graha Padma, taman Magnolia, blok

A9/ no.23, Semarang Barat.

Nomor HP : 082155525343

Email : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. TK MARSUDISIWI JEPARA : 1997 Lulus Tahun 1998

2. TK PERWANIDA JEPARA : 1998 Lulus Tahun 2000

3. SD N PANGGANG 01 JEPARA : 2000 Lulus Tahun 2006

4. SMP N 01 JEPARA : 2006 Lulus Tahun 2009

5. SMA N 01 SEMARANG : 2009 Lulus Tahun 2012

6. FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNDIP : Masuk Tahun: 2012

Keanggotaan Organisasi

1. OSIS SMP N 01 Jepara : Tahun 2007 s/d 2009