Textile Based Ventilation for a good indoor climate

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T e x T i l e b a s e d v e n T i l aT i o n


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Textile Based Ventilation

2012, 1st edition

All information in this catalogue belongs to KE Fibertec AS. It may

not be copied or used for any other purpose without the written

consent of KE Fibertec AS.

Published by:

KE Fibertec AS

Industrivej Vest 21

DK-6600 Vejen - Denmark

www.ke-fbertec.com


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1 . T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . P R O DU C T R A N G E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 . F R O M D I A L O G U E T O V E N T I L AT I O N S O L U T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . L O W I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 . H I G H I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . H Y B R I D H I G H I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 . D E S I G N C O N S U LTA N C Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 . R O O M C AT E G O R I E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 0 . T Y P I C A L L A Y O U T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 . S O U N D L E V E L A S P E C T S O F D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 . M AT E R I A L S A N D C O L O U R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 3 . DE S I G N P R O C E S S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 4 . S U S P E N S I O N S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 5 . W A S H I N G A N D M A I N TE N A N C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 6 . D ATA S H E E T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

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7

1 1

2 3

3 1

4 3

5 5

6 1

7 1

7 5

8 5

9 1

9 9

1 0 7

1 1 3

1 2 1

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1 . T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N

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Creating a good indoor climate involves more than just selling air distribution products. For

us at KE Fibertec its all about dialogue, expertise, reliability and logistics. We dont stock

nished products or have standard components. All our solutions are tailored to the task

at hand. Our philosophy is to start with the requirements and, through dialogue, design a

solution that meets the expectations specied or a good indoor climate. Just as people are

dierent, indoor climate requirements are dierent too. What we have done is to specialise

in meeting these requirements.

A I R T H E W AY Y O U W A N T

D I A L O G U E

No matter how much eort we put in, a good solution requires dialogue about the expecta-tions o the end result. We oer our advice ree o charge, so the sooner we are involved in

the project, the better the chance we have o achieving a good result. Textile based ventila-

tion (TBV) can replace more conventional air distribution ttings in almost every situation, but

only i the design is tailored to the particular task. I you are in doubt whether TBV products

can do the job or you, our ventilation engineers are available to oer you advice. But you

should expect us to ask you questions not only about the air volume and your heating/cool-

ing requirements, but also about the end users expectations and needs. We see it as a

process o providing reliable advice based on dialogue.

E X P E R T I S E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T

KE Fibertec is one o the worlds leading manuacturers o Textile Based Ventilation. A great

deal has happened since the rst TBV system was supplied to a slaughterhouse in Denmark

in the early 1970s. Many years o product development and collaboration with leading uni-

versities in the eld o air distribution, such as Aalborg University, Denmark, provide you with

the guarantee that our products have been thoroughly tested. However, additional proo

may still be needed in complex projects. We have learned the lessons rom this, so that we

now have a ully equipped, ull-scale laboratory, which we can use to visualise solutions with

smoke and make measurements. We may also choose to set up a ull-scale model o the

end users acility and simulate dierent load situations. Regardless o the scope o the task,

our well-trained, committed development team is always willing to prove the solution. This is

also the case in situations where measurements are taken on site at the end users acility.

R E L I A B L E D E S I G N

A reliable, well-proven design is also part o our solution. All projects are dimensioned online

using our WinVent 3D program, which is always kept up to date with the latest technology

and product documentation. We rmly believe that technical data must be reliable and

measurable, irrespective o whether we are dealing with pressure loss, air velocities,

temperature distribution or sound calculations. Why do you need to determine the textile

abrics air permeability at a given static pressure when you only need to know the total

pressure loss or the system? Or why do you need to determine the theoretical velocity

through the textile surace when only the critical air velocity in the occupied zone is a

unctional requirement? We design solutions or a given premises, based on the parameters

which we have determined through dialogue. Solutions that work in practice too.

I you require any urther proo we can also provide you with CFD simulations.

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T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N


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F R O M F I B R E T O F I N I S H E D F A B R I C

KE Fibertec is the only manuacturer in the world which weaves all abrics used or our ductsin our own weaving mill, KE Fibertec Vveri AS. This is the only way that we can ensure that

the materials have been tested and meet the stringent quality requirements we set:

the air must pass through properly (uniormly through the whole abric)

the abrics structure must provide the largest surace area (large dust holding capacity)

the shrinkage rate ater washing must be less than 0.5%

the materials must stand up to repeated washing and tumble-drying

the nished materials must be re-approved (not just the bre).

KE Fibertec Vveri manuactures more than 40 dierent product varieties rom Trevira CS

polyester materials woven in 10 dierent permeabilities and in dierent colours, to antistat-ic materials and Nomex special blends. All materials are heat-treated, transilluminated and

tested at the weaving mill. When they have been approved a bar code is axed to them

displaying inormation about the weaving machine, permeability and production date. All this

inormation guarantees complete electronic traceability or all products rom bre to nished

TBV system.

T E C H N O L O G Y T H AT M A K E S A D I F F E R E N C E

KE Fibertec has gone against the fow and decided to raise the technology level o its entire

production process in Denmark by introducing new standards or using laser technology.

All the laser parameters are generated in the dimensioning program WinVent 3D and are

transerred electronically to our laser cutters. This has resulted not only in boosting productivity

and enhancing the product nish, but has also enabled us to introduce an entirely new

product group, known as hybrid products. These hybrid products combine the best rom our

passive low impulse systems with our high impulse systems (read more about these systems

in Chapters 5, 6 and 7). KE Fibertec is naturally certied under ISO 9001 (quality), ISO 14001

(environment) and most recently under ISO 18001 (work environment).

The expertise oered and willingness to change shown by our motivated production sta

have enabled us to create a good working environment, while also guaranteeing our competi-

tiveness without comprising on quality.

L O G I S T I C S T H A T W O R K

Time is money. So we understand the importance o rapid, accurate delivery to the construc-

tion site. Good cooperation is based on trust and understanding. We are very proud o the

act that we can justiy your trust and guarantee meeting 99% o just in time delivery times,

even though all our products are manuactured to order. Our typical turnaround time rom

order conrmation to delivery is 10-15 working days, depending on the time o year and the

orders complexity. We can, o course, respond more quickly to rush orders or part deliveries

to every destination in Western Europe and the United States. You just need to remember

to ask or our express delivery service Fast Line. I you want to reorder a product rom a

previously delivered order, remember that all KE products are tted with a label that can help

us to identiy the order.

Thanks to the experience gained rom handling over 5,000 deliveries every year, we hope that

we can justiy your trust too.

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2 . P R O D U C T R A N G E

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KE Fibertec develops and markets three main TBV product groups, which can all be suppliedin three different geometries. In passive low impulse systems the air diffuses through a

permeable material. In high impulse systems air is distributed solely through holes (KE-

Inject System) or nozzles (KE-DireJet System). The hybrid models are a combination of the

passive low impulse systems and the lasered Inject holes or DireJet nozzles. You can read

more about these products and how they work in Chapters 5, 6 and 7.

P R O D U C T R A N G E

KE-Interior System (D)KE-Interior System (D)KE-Low Impulse SystemP R O D U C T R A N G E : L O w

i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s

KE-Inject System (D)KE-Inject System (D)KE-Inject SystemP R O D U C T R A N G E : H i G H

i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s

KE-DireJet System (D)

KE-Inject

Hybrid System (D)

KE-Inject

Hybrid System (D)

KE-Inject

Hybrid System

KE-DireJet

Hybrid System (D)

KE-DireJet

Hybrid System (D)

KE-DireJet

Hybrid System

KE-DireJet System (D)KE-DireJet System

P R O D U C T R A N G E :

H Y B R i D H i G H i m P U L s E

s Y s T E m s

m A i N P R O D U C T s

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L O w i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s

H i G H i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s

H Y B R i D H i G H i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s

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3 . W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D

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Textile ducting can be used in almost any type o installation and building, irrespective o

whether the requirement is or heating, cooling, ventilation or a replacement air system. Over

the years, KE Fibertec and its partners have accumulated a large database o reerences

covering every possible installation. This is why we can saely guarantee that we have a

solution to suit your enquiry too. You will nd a number o reerences at www.ke-bertec.

com.

R E F E R E N C E S

Flexibility and tailored products are the hallmark o our TBV solutions. This allows you to

reely choose the size that best suits your design rather than having to be tied to a par-

ticular number o standard solutions. In addition to this, the options oered when it comes

to selecting system layouts, colours, osets, elbows, sockets and materials are endless,not to mention that you can choose whether the TBV system will be passive (low impulse),

semi-active (hybrid) or active (high impulse). In a nutshell, there could not be more options

available or achieving optimum air distribution.

E I G H T G O O D

R E A S O N S F O R

C H O O S I N G A T B V

S Y S T E M F R O M

K E F I B E R T E C

D I A L O G U E

Finding the ideal solution requires knowledge about the

issues behind the desire to improve or install ventilation.

It could be anything rom local authority requirements or

wanting to maintain a particular temperature or production

equipment and/or products to showing concern or sta

welare. No matter the size o the project, KE Fibertec willalways sit down and talk with the customer in order to

achieve the best possible result and value or money.

D I M E N S I O N I N G A N D C O N S U L TA N C Y

Every TBV solution is dimensioned by experienced

engineers using our unique WinVent 3D sotware. We have

acquired over 30 years experience within the textile based

ventilation sector, but i urther proo is still required, we can

also provide CFD simulations.

U N I Q U E M A T E R I A L S

Our textiles are produced at our own weaving mill with the

sole purpose o oering the most suitable materials or air

distribution in the market. The selection o bres, weight,

weaving technology, dyed yarns and heat treatment

are based on our desire to achieve totally uniorm air

permeability, a large dust holding capacity, the lowest

possible shrinkage ater washing and basic colours without

any additional cost.

A C O U S T I C B E N E F I T S

Our low impulse systems in particular oer unrivalled

eatures in terms o noise generation and can be used, with

the right dimensioning, in sound studios or instance.

P AT E N T E D P R O D U C T S

We oer the widest range o TBV products in the market,

which is your guarantee that we will always nd the best

solution. We are the only manuacturer capable o oering

passive low impulse systems (textiles), semi-active hybrid

systems and pure high impulse systems. Our high impulse

systems can be supplied in a variety o patented holedesigns (Inject) or with ve dierent nozzle sizes (DireJet),

depending on their unction.

N O C O N D E N S A T I O N P R O B L E M S

Both low impulse and hybrid systems are made rom porous

abrics. This prevents the kind o surace condensation

problems that metal ducts are renowned or.

E A S Y T O S H I P A N D I N S T A L L

The materials only weigh 260-400 g/m, which means

that a typical TBV system weighs much less than metal

ducting, while the textile ducts are much easier to handle

and transport as they are packaged in cartons and not in

three- or six-metre lengths. KE Fibertecs suspension rails

are supplied cut to size, which makes assembly easier and

quicker than with similar systems.

H Y G I E N I C A N D L I G H T W E I G H T

All TBV systems can easily be taken down and washed

in a washing machine. The specially treated Trevira CS

materials absorb no more than 1% o water, even with

a relative humidity o over 90%. This is why their use is

approved in the ood industry. High impulse products are

manuactured in a coated material which does not require

any more maintenance than conventional spiro ducting.

W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D

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F I N A N C I A L C O N S I D E R AT I O N S

What does a metre o textile ducting actually cost? This is a question that we are otenasked by our customers, probably so that they can make a quick price comparison with

the product price or more conventional solutions. Our concept o supplying tailored solu-

tions designed or a given unction makes it more complicated to set a price. This is why we

cannot unortunately give a reliable price per metre when requested. This does not mean

that we cannot provide exact prices when preparing quotations, tender bids etc. We are,

o course, able to do this, but the prices are always project-based, worked out according

to the wishes and inormation we have received rom our partners. At the same time, it is

important to emphasise that you can only make a proper comparison with conventional

solutions and competitor products i all the relevant parameters are actored in to give a

true picture, such as the product price, installation cost and ongoing maintenance costs,

including the expected depreciation period.

KE Fibertec and many o our KE partners can oer a total service concept, which includes

installation and an attractive maintenance package aterwards.

P R O D U C T P R I C E

The actual product price depends mainly on the size o the system, as well as the products

and material chosen. The product price per metre o ducting will be much cheaper, the biggerthe project is. For instance, a TBV duct or distributing 1,000 m 3/h o air costs signicantly

more per metre o ducting than a TBV system or distributing 10,000 m3/h o air.

The most expensive products in our range are D and D-shaped systems, which should

mainly be chosen i appearance and product nish are important requirements.

The actual textile material used also plays an absolutely crucial role in the product price.

KE Fibertec oers re-approved Trevira CS textiles as standard, which comply with all the

general national re requirements. These specially treated materials also oer value or

money thanks to their highly uniorm air permeability, which is benecial to pressure loss and

energy consumption. Textile ducting must be able to stand up to being repeatedly washed

without losing its shape, shrinking or losing its colour. We guarantee that our materials are

manuactured or long-term use, even i they are washed regularly.

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The total investment in a KE FibertecTBV system is based on product price,

installation cost and maintenance

costs.


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All ventilation ducts must becleaned inside and outside at

some point. It is simply not true

that all TBV systems get clogged

up within a year. For example, high

impulse systems do not require

any more maintenance than spiro

ducting.

Air quality, including the pre-lters quality. In low impulse systems we recom-

mend F7 pre-lters or supply air. Remember that there is a big dierence in

pre-lter quality.

The systems annual operating time in hours.

The air volume per m 2 o textile surace. The greater the load per surace area,

the more requently the system needs to be cleaned.

The textiles dust holding capacity (DHC). An ordinary standard abric oten only

has hal the DHC o a KE Fibertec abric and it costs a great deal in unnecessary

maintenance. A hybrid system with laser cut holes or DireJet nozzles has longer

wash intervals than a standard low impulse system.

Hygiene requirements. There may be absolutely specic hygiene requirements

determining how requently the system must be washed, or instance, in the

ood industry. The usual requency or washing is calculated as once a year,

regardless o how dirty the TBV ducting actually is.

In the ollowing section we have created a product chart based on type o premises

matched with the best product choice. The approach taken when the charts were built

was how to generate added value or the best possible value or money. This means that

other products can also be used or a particular installation i the assessment is based on

other requirements.

I N S T A L L AT I O N P R I C E

Round ducts are generally cheaper to install than D or D-shaped ducts. We recommendusing a rail solution rather than wire, even though this adds to the product price. Rails are

always supplied cut to size and clearly labelled as to where they need to be installed. This

makes the installation process much quicker, and very oten considerable savings can be

made with the installation o a KE Fibertec TBV system, compared with a conventional

system. Handling the heavy metal ducts, which includes adjusting the lengths, assembling

the ttings etc., at the construction site is extremely time-consuming. When a TBV system

is selected, all the lengths, elbows, osets etc. are delivered ready to be joined together

with a zipper. The only requirement is that accurate eld verication takes place beore the

project is released or manuacture.

M A I N T E N A N C E

All ventilation ducts must be cleaned at some point, both inside and outside, with TBV sys-

tems being no exception. However, the various systems have dierent requirements. Low

impulse systems require better pre-lters and more maintenance than high impulse sys-

tems where the air is distributed through holes or nozzles. On the other hand, airborne dust

particles do not settle on the surace o a low impulse duct, which can otherwise present a

problem or non-permeable ducts in the electronics industry, or instance.

The key parameters which infuence how oten the systems are washed are as ollows:


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Type of premises KE-Low Impulse KE-Interior KE-Inject KE-DireJet

1. Comort Lecture/conerence halls

Individual oces - -

Open-plan oces

Concert halls

Sound studios - -

Canteens

Schools

Child care acilities

2. Showrooms/ Showroom/exhibition - -/*1

Public buildings Supermarkets - -/*1

Department stores - -/*1

Pavilions - -

Museums - -/*1

Atriums - -/*1

3. Laboratories VAV ume cupboard extr. - -

Pharma production

CAV systems - -

Clean room classied - -

R&D laboratories - -

4. Sport/Leisure Sports halls - -/*1

Fitness studios /*1

Shooting ranges -/*1

Swimming pools - -/*1

Ice rinks - -/*1

5. Industry Light industry - -

Heavy industry - -

Printing works - -

Extreme cooling*2 - -

Vehicle workshops

6. Food industry Equalising rooms

Process cooling

Warehouses/Terminals

Cheese-ripening acilities

High-bay warehouses - -

G U I D E T O S E L E C T I N G T H E B E S T A I R D I S T R I B U T I O N S Y S T E M

Notes on the table:

*1 Not recommended in the Low impulse version (textile), only in the Hybrid or

Coated version

*2 Extreme cooling requirements cover every type o production premises with a

cooling requirement > 150 W/m2

KE-Low Impulse KE-Interior KE-Inject KE-DireJet

Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes

Cooling Yes Yes Yes Yes

Displacement ventilation Yes Yes Active Active

Heating No No Yes Yes

Category Comment

- Not recommended

Usable Acceptable

Good

Best

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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R C O M F O R T V E N T I L AT I O N

O F F I C E S , C A N T E E N S , S C H O O L S , C H I L D C A R E F A C I L I T I E S , L E C T U R E H A L L S

Open-plan ofce: Algida Unilever, TurkeyOpen-plan ofce: Dell Technical Support Centre, USA

Canteen: Algida Unilever, TurkeyChild care acility: Billy Bubbles, England

Lecture hall: KPMG, SwedenOpen-plan ofce: 60 working spaces, MediatheekRotterdam, Netherlands

To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com

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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R S H O W R O O M S / P U B L I C B U I L D I N G S

S H O W R O O M S , S U P E R M A R K E T S , S T O R E S , R E S TA U R A N T S , A T R I U M S , E X H I B I T I O N C E N T R E S

Exhibition centre: Stockholm International Fairs, Sweden Atrium: Millennium Plaza, Cardi, Wales

Car show: Audi, Cardi, Wales

Museum: Dover Air Base, USA Commercial: Dublin Zoo, Ireland

Supermarket: Sainsburys, Stoke on Trent, England


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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R L A B O R AT O R I E S

P R O D U C T I O N , C L E A N R O O M L A B O R AT O R I E S

Clean room: Alcon Ireland, IrelandLaboratory: Southampton University, England

Laboratory: Bespack, EnglandLaboratory: Uniquema, Gouda, Netherlands

Laboratory: Boots Pharmaceuticals (Strepsils), EnglandLaboratory: Pfzer, Sittingbourne Research Centre, England


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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R S P O R T / L E I S U R E

S W I M M I N G P O O L S , S P O R T S A R E N A S , F I T N E S S S T U D I O S

Swimming pool: YMCA, Newton, USA Swimming pool: Egmont, Netherlands

Fitness Studio: Esporta, Glasgow, Scotland

Speed skate arena: Thial Heerenveen, Netherlands Sports arena: Skjern Bank Arena, Denmark

Ice hockey stadium: Gigantium, Aalborg, Denmark


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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L V E N T I L A T I ON

P R O D U C T I O N P R E M I S E S , S T O R A G E R O O M S , P R I N T I N G W O R K S , V E H I C L E W O R K S H O P S

Industry: Cimbria Construction, Thisted, Denmark

Printing works: Plantijn Casparie, Netherlands

Industry: Hickey Freeman, USA

Industry: McCormicks, England

Vehicle workshop: Danish Emergency ManagementAgency, Denmark

Printing works: Geostick, Uithoorn, Netherlands


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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L R E F R I G E R A T I ON

E Q U A L I S I N G R O O M S , S L I C I N G R O O M S , W A R E H O U S E S , F O O D T E R M I N A L S

Equalising room: Chalmar Bee, South Arica Process cooling: Danish Crown, Denmark

Food terminal: Arla Foods, Sweden

Cold storeroom: Unilever, Sweden Food production: Ordal Bronwater, Belgium

Process cooling: Dalehead Foods, Bury St. Edmunds,England


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4 . F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N

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F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N

KE Fibertecs well-trained team o sales engineers have the tools available to oer an en-

hanced design service, which can help you nd the perect ventilation solution. Even at the

quotation stage we think it is very important to establish a good dialogue. Dialogue can

help us to identiy and ormulate the task so that we can guarantee that the TBV solution

provided will meet the end users requirements and your expectations o the end result.

R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D

E X P E C T A T I O N S

A L L S O L U T I O N S A R E TA I L O R E D E X A C T LY

KE Fibertec has developed a number o tools and services which our customers can

choose to use throughout the entire project process. Our services are graded so that

customers can decide themselves which ones they do and dont want. Our opinion is thatno two jobs are the same and no solution is standard. Consequently, the documentation

and level o detail need to be adapted to the requirement and each individual project. Our

service can be split into two categories:

1 . Q U O T AT I O N A N D D E S I G N

2 . E X T E N D E D P R O J E C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N

KE Fibertec designs solutions or

a given installation, based on the

parameters which we have determined

through dialogue solutions that

also work in practice. This is why you

shouldnt be surprised when we ask an

array o questions right at the quotation

phase, both about the ventilation

system and also about the end users

needs and requirements.

Company Stamp

1. What kind of problem is to be solved? (e.g. cooling of people, of a specific area of a room, or of aproduction process). Please notice if there are any major heat sources in the room, like machinery orother room equipment that might have influence on the air distribution:

2. Type of application and the main purpose: Ventilation / cooling / heating or a combination?

3. Room Dimensions and Capacities:

Room length: Room width: Room height:m m m

Required room temperature: - tolerance :C C

Supply temperature (heating mode): Supply temperature (cooling mode):C C

Air quantity: Available external static pressure:m/h Pa

Project name:

Date:

Ref.:

Page of

4. Level of activity

A. Sitting still B. Standing/Periodically movingC. Slight motion / Vigorous motion D. No fixed working stations

5. Duct mounting height

Height: To centrem , bottom or top of duct

6. Placement and type of air inlet?

Type of inlet: Top inlet: End inlet:

Placement from end of duct (top inlet) or floor (end inlet) to centre of inlet : mm

Type of connecting branch: Round D-shaped Square or a hole

Dimension of connection branch: mm

Please read KE Fibertecs guideline

to Technical Questionnaire first or

check out www.KE-Fibertec.com

t

c

G U I D E L I N E T O T E C H N I C A L Q U E S T I O N N A I R E

- H E L P U S O F F E R I N G V A L U E F O R M O N E Y !

Your customers problem? (e.g. cooling down theentire room or just zone cooling?)

We need to identify the main reason for installing Textile Ba-

sed Ventilation (TBV). End User expectations is very es-

sential in order for us to suggest the right solution. Is the

purpose to create a high degree of comfort for the emplo-

yees, food or similar product related cooling / heating,

or is it replacement of air. Please notice that information

about big heat sources, like machinery is very important.

Is the application going to be used for ventilation /cooling / heating or a combination?

This allow us to select the best TBV-product solving your problem.

Type of application / room - where are you going touse the ducts?

The more specific information about the application the more

solution orientated design we can provide. We can include

reference photos from similar installations and we can use

our long experience to make the most cost efficient system.

Room dimensions, temperatures and air quantities:

This information is essential to make a quotation. The most

important piece of information is the air quantity as this for

instance determines the duct diameter and material cha-

racteristics. It is important that the supply temperature is

the temperature after the air handler, and that the exter-

nal static pressure available for the TBV-system is stated.

Level of activity?

We aim to keep the air velocity in the occupied zone (1,8 m over the

floor) at an acceptable level corresponding to the level of activity.

Mounting height and type of air supply?

This helps us make an accurate calculation of air distribution

and define a TBV-system tailored to the system of the customer

A

C

B

D

KE Fibertec offer an extended

design service by our com-

mitted and experienced engine-

ers. To be able to provide you

with the best possible solution,

we need your input. Please

read the enclosed guideline

and technical questionnaire ca-

refully and send it back to us.

Height

LenghtWidth

Deliverytemperature

Room

temperature

Air quantity+

Available staticpressure ESP Distances

Mountiing

height

TopCenterBottom

Mountiing

height

24


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Q U O T AT I O N A N D D E S I G N P R O C E S S E S

KE Fibertec oers advice and support rom our experienced in-house sales engineers, whohave all undergone extensive training on ventilation products and particularly on our TBV

products. All the calculations are proven using our unique sotware WinVent 3D, which is

oered to all our customers, regardless o the size o their project and, o course, ree o charge.

Our quotation and design processes are described in detail in our ISO 9001 quality assurance

system. This ensures that we prepare the basis or the quotation and the quotation itsel

according to the standardised guidelines, making sure that the customers requirements

are specied and documented in sucient detail. KE Fibertec puts large emphasis on

ensuring that the nal solution is designed correctly even at the quotation stage. Ater all, it

is not only about ensuring that the textile based ventilation system works properly, but also,

to just as large extent, that the customers indoor climate requirements have been met.

This is why we ask about the systems unctional requirements and the requirements or the

indoor climate at the quotation stage.

Our quotation is based on the ollowing inormation:

Air volumes (possibly partial air volumes per socket) [m 3/h]

Temperature-set cooling and possibly heating [C]

Pressure available rom the an [Pa]

Dimensions o the room L x W x H [m 3]

Location o the air inlet(s)

Requirements in terms o number o ducts and maximum duct dimensions

Requirements in terms o the rooms use (room category)

Requirements in terms o the maximum permissible air velocity in the room [m/s]

Requirements in terms o the temperature in the room [C]

Requirements in terms o the maximum sound pressure level in the room [dB(A)]

Selection o duct colours

Selection o suspension type

Given that an innite number o combinations o system solutions and layout eaturescan be designed or textile based ventilation, it is important that its unction is specied

precisely at the quotation stage. In our role as consultants, we always endeavour to meet

the relevant need with the solution that we have agreed with the customer to oer. We

are highly innovative in our way o thinking, which is why you must not always expect just

a plain solution which ultimately cannot meet the requirements you set in terms o the

systems appearance and the indoor climate. Our solution is based on the concept AIR

THE WAY YOU WANT or the same reason.

KE Fibertec puts large emphasis

on ensuring that the nal solution

is designed correctly even at the

quotation stage. Ater all, it is not only

about ensuring that the textile based

ventilation system works properly, but

also, to just as large extent, that the

customers indoor climate requirements

have been met.

25


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Rapid, easy component assembly in both 2D and 3D

Online price calculation

Automatic technical data update

Complete sound calculations per room

Production and customer drawings in 2D and 3D, as well as transer to AutoCAD

Preparation o electronic order conrmations

Direct transer o orders to laser cutters

- and many, many more!

D E S I G N I N W I N V E N T 3 D

All projects are dimensioned online using our WinVent 3D program, which is always kept upto date with the latest technology and product documentation in textile based ventilation.

WinVent 3D is an object-oriented CAD/CAM/CAE application developed by KE Fibertec

AS. WinVent is currently used by all KE Fibertecs partners worldwide and all quotations

and orders are transerred online via the Internet.

WinVent 3D oers our sales engineers the ollowing eatures:

KE Fibertec puts large emphasis on

proving that our textile based ventilation

systems will work, which is why we

speciy all the relevant parameters. We

also make sure that the end users

requirements are always met!

26


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A U T O C A D D R A W I N G S

Depending on the complexity o the project, KE Fibertecproduces drawings or quotations and orders. Our

drawings can be split into our categories according to their

purpose:

P R O J E C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N

All our orders obviously include separate installation

instructions, as well as washing and maintenance

instructions.

Fire permits and other certicates are included on request.

Sketches

Sales drawings

Production drawings

Installation drawings

I there are existing drawings or a specic project we will

use these as the basis or our design and layout.

P R O D U C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N

KE Fibertec AS puts large emphasis on being able to

document all our products. KE Fibertec wants to be the

preerred partner in textile based ventilation, which is why it

is important or us to ensure that our documentation always

meets your requirements. All our products have been

tested and documented in our laboratory and all the data

is accurately described in catalogues and in our calculation

program WinVent. This oers all our customers the benet

o our expertise.

D AT ASHEET 1

DET ER M IN IN G T H E M A XIM U M C OOL IN G LOAD P ER M ET R E

A B C

D istance d [m] No r mal Lo w F loo r N o rmal Lo w F loo r N o rmal Lo w F loo r

1.0 0 .3 2 0 .2 3 0 .1 7 0 .4 4 0 .3 2 0 .2 3 0 .5 3 0 .3 8 0 .2 8

1.5 0 .6 0 0 .4 4 0 .3 2 0 .6 9 0 .5 0 0 .3 6 0 .7 5 0 .5 4 0 .3 9

2.0 0 .8 9 0 .6 5 0 .4 7 0 .9 2 0 .6 7 0 .4 8 0 .9 3 0 .6 8 0 .4 9

2.5 1 .1 6 0 .8 5 0 .6 1 1 .1 1 0 .8 0 0 .5 8 1 .1 0 0 .8 0 0 .5 7

3.0 1 .4 3 1 .0 4 0 .7 5 1 .3 1 0 .9 5 0 .6 9 1 .2 4 0 .9 0 0 .6 5

3.5 1 .6 8 1 .2 2 0 .8 8 1 .4 8 1 .0 8 0 .7 8 1 .3 8 1 .0 0 0 .7 2

4.0 1 .9 1 1 .3 9 1 .0 0 1 .6 5 1 .2 0 0 .8 6 1 .5 0 1 .0 9 0 .7 9

4.5 2 .1 4 1 .5 6 1 .1 2 1 .8 0 1 .3 1 0 .9 4 1 .6 1 1 .1 7 0 .8 4

5.0 2 .3 6 1 .7 2 1 .2 4 1 .9 4 1 .4 1 1 .0 2 1 .7 2 1 .2 5 0 .9 0

5.5 2 .5 7 1 .8 7 1 .3 5 2 .0 8 1 .5 1 1 .0 9 1 .8 2 1 .3 2 0 .9 5

6.0 2 .7 7 2 .0 2 1 .4 5 2 .2 1 1 .6 0 1 .1 6 1 .9 1 1 .3 9 1 .0 0

6.5 2 .9 7 2 .1 6 1 .5 6 2 .3 3 1 .6 9 1 .2 2 2 .0 0 1 .4 5 1 .0 5

7.0 3 .1 5 2 .2 9 1 .6 5 2 .4 5 1 .7 8 1 .2 8 2 .0 8 1 .5 1 1 .0 9

DET ER M IN IN G T H E M A XIM U M C OOL IN G LOA D P ER M ET R E

C OR R EC T ION , K , F OR D IS T A N C E F R OM DU C T A N D H EA T S OU R C E T Y P ES

Cooling load per metre [W/m]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9[C]

d

1,8m

Room category C

Room category B

Room category A

max

= x k

DA T A S H E E T 13

K E - D I R E J E T 1 8 M M L0 . 2 0

A N D L0 . 3 0

F O R F R E E J E T S

1

1

1

l,

l,

l,

l,

l,

l,

l,

200

P [Pa]s

150

100

90

40

50

60

70

80

l = 30,30

l = 40,30

l = 50,30

l = 60,30

l = 70,30

l = 80,30

q [m/m/h]

120

d=

2

d=

4

d=

6

d=8

d=

10

d=

12

d=1

4

4020 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 400300

d=2

d=

4

d=6

d=

8

d=

10

d=

12

d=

14

P [Pa]s

4020 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 400300

q [m/m/h]

150

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

120

200

l = 50,20

l = 60,20

l = 70,20

l = 80,20

l = 90,20

l = 100,20

l = 120,20

l,

l,

l,

l,

l,

l,

1

1

1

AIRTHE WAY YOUWANT

100%

13%

50%

Startingpointof dimensioning

Alu-rails labelled with a saw symbol do not require

further trimming.

Please find Information on delivery and installa-

tion in the box labelled INFO.

Room reference

Suspension type

KE--------#Office1--------------------1std SafeTrack-bulb

Delivery Note

Clamp 60 mm

60 mm max7

50mm

max2

500mm

Diame

terB

(outlet

)DiameterA(plenum)

60mm

**

20mm

*

100mm

50mm

130mm

20mm

46mm

26 mm

36 mm

26 mm

max2500 mm

73%

100%

Zip

**20 mmexternallybetweenendofSafeTrack andsideof outlet socket

**60mm internallybetweenendofSafeTrack andsideof outlet socket

Pleasenotethatsomerelevantinformationmaybeonthereverseside

Seefurther sizingdetails onenclosedproject drawings, if any, andalso seedelivery note(packinglist) andread off positiondescription.

Double Suspension2 std SafeTrack-bulb

Washing and MaintenanceKE-Low Impulse/KE-Laser Inject System

WASHINGAND

MAINTENANCE

1.Machineshouldonlybefilledtohalfcapacity.Wash at20-40Cwithordinarydetergentforapprox.5 - 15 m i n. a t a t i me u n ti l t h ewashingwateris totallyclean.

2.Rinsinginseveralchangesofwaterthatis graduallycooledoff.

3.In thesecond-lastchangeofr i ns i n g w a te r a d i si n fe c ta n t ( chlor ine), ifneeded,maybead-ded.

Donotaddfabr icsoftenerasthismayleadtoshr inkageandodour nuisances.

4.Dripping-normal spin-dryingorhangingonalinewhilest illmoist.

Dr ippingis recommended, buttumbledrying atlow temperature(max.60Coutgoingair ) canbeeffected,however ,withr isk ofshrinkage.

WASCHENUND

WARTUNG

1 . M a sc h in e n u r h a l b f ll e n.Waschenbei20-40Cmitherkmm-lichemWaschmittelfretwa5-15Min.proMal,bisdasWasserganzsauberist.

2.Mehrmalssplenim Wasser,daslangsamabgekhltwird.

3.Bei dervorletztenSplung kann,f a ll s e r fo r de r li c h, e i n D e s-infektionsmittel zugesetzt werden(Chlor).

WegeneventuellesEinlaufenundGeruchsbelstigungendarfWei ch-splernichtverwendet werden.

4 . A b tr o pf e n l a s s e n - n o rm a l zentrifugieren oder tropfnassaufhngen.

TropfnassesAufhngenwird emp-fohlen,aberTrockenschleudernbeiniedrigerTemperatur (max. 60CAusgangsluft)ist zulssig, jedochaufdieGefahr desEinlaufenshin.

LAVAGEET

ENTRETIEN

1.I l fautseulement remplir lamachine laverdemi.Laver20-40C a ve c u n d t er ge nt ordinairependantenv.5-15 min.lafois, jusqu'ce quel'eaudelavagesoit totalementpropre.

2.Rinagedansplusieurseauxtrspropresqui serefroidissentprogressivement.

3.Ajouter ,sincessaire,und-sinfectant(chlore) l'avant-der-nireeaude rinage.

cause de risque dertrcissementet denuisancesolfactivesl'usage dedtergentestdconseill.

4. Egouttage - centrifugationnormaleou accrochage l'tathumide.

Leschagepargouttageestrecommander ,maisun schageautambourfaibletemprature(max.60Cdetemp.desor t iedel'air )peutse faire, maisavecrisquedertrcissement.

March 2006

0980001-GB/D/F

GB D F

070907-01-0

KE Fibertec AS

CJ/MS 070907

KE-system

90333

Badminton center

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F U L L - S C A L E T E S T I N G I N O U R L A B O R A T O R Y

Full-scale measurements can provide a very attractive solution in more complex projects.

I the end user has any doubt about how the system will work and look or i there are very

specic room-related reservations, they can contact KE Fibertec and our sales sta will

submit, in conjunction with the development department, a proposal as to how a particular

problem can be resolved in the best way. Our ull-scale laboratory is ully equipped so that

we can visualise dierent solutions with smoke or we can choose to set up a ull-scale

model o the relevant premises to illustrate and document the air distribution and indoor

climate. We also oer on-site measurements taken at the end-users premises, i this is

required. We are able to oer the ollowing:

E X T E N D E D P R O J E C T D O C U M E N TAT I O N

KE Fibertec is the only company in textile based ventilation to oer extended project docu-mentation as part o major, complex projects.

Our extended project documentation includes:

Full-scale testing in our laboratory

On-site measurements

CFD simulations

Pressure measurements in ducts

Measurement and logging o air temperature

Measurement and logging o air humidity

Measurement o duct speeds using a thermal antenna anemometer

Measurement o air velocities in rooms using a hot-sphere anemometer

Volume fow measurements

Visualisation with smoke

KE Fibertecs development depart-

ment is always available to provide

ull-scale measurements which can

illustrate air fows and indoor climate

parameters or a specic project.

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O N - S I T E M E A S U R E M E N T S

As part o KE Fibertecs quotation, you can request assistance with measuring your ownpremises and advice about the choice o ventilation solution and layout. When the textile

based ventilation system has been installed we can also give advice on how to set the

systems parameters. I any unexpected problems arise or you are simply interested in

having the indoor climate documented, our development department can also oer to take

measurements on site. This also helps us to provide a better service!

C F D S I M U L A T I O N S

KE Fibertec can provide CFD simulations as a major supplement to both technical air

calculations in WinVent 3D and ull-scale measurements. CFD stands or Computational

Fluid Dynamics and is a method o computer simulation used or air fows and temperature

and concentration distribution.

CFD simulations enable us to create a computer-based model o premises with textile

based ventilation and to simulate, optimise and evaluate the indoor climate or a specic

process.

CFD simulations make a practical, but also time and resource-consuming tool. CFD

simulations require a vast amount o computer power, depending on the complexity and

size o the task, to come up with a correct, reliable solution within a reasonable timescale.

A great deal o expertise in how things unction and operate in textile based ventilation is

also required. CFD is a very eective tool or determining fow-related phenomena, but it isimportant to bear in mind that CFD cannot replace ull-scale measurements and laboratory

tests. And also remember:

CFD simulations cannot replace general common sense and more than 30 years

experience in air distribution.

CFD simulations give KE Fibertec the opportunity to carry out a risk assessment and oer

better advice about air distribution in your project, even at the design stage. This enables

us to ensure that the systems unction the way they are supposed to, thereby preventing

problems with penetration lengths in heating installations being too short or with the supply

air being short circuited. The key thing or a CFD simulation is to document more accurately

the air distribution and indoor climate.

F A C T S A B O U T C F D S I M U L A T I O N S

A CFD simulation is perormed by numerically solving the dierential equations governing the air fow, known as the

Navier Stokes equations. As CFD simulations oten include complicated three-dimensional fows with heat transer,

heat radiation and turbulence, the governing equations can only be solved in a very ew cases.

To solve the fows dierential equations they must be rewritten as algebraic dierential equations. This is done by

splitting the CFD model into a large number o control volumes (calculation grid), ater which each o the governingequations is solved numerically or each calculation cell. This will provide a complete picture o the pressure, velocity

and temperature distributions.

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30


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5 . L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

31


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1,1m

Nrzone

OpholdszoneOccupied zone

1.1m

Near zone

1,8m

Nrzone

OpholdszoneOccupied zone

1.8m

Near zone

The air distribution principle used or a textile based ventilation system is undamentally

dierent rom a conventional ventilation system equipped with steel ducting and conventional

air distribution ttings. Most architects, consultants and tters in the ventilation industry are

already amiliar with the general principles o textile based ventilation systems, but not all

o them are amiliar with the latest product versions and design options. The ollowing

three chapters provide a brie description o KE Fibertecs product versions, along with a

description o the air distribution principles or all product types.

T e X T i L e B A s e D

V e N T i L AT i o N s Y s T e m s

T e X T i L e B A s e D L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

KE Fibertec markets two products or textile based low impulse ventilation: the KE-LowImpulse System and KE-Interior System. The KE-Low Impulse System is produced using

round ducts (), while the KE-Interior System is produced using hal-round (D) or quarter-

round (D) ducts. There is basically no dierence in the air distribution principle when using

these product versions. For this reason, just one description o the air distribution principle

will be given below or the systems.

o C C u p i e D Z o N e F o R L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

The occupied zone is the area in a room which people occupy or a long period

o time and is dened as the area where eorts are made to maintain the indoor

climate at a general level.

The occupied zone is not a standardised area, but a zone which is dened rom

one project to another in consultation with the architect and client. The occupiedzone is oten dened as the zone rom the foor up to a height o 1.8 m above

people who are in a standing position doing their job, while this height is set to 1.1

m or people who are seated.

N e A R Z o N e F o R L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

In the case o horizontal low impulse systems, the near zone is dened as the zone

under the textile ducting where there is the biggest risk o a cold downdraught or

o draughts in general. The width o the near zone can be reckoned to be no more

than three times the duct diameter.

In the case o vertical low impulse systems, the near zone is dened as the local

zone around the duct where the air velocity is too high in relation to the rooms

comort requirements (depending on the room category).

32

L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

KE-Interior System (D)KE-Interior System (D)KE-Low Impulse Systemp R o D u C T R A N G e : L o w

i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s


35/146

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

1.8m

Near zone

H o R i Z o N TA L L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

The air distribution principle or horizontal low impulse systems is based on passive thermaldisplacement where the air is supplied at a lower temperature in relation to the air in the

room. Because o the dierence in density, with the cooled air being heavier than the

warmer air in the room, the room air is displaced below the duct while the supply air

continues moving towards the foor. The air fow in the room is then based on natural air

movements where the air is driven by the dierence in density and convection fows rom

heat-releasing activities and processes, hence the term passive thermal displacement. A

high level o heat activity rom heat sources generates bigger convection currents, resulting

in the air rising more strongly and greater entrainment o the air around the source. This

results in stratication in the ventilated room where heat and pollution are drawn away rom

the occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.

A low impulse system can only be used or cooling purposes or or distributing large

volumes o isothermal air, as warm air will settle under the ceiling like a blanket. When this

occurs, the supply air is short circuited, which means a waste o energy.

KE Fibertecs textile based low impulse systems are woven rom Trevira CS polyester yarn,

and the textile surace acts as a ne mesh, allowing the supply air to pass through

the surace at a very low, uniorm discharge velocity, which is normally less

than 0.1 m/s. I the air needs to be distributed according to the low

impulse principle the discharge velocity should be maintained below

roughly 0.40-0.50 m/s. This is the limit at which the room air will start

to be entrained and mixed with the low impulse fow.

Z O N E 1

The airfow in zone 1 is particularly reliant upon the cooling load

per running metre o duct (W/m). A large cooling load leads to a

more powerul acceleration o the supply air into zone 1, which

results in the air dropping down and mixing with the rest o the

air.

Z O N E 2

In zone 2 the warmer room air is displaced by the cooled air

rom the low impulse duct. In low impulse fows there is almost

no entrainment o the surrounding room air, which can reduce

the velocity level beore the fow reaches the occupied zone. This

means that a higher starting level will result in a higher end velocity

when the air enters the occupied zone.

Z O N E 3

The width o the near zone is also particularly reliant upon the

cooling load per running metre o ducting. The larger the cooling

load, the narrower the near zone. The width at the entrance to theoccupied zone can be reckoned to be no more than three times

the diameter o the low impulse duct.

The picture below illustrates the air distribution principle or horizontal low impulse

systems.

The textile surace o textile based low

impulse systems is a ne mesh, which

allows supply air to pass through the

surace at a very low, uniorm velocity.

33


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As has just been mentioned on the previous page, the cooling load per running meter o

ducting is crucial to how the air fow will be under the ducting, but the location o the heat

sources in the room also has a major infuence on the air fow. The ollowing parameters are

crucial or air velocity and air temperature under the duct:

Unlike the cooling load per running metre o ducting, the static pressure, which keeps the

textile duct infated, does not have any particular infuence on the air fows distribution in

the room. No matter how great the static pressure is in the duct, there is not sucient orce

(momentum) in the jet to give the air a throw length which is typical o KE Fibertecs high

impulse systems.

Cooling load per running metre of ducting

Large cooling demands result in higher discharge velocities and a greater temperature

dierence between the room air and the supply air (DT). Both these parameters end

up accelerating the supply airs velocity.

Location of heat sources

Measurements have shown that equally distributed foor heat accelerates the

discharge velocity much more than heat sources located high up in the premises (1.5

to 2 m above foor level).

As mentioned above, it is important to clariy how the heat load is distributed in the premises

as it makes a big dierence whether the heat loads come rom machines, people or lighting,

or whether it mainly takes the orm o transmission heat rom surrounding premises. As

low impulse fows are only controlled by thermal orces, the location o heat sources and

heat-releasing processes in the room is a vitally important parameter when calculating low

impulse fows. KE Fibertecs room classication (as also shown in datasheet 1) takes into

account the heat distribution which normally occurs in dierent types o premises. You are

recommended to use these dimensioning values. The room classication and inormation

in datasheet 1 give clear guidelines on how large the cooling load can be with dierent

comort level requirements.

The static pressure, which keeps

the textile duct infated, does not have

sucient momentum to give the air

a throw length which is typical o KE

Fibertecs high impulse systems. Due

to the dierence in density between

the supply air and the room air, the

supply air is displaced towards the foor

immediately ater passing through the

textile surace.

34



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L O C A T I O N O F H E A T S O U R C E S

At heat sources convection heat rises up and will, at a certain propagation

angle, meet the downcoming air rom the ducting. This phenomenon is also

encountered with large window panels where the convection heat rom

radiators located under the windows counteracts the cold downdraught.

I the heat sources are located at a height the resulting air velocity will be

somewhat lower when the current arrives down in the occupied zone.

In other words, i the downcoming air velocity is greater than that o the

upcoming warm air, the current will continue downwards, but at a reduced

velocity.

I the premises mainly has large concentrated heat sources it is important or low impulse

ducts to be placed lower in the room and distributed between the heat sources rather than

above in order to achieve a good displacement eect and prevent unnecessary mixing with

the polluted air rom the upper zone and buoyancy rom machines. This will help to fush

the work zones under the textile ducting very eectively. It is extremely important that the

number o textile ducts and their location precisely match that o the machines and that

the ducting runs or the whole length o the heat source. I the heat sources are distributed

more evenly, like in oce premises or instance, the low impulse ducts should be placed incorridor areas or along walls to avoid a drop o cold air at xed workplaces. I the upcoming

convection heat blocks the low impulse current, undesirable stratication can occur, with

cold air on top and hot air underneath. To avoid a sudden drop o cold air, known as a

turbulence draught, it is important to create a balanced system so that the risk o a drop

o cold air does not arise.

The location o the exhaust grilles also aects the air distribution in the premises. Return

fow towards an exhaust grille positioned at foor level can eel like a draught, especially in

cold production acilities where even very low air velocities eel uncomortable. The usual

recommendation is or extraction vents to be positioned at ceiling level, spread a certain

distance apart. Large doors or windows which are opened regularly also have an impacton air distribution as the uneven pressure conditions can cause an infow o air rom outside

and rom surrounding premises.

In theory, you can calculate the convection velocities above almost every

common heat source. I you also know the air velocity under the low

impulse duct you can, in principle, calculate the resulting air velocity, but

this procedure is denitely not to be recommended! In reality, you will come

across countless instances where the cold current can spread out to the

side and veer away rom the ducts centreline and continue at a greater

velocity than expected, with the subsequent risk o draught problems.

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D T < 0 C

A delivery o heated air results in the supply air being short circuited where the air

orms a blanket under the ceiling. Low impulse systems are thereore not suitable

or heating.

D T = 0 C

A delivery o isothermal air produces a very diuse fow pattern. Downward air

movements (in the direction o the occupied zone) are oten required, in which

case the recommendation can be made to increase the discharge velocity to

0.40-0.50 m/s, which is the limit i the air is going to be supplied according to the

low impulse principle. At discharge velocities above 0.50 m/s you can expect the

surrounding room air to start being entrained.

D T < 3 C

A delivery o supercooled air produces the typical downward fow pattern

characteristic o low impulse ventilation using textile ducting. A delivery with a

moderate cooling load does not, under normal circumstances, cause any

discomort in the near zone, even or those people who are seated. The maximum

cooling load obviously depends on the distance rom the low impulse ducting to

the occupied zone. The maximum cooling loads per running metre o ducting as a

unction o the rooms height can be consulted in datasheet 1.

D T > 5 C

As the cooling load per metre o ducting increases, the fow pattern under the

low impulse duct changes and the near zone becomes narrower, which means

that the air velocities and air temperatures vertically under the duct may cause

discomort. A delivery o extremely supercooled air with a cooling load o more

than 700 W/m o ducting should mainly only be used where comort is a minor

consideration. However, it is possible to deliver very large volumes o cool air,

bearing in mind though that the air distribution will not be 100% perect.

A

D

C

B

The gures below illustrate the typical fow pattern under a horizontal KE-Low Impulse

System in a heating scenario, ventilation scenario and two cooling scenarios with a dierent

cooling load per running meter o ducting.

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D T < 0 C

D T < 3 C

D T = 0 C

D T > 5 C

A B

C D

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Z O N E 1

The airfow in zone 1 is particularly reliant upon the cooling load

per running metre o duct. A large cooling load results in a greater

downward acceleration or the supply air in zone 1.

Z O N E 2

The near zone, which should not be used as a permanentworkplace, is dened as the distance rom the duct beore the

velocity is reduced to an acceptable level, depending on the

comort requirement. The length o the near zone is particularly

dependent on the cooling load.

Z O N E 3

It is very important that the volume o air rom the vertical low

impulse system has been adapted to the cooling requirement and

that the volume o air supplied is at least equivalent to or greater

than the convection fows generated by the heat sources. This

helps to achieve the best displacement eect and create a clean

zone at the bottom and a polluted zone on top.

ZONE 3

ZONE 1

ZONE 2 Near zone

V e R T i C A L L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s

The air distribution principle or vertical low impulse systems is, as with horizontal low impulsesystems, also based on passive thermal displacement where the air is supplied at a lower

temperature in relation to the room air. The air is supplied, as in conventional displacement

ventilation, at foor level, directly in the occupied zone. This creates a stratied fow where

the cooled supply air fows out into the room under the warmer room air.

In the same way as with horizontal low impulse systems, the fow in the room is based on

natural air movements where the air is driven by a dierence in density and by convection

fows rom heat-releasing activities and processes. Convection fows at heat sources

generate a vertical air fow in the room, thereby creating a clean zone on the bottom and

a polluted zone on top. A high level o heat activity rom heat sources generates bigger

convection fows, resulting in the air rising more strongly and greater entrainment o the airaround the source.

As the cold supply air only mixes to a small extent, it is important the air is supplied at a low

velocity and slight temperature dierence as otherwise there is a risk o a cold downdraught

rom the ducting, entailing the risk o a draught at foor level. The systems can, like horizontal

low impulse systems, only be used or cooling purposes or or distributing isothermal air, as

warm air will settle under the ceiling like a blanket.

Vertical low impulse systems are particularly well-suited to premises with high ceilings,

excess heat and pollution as warm air and polluted particles are drawn up under the ceiling.

As the fow generated in the premises is moving vertically upwards, the heat and pollution

do not return to the occupied zone. The picture below illustrates the basic principle o

vertical low impulse ventilation.

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The vertical textile ducts supply resh air directly in the occupied zone, which will obviously

result in stratication in the ventilated room. This will cause a temperature gradient

through the room, with the coldest air at the bottom and the warmest on top. This can

be used benecially to reduce the cooling load as the cooling load removed rom the

room is directly proportional to the dierence in temperature between the supply air and

extracted air. I the air is extracted rom the top o the room this will be warmer than the

air in the rooms occupied zone, allowing the same cooling load to be removed rom the

room with a higher supply temperature. This results in energy savings when the cooling

coil in the air conditioning unit is operating. It also means that ree cooling can be used

or longer periods o the year.

The required cooling load, combined with any comort requirements, provides the basis

or determining the volume o supply air and the supply temperature. To determine

the necessary cooling load accurately, you need to calculate internal and external heat

loads, while taking into account the heat accumulation in the building.

In the case o displacement ventilation, comort requirements also include, apart rom air

velocity and air temperature requirements, the requirement or the maximum permitted

thermal gradient in the occupied zone. KE Fibertec recommends that the maximum

thermal gradient in the occupied zone does not exceed 1-2C/m as any bigger dierence

may eel like a draught. The vertical thermal gradient can be approximately calculated

based on a so-called 50% rule, which states that hal o the temperature rise rom supply

to extraction takes place at foor level, while the other hal takes place between the foor

and ceiling. Contact KE Fibertecs development department or more inormation.

Designing a ventilation system with vertical low impulse ducts requires considerable

knowledge about the heat distribution in the premises. It is vitally important that the

ventilation system is dimensioned correctly so that it takes into account the level o

comort in the premises work zones and the heat and polluted air are carried upwards

and out o the occupied zone. To displace the polluted air it is important that the

volume o air supplied is at least equivalent to the total convection fow volume in the

room. I this is not the case, the ront o the polluted air will be dragged down towards

the occupied zone, thereby reducing the eectiveness. Many actors aect the size o

convection fows in the room, such as the shape, area and surace temperature o theheat sources. But actors like the ambient temperature in the premises also have an

impact. This is why it is oten dicult to determine accurately the convection currents

and table values must be used instead.

Displacement ventilation with textile

ducting tends to be used a lot in

industrial environments, but can also be

used in environments where there are

high demands or comort.

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D T < 0 C

Delivering heated air short circuits the supply air, which means that the system is

not suitable or heating. However, the heated air has a certain penetration, which

initiates air circulation in smaller premises. As a result, the system can be used, to

a certain extent, to heat the room beore work begins or it is used.

D T = 0 C

Delivering isothermal air produces a very diuse fow pattern, which does not

generate a powerul displacement eect. Systems are suitable, to some extent,

or supplying replacement air.

D T < 3 C

I slightly supercooled air is supplied the air will slowly drop towards the foor and

be distributed evenly around the duct. In the event o heat-releasing activities

and processes, the convection fows will entrain the supply air, thereby creating

stratication in the room where the heat and pollution are drawn away rom the

occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.

D T > 5 C

I extremely supercooled air is supplied the air will quickly move towards the foor,

thereby causing a greater risk o draught problems around the duct as the length

and width o the near zone around the duct are increased. In the event o heat-

releasing activities and processes, the convection fows will entrain the supply air,

thereby creating stratication in the room where the heat and pollution are drawn

away rom the occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.

The gures below illustrate the typical fow pattern under a vertical KE-Low Impulse System

in a heating scenario, ventilation scenario and two cooling scenarios with a dierent cooling

load per running meter o ducting.

A

D

C

B

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D T < 0 C

D T < 3 C

D T = 0 C

D T > 5 C

A B

C D

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6 . H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

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1,8m

Opholdszone

Arbejdszone

1,8m

H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

KE-Injet System (D)KE-Injet System (D)KE-Injet Systemp R O D u C T R A N g e : H i g H

i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

KE-DieJet System (D)KE-DieJet System (D)KE-DieJet System

Occupied zone

1.8

m

1.8m

Working zone Occupied zone

O C C u p i e D Z O N e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

As with low impulse ventilation, the occupied zone is not a standardised area,

but a zone which is dened rom one project to another in consultation with the

architect and client. The occupied zone is oten dened as the zone rom the foor

up to a height o 1.8 m above people who are in a standing position doing their

job, while this height is set to 1.1 m or people who are seated.

W O R K i N g Z O N e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

In the case o industrial premises, it may also be appropriate or high impulse

systems to divide the room up into a working zone as the state o the air may

vary rom the general level as a result o industrial processes. Heat and pollution

sources are oten present which require special measures to be able to maintain

a satisactory indoor climate in the working zone. I processes are carried out

which cause extreme pollution, textile based ventilation should thereore be

supplemented with local extraction vents.

T e X T i l e B A s e D H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

KE Fibertec markets two products or textile based high impulse ventilation: the KE-InjectSystem and KE-DireJet System. Both these systems can be produced in the orm o

round (), hal-round (D) or quarter-round (D) ducts. The KE-Inject System comprises

groups o small holes in the textile duct, while the KE-DireJet System comprises rows o

conical nozzles specically or directional air distribution. From a ventilation technology

perspective, both the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet System can be regarded as high

impulse systems or mixing ventilation. For this reason, one general air distribution principle

will be described or these systems, while the specic product eatures will be described

separately.

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ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

1.8m

A i R D i s T R i B u T i O N p R i N C i p l e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e

s Y s T e m sKE Fibertecs high impulse systems are based on mixing ventilation and are characterised

by the act that air is delivered at a high velocity outside the occupied zone. The high air

velocity rate in the air jet will generate excess pressure, resulting in an infow and entrainment

o room air towards the air jet supplied. During the rst air fow cycle the air velocity will

be high, but as the quantity o room air that becomes mixed increases, the air velocity

will decrease. I the system has been dimensioned properly the delivered air volume will

be completely mixed with the room air beore it reaches the occupied zone and the air

velocity rate has dropped to the desired level, depending on the room category. In a mixing

ventilated room air velocities, air temperatures and humidity will be distributed identically

and in theory, the air quality will be the same everywhere in the room.

A textile based high impulse system, unlike its low impulse counterpart, can be

used or cooling, ventilation and heating. The reason or this is that KE Fibertecs high

impulses systems, unlike its low impulse systems, are less dependent on external

eects, such as convective heat currents in the room. The supply air is delivered with

high initial energy in the orm o velocity (momentum) through holes or nozzles, with

the eect that the air is discharged into the room instead o being distributed through

a textile surace at low velocity. This means that KE Fibertecs high impulse systems

have what are known in fow engineering as a throw length and penetration length.

Compared with low impulse systems, the location o the exhaust grilles is only o minor

signicance to the air fows in the room. In practice, they are oten positioned along the ceiling.The picture below illustrates the air distribution principle or high impulse ventilation.

Z O N E 1

The air is delivered at high velocity, oten up to 15-18 m/s, through

the holes (KE-Inject System) or nozzles (KE-DireJet System). This

generates excess pressure in the centre o the air jets, resulting

in an infow and entrainment o the air in the room towards the air

jet supplied.

Z O N E 2

As the volume o entrained air increases, the air velocity in the fow

gradually decreases. The velocity decreases in inverse proportion

to the distance rom the duct.

Z O N E 3

In premises where a certain comort level is required, the air

velocity at the entrance to the occupied zone must be adapted to

the conditions, which mainly depend on the level o activity o the

people working there and what they are wearing (room category).

To ensure that a suitable air velocity is achieved, the distance rom

the duct to the occupied zone must be greater than the calculated

throw length (see denition on page 47).

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f r E E J E T

I the air jet is directed outwards into the open room, this is what is

known in fow engineering as a ree jet. The turbulent air jet entrains air

rom its surroundings and the jets diameter increases in proportion to

the distance rom the duct, while the velocity in the jet decreases.

H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s

s H O R T C i R C u i T i N g W A R N i N g

It is important to be aware that mixing ventilation also entails a risk o the supply air beingshort circuited (accumulated under the ceiling). This problem may occur i overheated air

is supplied combined with an excessively low discharge velocity, or i there are strong

upward currents in the premises, preventing the air rom reaching the occupied zone. This

problem becomes particularly apparent when the T is more than 7-12C. In the best

case scenario, the poor heat distribution in the room can be compensated or by raising

the supply temperature, but i the heating coil in the air conditioning unit does not have

sucient capacity to do this, the temperature in the occupied zone will all. This situation

is very inconvenient, both rom an energy and comort perspective. To make sure that

short circuiting is prevented, heated air must only be delivered i the supply temperature

and discharge velocity are adjusted. This means that the warmer the supply air, the higher

the discharge velocity needs to be to ensure that the air reaches the occupied zone. I the

ceiling is particularly high (h > 8-10 m) the ducts need to be dimensioned or a high static

pressure to be able to push the air down into the occupied zone. I this is not possible, the

ducts can be positioned at a height o 5 metres, or instance.

F R e e J e T s A N D W A l l J e T s

A crucial actor or the air distribution principle behind the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet

System is the main direction o the air jets. I the jet is directed outwards into the open

room, this is what is known in fow engineering as a free jet and i the air jet is directed

at a surace, this is a wall jet. The dierence between these two fow phenomena is their

ability to entrain room air. I the jet is directed towards the ceiling surace it will try to stick

to this surace because a negative pressure is generated between the jet and the ceiling as

no replacement air can be supplied or the volume o room air entrained by the jet. This is

known as the Coanda eect and it increases the throw length by a actor o in relation

to the throw length or a ree jet, while the velocity rate in the jet decreases proportionally

more slowly. The air velocity needs to be a minimum o 0.35 m/s to be able to utilise the

Coanda eect.

2

W A L L J E T

I the air jet is directed towards a surace, this is what is known in

fow engineering as a wall jet. The fow can be regarded as a bisected

open jet as the surace can be regarded as a plane o symmetry. The

maximum velocity is achieved close to the surace and is greater

than the equivalent velocity or an open jet at the same distance romthe duct.

2

Occupied zone

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v = 0.20 m/siso

l0.20

l0.20

v = 0.20 m/siso

minimum 0.75 x L

L

minimum 0.75 x L

T H e R m A l p e N e T R A T i O N l e N g T H

The thermal penetration length is absolutely crucial in

determining whether the air is actually distributed as

expected. The theory underlying wall jets is actually based

on the act that the jet will not become so heavy that it

will leave the ceilings surace beore it is supposed to. I

it does, the air velocity at the entrance o the occupied

zone will be higher than calculated. This means that it

will eel uncomortable or anyone located in the zone

aected by the jet. To prevent any drop o cold air, the

thermal penetration length must be checked to see that itis at least 75% o the horizontal distance along the ceiling,

L, where the air is moving.

T H R O W l e N g T H

The throw length is dened as the largest distance

rom the supply duct to a specic point in the premises

where the air velocity is precisely equal to the desired

nal velocity, e.g. viso

= 0.20 m/s. It is important to

note that the throw length, by its denition, is valid in

isothermal conditions. As a result, the calculations or

air velocities must be corrected i the supplied air is

either colder or warmer than the surrounding room air.

The throw length or a wall jet is longer than or an

equivalent ree jet. The reason or this is because a wall

jet sticks to the ceiling due to the Coanda eect and as

a result, only hal the volume o room air contributes to

reducing the velocity rate.

2

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f L O W M O D E L 1 f L O W M O D E L 2

0

30

60

90

150

180

120

-30

-60

-90

-150

-120

u s i N g F l O W m O D e l s

Both the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet System are highly fexible systems and anydirection at all can be chosen or the air jets. It is obviously important or the air jets to

point in the main direction o the air fow ollowing the desired air fow pattern in the room.

As mentioned earlier, it is also important that the air fow is directed downwards towards

the occupied zone when heating is required in order to prevent short circuiting. Apart rom

choosing the main direction or the air jet, secondary nozzle positions can be used. For

instance, i the ceiling needs to be coated locally to avoid the ormation o condensation or

part o the area needs to be cooled down/heated, it is possible to direct individual nozzles

or holes towards the relevant area. Nozzles can also be let out entirely in sections o the

duct i no air needs to be supplied.

KE Fibertec uses three dierent fow models or textile based mixing ventilation in its everydayactivities, which are fow models 1, 2 and 3 respectively. To be able to use KE Fibertecs

datasheets properly, you need to know which fow model is involved as all the datasheets

have been specied or fow models 2 and 3, i.e. ree jets. It is important thereore to clariy

what the user wants and needs in terms o the system, as well as to become amiliarised

with processes and activities beore starting to dimension the nal design or the high

impulse system.

Using fow model 1 (wall jet) can bring some benet, even though the throw length increases

as a result o the Coanda eect. Air jets tend to become more stable when cooled air is

delivered, while the risk o a drop o cold air or draughts in general in the occupied zone

is kept to a minimum. The Coanda eect also makes the blanket o air stick to theceiling, which means that it will not be defected by local heat sources, obstacles etc.

Consequently, there is a greater likelihood o achieving the desired fow pattern in reality

than with delivering an ree jet.

As was mentioned beore, it is recommended to use fow model 2 or 3 or both the KE-

DireJet System and KE-Inject System i the system is going to be used to provide heating.

Textile Based Ventilation for a good indoor climate

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