Textbook of Paediatric Emergency - Booksca.ca
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Transcript of Textbook of Paediatric Emergency - Booksca.ca
TextbookofPaediatricEmergencyMedicine
THIRDEDITION
Editors
PeterCameron,MBBSMDFACEMProfessorofEmergencyMedicine,TheAlfredHospitalandMonashUniversity,Melbourne,Australia
GaryBrowne,MDMBBSMSpMedFRACPFACEMProfessorofEmergencyMedicine,TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmeadChairofDisciplineofEmergencyMedicine,TheUniversityofSydneyHeadofAcademicEmergencyMedicine,TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmead,Sydney,Australia
BiswadevMitra,MBBSMHSMPhDFACEMProfessorofEmergencyMedicine,TheAlfredHospitalandMonashUniversity,Melbourne,Australia
StuartDalziel,MBChBFRACPPhDDirectorofEmergencyMedicineResearch,TheUniversityofAucklandandStarshipChildren’sHospital,Auckland,NewZealand
SimonCraig,MBBSMHPEMPHFACEMAdjunctClinicalAssociateProfessor,MonashUniversity;EmergencyPhysician,MonashMedicalCentre,MonashHealth,Melbourne,AustraliaForadditionalonlinecontentvisitExpertConsult.com
TableofContents
Coverimage
Titlepage
Copyright
Prefacetothirdedition
Prefacetosecondedition
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Section1.ApproachtothePaediatricPatient
1.1.Approachtothepaediatricpatient
Introduction
Childrenwithfever
Evolvingillnessinchildren
Theenvironment
Triage
Frontloadingcare
Thepaediatricapproach
History
Examination
Gentle,distraction,painfullast
Whentoinvestigate
Theparents
Managementoffebrilechildren
TheroleoftheGPinpaediatricemergencymanagement
ReflectiononthePracticeofPaediatricEmergency
1.2.Commonchronicpaediatricconditions
Introduction
Cerebralpalsy
Cysticfibrosis
Theex-prematureinfant
Autismspectrumdisorder
Section2.Resuscitation
2.1.Paediatriccardiopulmonaryarrest
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Preventingcardiacarrest
Outcome
Differencescomparedtoadults
Developmentofresuscitationguidelines
Ethicsofpaediatricresuscitation
2.2.Paediatricbasiclifesupport
Introduction
Paediatricversusadultbasiclifesupport
Basiclifesupporttechniquesandage
Preparationandequipment
Basiclifesupportsequence
Precautionsandcomplications
Reliefofforeignbodyairwayobstruction
2.3.Paediatricadvancedlifesupport
Introduction
Diagnosingcardiacarrest
Epidemiology
Oxygen,ventilationandadvancedairwaysupport
Ventilation
Advancedairwaysupport
Laryngealmaskairway
Managementofthedifficultairway
Monitoring
Vascularaccess
Fluidtherapy
Managementofpulselessarrhythmias
Managementofpulsatiledysrhythmias
Post-resuscitationmanagement
Cessationofcardiopulmonaryresuscitation
2.4.Paediatricresuscitationinspecificcircumstances
Avoidingcardiacarrestduringcriticalcaremanagement
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Drowning
Traumaticcardiacarrest
Toxicologicalemergencies
Envenomation
Marineenvenomation
2.5.Shock
Introduction
Diagnosisandassessment
Initialmanagement
Furthermanagement
2.6.Sepsisrecognitionandinitialmanagement
Introduction
Background
Definition
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Initialemergencymanagement
Disposition
Section3.NeonatalEmergencies
3.1.Thenormalneonate
Definitionandintroduction
Commonreasonsforhealthyneonatestopresenttotheemergencydepartment
Summary
3.2.Thecryinginfant
Introduction
Recurrentcrying
Acutecrying
Disposition
3.3.NeonatalDermatology
SkinintheNeonatalPeriod
Neonatalerythroderma
Redscalyrashes
Vesiclesandblisters
Pustularlesions
Birthmarks
Blue/purplelesions
Vascularlesionsintheneonatalperiod
3.4.Acuteneonatalemergencies
TheNeonatalPeriod
Neonatalresuscitation
Assessmentoftheneonate
Theneonatewithvomiting
Theneonatewithseizures
Theneonatewithbreathingdifficulty
Theneonatewithprolongedjaundice
3.5.Neonatalresuscitation
Introduction
Aetiologyandpathophysiology
Preparation
Assessmentatbirth
Ventilation
Heartrate
Colour
Muscletoneandreflexirritability
Medications
Specificresuscitationsituations
Post-resuscitationstabilisation
Prognosis
Section4.TraumainChildren
4.1.Introductiontopaediatrictrauma
Prevalence
Prevention
Succincttreatment(salvage)
Primarysurvey
Paediatricdifferences
Otherissuesduringinitialstabilisation
Secondarysurvey
Orthopaedictrauma
Rehabilitation
4.2.Paediatricneurotrauma
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Assessment
4.3.Spinalinjury
Introduction
Developmentalanatomyandphysiology
Initialassessment
Spinalimmobilisation
Cervicalspineinjuries
Thoracicandlumbarspineinjuries
Spinalcordinjury
Spinalcordinjurywithoutradiographicabnormality
4.4.Thoracicinjuriesinchildhood
Introduction
Initialapproachintheemergencydepartment
Chestwallinjury
Pulmonaryinjury
Tracheobronchialinjuries
Mediastinalinjury
Cardiacinjuries
Diaphragmaticinjury
Emergencydepartmentthoracotomy
4.5.Abdominalandpelvictrauma
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigations
Generalmanagement
Surgicalissues
Hollowviscusinjuries
Pancreaticandrenalinjuries
Penetratingtrauma
Pelvicfractures
Disposition
4.6.Burns
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Classification
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Managementofburns
Electricalburns
Chemicalburns
4.7.Childreninadisasterresponse
Introduction
Phasesofdisasterresponse
4.8.Woundmanagement
Introduction
Classificationofwounds
Evaluationofthepatientwithalaceration
Treatmentofwounds
Woundclosure
Post-wound-closurecare
Treatmentofselectedinjuries
Section5.Cardiovascular
5.1.Cardiovascularassessmentandmurmurs
Introduction
History
Physicalexamination
ChestX-ray
Thechildwithanasymptomaticmurmur
Pathologicalmurmurs
Disposition
5.2.Chestpain
Introduction
Immediateapproach
Generalapproach
Summary
5.3.Syncope
Introduction
Aetiology
Typicalpresentations
Clinical
Investigationswithintheemergencydepartment
Furtherinvestigationsofsyncope
Managementofsyncopewithintheemergencydepartment
Summary
5.4.CyanoticheartdiseaseandtetralogyofFallotspells
Introduction
Cyanoticcongenitalheartdisease
Clinicalfeatures
Investigations
Management
Disposition
TetralogySpells
Investigations
Treatment
Disposition
5.5.Heartfailure
Definition
Causesofcongestiveheartfailure
Clinicalmanifestationsandinvestigations
Management
5.6.Congenitalheartdisease
Introduction
Undiagnosedcongenitalheartdisease
Complications/residuaofcongenitalheartdiseaseanditstreatment
Congenitalheartdiseaseandintercurrentillness
5.7.Acuterheumaticfever
Introduction
Investigations
Treatment
Preventionandprophylaxis
5.8.Infectiveendocarditis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Microbiology
History
Examination
ModifiedDukecriteria
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
5.9.Kawasakidisease
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinicalfeatures
IncompleteKawasakidisease
Differentialdiagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
RefractoryKawasakidisease
Prognosis
5.10.Cardiacarrhythmias
Introduction
Normalconductionsystem
Thecardiacactionpotential
Pathogenesisofarrhythmias
Generalprinciplesforarrhythmiamanagement
Roleof‘molecularautopsy’insuddenunexplainedcardiacdeathintheyoung
Section6.Respiratory
6.1.Stridorandnoisybreathing
Introduction
Initialassessment
History
Examination
Commoncausesofacutestridorinchildren
Commoncausesofchronicstridorinchildren
6.2.Upperrespiratorytractinfections
Introduction
Nasopharyngitis
Stomatitis
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis
6.3.Inhaledforeignbody
Introduction
Upperairwayforeignbodies
Treatment
Lowerairwayforeignbody
Prevention
6.4.Croup
Introduction
Presentation
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatmentanddisposition
Prognosis
Prevention
6.5.Acuteasthma
Introduction
Diagnosisofasthma
Riskfactorsformortality
Clinicalassessment
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatment
Dischargefromhospital
Prognosis
Prevention
Futuredirections/research
6.6.Pertussis
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
6.7.Community-acquiredpneumonia
Introduction
Definition
Aetiology
Clinicalfindings
Investigations
Management
Complications
Prevention
Conclusion
6.8.Bronchiolitis
Introduction
Clinicalassessment
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Section7.GastroenterologyandHepatology
7.1.Abdominalpain
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Aetiology
Assessment
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Disposition
AcuteAppendicitis
Clinicalfeatures
Differentialdiagnoses
Investigations
Management
Meckel’sDiverticulum
Clinicalfeatures
Differentialdiagnoses
Investigations
Management
ChronicAbdominalPain
Assessment
Diagnosis
Management
7.2.Vomiting
Non-SurgicalVomiting
Definitions
Clinicalevaluation
Examination
Differentialdiagnoses
Investigations
Management
Conclusions
Surgical(Bilious)Vomiting
Causes
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
7.3.Gastrointestinalbleeding
Introduction
Aetiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Initialmedicaltherapy
Surgery
Treatment
Dispositon
7.4.Gastro-oesophagealreflux
Introduction
Pathophysiology
History
Examination
Differentialdiagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Follow-up
7.5.Pyloricstenosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinicalpresentation
Examinationfindings
Imagingstudies
Differentialdiagnosis
Management
Complications
7.6.Ingestedforeignbodies
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Disposition
Prevention
7.7.Acuteliverfailure
Introduction
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Presentation
Investigations
Management
Disposition
Prognosis
Prevention
7.8.Diarrhoea
Introduction
Definitions
Clinicalevaluation
Examination
Differentialdiagnoses
Investigations
Management
Conclusions
7.9.Managementofacutehepatitisinchildrenpresentingtotheemergencydepartment
Introduction
Aetiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Viralhepatitis
Drug-andtoxin-inducedliverinjury
Chronicliverdiseasepresentingasacutehepatitis
Othercausesofchronicliverdiseasepresentinginchildhood
7.10.Intussusception
Introduction
Aetiology
Epidemiology
Clinical
Investigations
Management
Outcome
7.11.Herniae
Introduction
Typesofherniae
Complications
Treatment
7.12.Gastroenteritis
Introduction
Aetiology
History
Examination
Differentialdiagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Severelydehydrated
Othertreatments
Disposition
Prognosis
7.13.Constipation
Introduction
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Managementbasics
Constipationinbabies
Acuteconstipation
Chronicconstipation
Investigations
Management
Medications
7.14.Inflammatoryboweldisease
Introduction
Newdiagnoses
KnownIBDpatients
Commontreatmentsandtheircomplications
Section8.Neurology
8.1.Cerebrospinalfluidshuntcomplications
Introduction
Clinicalpresentation
Examination
Investigations
8.2.Raisedintracranialpressure
Introduction
Particularissuesinchildren
Clinicalfeaturesofraisedintracranialpressure
Otherexaminationfindingsinraisedintracranialpressure
Investigations
Someparticularcausesofraisedintracranialpressure
8.3.Seizuresandnon-epilepticevents
Introduction
Generalcomments
Classificationofseizures
Febrileseizures
PresentationtoEmergencyDepartment
Presentationpostapossibleseizure
Presentationofaseizure
8.4.Acuteweakness
Introduction
Presentation
Primarysurveyapproach
History
Examination
Investigations
Specificconditionscausingacuteweakness
8.5.Acuteataxia
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Differentialdiagnosis
Chronicataxia
Clinicalevaluationofthepatient
Examination
Investigations
Management
Disposition
8.6.Headache
Introduction
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Clinicalassessment
Management
Disposition
Migraine
Pathophysiology
Clinicalfeatures
Treatment
Disposition
Conclusions
8.7.Centralnervoussysteminfections:Meningitisandencephalitis
Introduction
Meningitis
Brainabscess
Encephalitis
Conclusion
Section9.InfectiousDiseases
9.1.Infectiousdiseases
Fever
Empiricantibiotictherapy
Commoninfectiousexanthems
Whatspecimens,whenshouldtheybeorderedandwhattests?
Infectioncontrolintheemergencydepartment
Needlestickinjury
Immunisation
Section10.MetabolicEmergencies
10.1.Inbornerrorsofmetabolism
Introduction
Physiologyandpathogenesis
Clinicalfeatures
Investigation
Management
Chronicpresentations
Extendednewbornscreening
Conclusion
10.2.Hypoglycaemiainthenon-diabeticchild
Introduction
Thehypoglycaemiascreen
Causesofhypoglycaemia
Treatmentofhypoglycaemia
10.3.Diabeticemergenciesinchildren
Diagnosis
Diabeticketoacidosis
Hypoglycaemia
Thechildwithaninsulinpump
Thechildwithdiabetesandintercurrentillness
Diabeticchildandsurgery
Long-termmanagement
10.4.Thyroidemergencies
Thyrotoxicosis
Neonatalthyrotoxicosis
Hypothyroidism
Congenitalhypothyroidism
Hashimoto’sthyroiditis
10.5.Adrenalemergencies
AdrenalCrisis
Clinicalpresentation
Disposition
Prevention
Cushing’sSyndrome
Presentingsymptoms
Diagnostictesting
Treatment
10.6.Disordersoffluids,electrolytesandacid–base
Introduction
Physiology
Clinicalassessment
Investigations
Treatment
Investigationandmanagementoffluidsindifferentconditions
Acid–basedisorders
Section11.Haematologyandoncology
11.1.Theuseofbloodproductsinchildren
Introduction
Packedredbloodcells
Platelets
Freshfrozenplasma
Cryoprecipitate
Clottingfactorconcentrates
Albumin
Normalhumanimmunoglobulin
Hyperimmuneimmunoglobulins
Risksofbloodcomponentuse
11.2.Anaemia
Introduction
Acutemanagement
Neonatalanaemia
Anaemiasofchildhood
Haemolyticanaemias
11.3.Disordersofcoagulation
Haemophilia
vonWillebranddisease
11.4.Plateletdisorders
Introduction
Immunethrombocytopaenia
Chronicimmunethrombocytopaenia
11.5.Vasculitis
Introduction
Clinicalpresentation
Classification
Small-VesselVasculitis
Anti-cytoplasmic-antibody-associatedvasculitis
Medium-VesselVasculitis
Polyarthritisnodosa
Large-VesselVasculitis
SecondaryVasculitisandVasculitisMimics
11.6.Acuteleukaemia
Introduction
Classification
Clinicalpresentation
Differentialdiagnosis
Investigations
Prognosis
Complications
Management
11.7.Febrileneutropaenia
Introduction
Presentation
Investigations
Treatment
11.8.Emergenciesinpaediatriconcology
EmergencyComplicationsofPaediatricMalignancy
Feverandinfection
Gastrointestinalemergencies
Bloodproductuseinoncology
Cardiothoracicemergencies
Metabolicemergencies
Genitourinaryemergencies
Neurologicalemergencies
BrainandSpinalCordTumoursinChildren
Braintumours
Spinalcordcompression
Section12.Dermatology
12.1.Dermatology
Introduction
Erythrodermaandskinfailure
Vesiculobullousrashes
Pustularrashes
Papular(raised)rashes
Redscaly(papulosquamous)rashes
Eczematousrashes
Redblanchingrashes(erythematous)
Purpuricrashes
Vasculartumours–haemangiomasandhaemangiomavariants
Vascularmalformations
Managementofvascularmalformations
Hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Skintexture
Mouthdisorders
Anogenitalrashes
Zincandothernutritionaldeficiencies
Anogenitalpapulesandlumps
Immunodeficiencystates
Hairproblems
Nailproblems
Itchwithoutrash
Section13.Eyes
13.1.Ophthalmologicalemergencies
Introduction
History
Examination
Theredeyeinpaediatrics
13.2.Congenital,developmentalandneoplasticconditionsoftheeye
Deficitsinvisualacuity
Strabismus
Paediatriccataracts
Congenitalnasolacrimalductobstruction
Infantileglaucoma
Oculartumours
Retinoblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Neuroblastoma
13.3.Oculartrauma
Introduction
Globetrauma
Eyelidtrauma
Orbitaltrauma
Section14.EntandDental
14.1.Theear
Otitisexterna
Acuteotitismedia
Dischargingotitismedia–chronicsuppurativeotitismedia
Otitismediawitheffusion
Mastoiditis
Trauma
14.2.Thenose
Rhinitisandsinusitis
Epistaxis
Nasaltrauma
14.3.Themouthandthroat
Stomatitis
Differentialdiagnosis
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis
Peritonsillarabscess
Post-tonsillectomyhaemorrhage
Oral/dentaltrauma
Oral/dentalinfection
Otherdentalissues
14.4.Retropharyngealabscess
Introduction
History
Examination
Investigation
Treatment
14.5.Foreignbodiesandcausticingestion
Nasalforeignbodies
Auralforeignbodies
Complications
Causticingestion
Section15.ObstetricsandGynaecology
15.1.Paediatricgynaecology
Infantandprepubescentgynaecology
Adolescentgynaecology
15.2.Emergencycontraception
Introduction
Clinicalassessment
Availablemedicines
Medicineinteractions
Medicinecontraindications
Medicineadverseeffects
Medicineoutcomes
Copperintrauterinedevices
Section16.Renal
16.1.Acutekidneyinjury
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinicalpresentation
Treatment
Acutepresentationofchronicrenalfailure
Acutekidneyinjuryintherenaltransplantrecipient
16.2.Haematuria
Isolatedmicroscopichaematuria
History
Examination
Investigation
Disposition
16.3.Hypertension
Introduction
History
Examination
Emergencydepartmentmanagement
16.4.Urinarytractinfectioninpre-schoolchildren
Introduction
Historyandexamination
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
16.5.Haemolyticuraemicsyndrome
Introduction
Definitionofhaemolyticuraemicsyndrome
Classificationofhaemolyticuraemicsyndrome
Pathophysiologyofhaemolyticuraemicsyndrome
History
Examination
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Complications
Prevention
16.6.Idiopathicnephroticsyndrome
Introduction
Pathophysiologyofproteinuria
Mechanismsofproteinuria
Definitionofnephroticsyndrome
Classificationofpaediatricnephroticsyndrome
Idiopathicnephroticsyndrome:epidemiology
Clinicalfeaturesofidiopathicnephroticsyndrome
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Complicationsofidiopathicnephroticsyndrome
Treatmentofinitialnephroticphase
Prognosis
16.7.Henoch–Schönleinpurpura
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
DiagnosticcriteriaforHenoch–Schönleinpurpura
Clinicalfeatures
Diagnosisandinvestigation
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatment
Long-termprognosisandfollow-up
Section17.Psychiatric
17.1.Paediatricpsychiatricemergencies
Introduction
Generalapproach
CommonPaediatricPsychiatricPresentations
Suicidalpatients
Anxietydisorders
Psychosis
Otherpsychiatricpresentations
Acknowledgement
17.2.Thetreatmentofthebehaviourallydisturbedadolescent
Introduction
Theprinciplesofpsychiatrictriage
TheABCCofrapidpsychiatricassessment
ManagingtheABCCincludingrestraintandacutesedation
Conclusion
17.3.Autismandbehaviouraldisturbanceinthepre-adolescentchild
Introduction
Underlyingmechanismsinaustisticspectrumofdisorders/neurodevelopmentaldisorders
Approachtoassessment
Challengesinemergencydepartmentpresentations
Approachtomanagement
Management
Ongoingmanagementinthecommunity
Conclusion
Section18.CrisisIntervention
18.1.Sexualassault
Introduction
Definitions
Attitudes/mythssurroundingchildsexualassault
Epidemiologyofchildsexualassault
Childsexualassaultandemergencymedicine
Recognitionofchildsexualassault
Signsandsymptoms
Genitoanalanatomy
Sexuallytransmittedinfections
Diagnosticconsiderations
Roleoftheemergencyphysician
18.2.Childatrisk
Introduction
Definition
Thecommunityresponsetothechildatrisk
Section19.AdministrationInEMS
19.1.Managingthedeathofachildintheemergencydepartment:Bereavementissues
Introduction
Theresuscitationprocess
Talkingtoparentsandfamilies
Layingoutofthechild
Viewingthebody–quietsuite
Thegriefresponse
Supportofthefamily
Culturalimplications
Legalissues
Organandtissuedonationandcollection
Debriefingandsupportforemergencydepartmentstaff
Collaborationwithpaediatricpalliativecareservices
Theconceptofagooddeath
Conclusion
Section20.AnalgesiaandSedation
20.1.Analgesia
Introduction
Assessmentofpain
Management
Non-pharmacologicalmethods
Pharmacologicalmethods
20.2.Paediatricproceduralsedationwithintheemergencydepartment
Introduction
Pre-procedure
Intra-procedure
Post-procedure
Non-pharmacologicalmethods
Pharmacologicalmethods
Section21.Poisoning
21.1.Generalapproachtopoisoning
Introductionandepidemiology
Diagnosis
Riskassessment
Investigations
Resuscitation
Decontamination
Antidotes
Enhancedelimination
Supportivecare
Consultationanddisposition
21.2.Specificpoisons
Commonpoisons
Rareanddangerouspoisons
Section22.Environmental
22.1.Envenomation
Introduction
Snakebite
Scorpionstings
Spiderbite
Tickbiteparalysis
Jellyfishstings
Venomousfishstings
Venomousmarinemolluscs
22.2.Drowning
Introduction
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
History
Examination
Investigations
Differentialdiagnosis
Treatment
Disposition
Prognosis
Prevention
22.3.Heat-inducedillness
Introduction
Causesofheat-relatedillness
Investigations
Management
Prognosisanddisposition
22.4.Coldinjuries
Introduction
Normalphysiology:areview
Hypothermia
Localisedcoldinjuries
Frostbite
Hypothermianotduetoenvironmentalcauses
22.5.Anaphylaxis
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Aetiology
Clinicalfeatures
Investigations
Treatment
Diagnosis
Prevention
Section23.Ultrasound
23.1.Ultrasound
23.2.Diagnosticultrasoundinpaediatricemergencymedicine
23.3.Ultrasoundguidanceforprocedures
Ultrasoundguidanceforprocedures
23.4.Incorporatingultrasoundintopaediatricresuscitation
Section24.CommonProcedures
24.1.Estimatingtheweightofinfantsandchildren
Background
Age-basedtoolstoestimatebodyweight
Length-andbody-habitus–basedtools
Tips
24.2.Basicairwaymanagementtechniques
Background
OropharyngealandNasopharyngealAirways
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Positioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
LaryngealMaskAirway
Equipment
Preparation
Positioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
Bag-Valve-MaskandFlow-InflatingMaskVentilation
Contraindications
Bag-Valve-MaskEquipment
Preparation
Positioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
Flow-InflatingBag
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
24.3.Non-InvasiveVentilation
Non-InvasiveContinuousPositivePressureVentilation
Contraindications
HumidifiedHigh-FlowNasalProngOxygenation
Equipment
Procedure
Complications
Tips
T-PieceVentilationDevice
Equipment
Procedure
Complications
Tips
ContinuousPositiveAirwayPressure/BiphasicPositiveAirwayPressure
Equipment
Contraindications
Relativecontraindications
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.4.Endotrachealintubation
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Positioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
ConfirmationofIntubation
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparationandpositioning
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.5.Thesurgicalairway
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Needlecricothyroidotomy
Surgicalcricothyroidotomy
24.6.Chestprocedures
Introduction
NeedleThoracostomy
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
TubeThoracostomy
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
Three-SidedDressing
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Pericardiocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Standardpreparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.7.Removingandreplacingatracheostomytube
Background
Indicationsforemergentreplacement
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.8.Centralandperipheralintravenouslines
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Peripheralvenouscatheterplacement
Centralvenouslineplacement
24.9.Intraosseousinfusions
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.10.Umbilicalvesselcannulation
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Procedure
Complications
Tips
24.11.Defibrillation
Background
Indicationsfordefibrillation(asynchronous)
Indicationsforsynchronouscardioversion
Contraindications
Equipment
Standardpreparation
Standardprocedure
Automatedexternaldefibrillatorsprocedure
Complications
Tips
24.12.Transurethralcatheterisationandsuprapubicbladderaspiration
Background
Indications
Contraindications
Transurethralcatheterisation
Suprapubicaspiration
24.13.Lumbarpuncture
Background
Indications
Contraindications
