TEXT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN LIBERTY

A

PHILOSOPHICAl.

INQUIRY CONCERNING

HUMAN

LIB E R T Y. The fieo»" EAitioll eorreflea.

L 0 ~ 2) 0 T{.:

Prim,J, for R. ROB INS 0 N, .1 tbl Golden Lion ill SI. Paul's Church­Yard. M DCC XVIL

PR

EF

AC

E.

o 0

11MH:h

cllT

e can

not b

e ta

kln,

to p

refle

nt b

eing

m

ifrm

derft

ood

and pr~

jaJl

d,

in

hand

ling

.fU.ft

ions

of f

IlCh

nice

[pec

ulat

ion,

lI

S th

.[t o

f L

iber

ty li

nd N

.ecef

fi ...

ty:

and

ther

efor

e,

tho'

1 m

ight

;11

jM

flice

t:z

pe8

to b

e re

ad b

efor

e IJ

n}

judg

men

t be

paf

s'd o

n m

e, I

th

~k it

prop

er to

pre

mife

the fo

l~

lfJ8?

ing o

b[er

flatio

n.f •

••

fir

ft, th

rl 1

den

y lib

erty

in

fI ce

rtain

mea

ning

of

that

'W

ord

5

J,t 1

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r li

bert

y, tU

it

fig-

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y tfl

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ings

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nt in

tli

e no

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e gr

eate

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AfJe

rters

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ty,

0<

defm

ded

by m

e, a

d a

ll th

at t

hey

who

tit,

,"

t%pr

efly

mai

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o-fa

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hen

ezam

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e fou

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ount

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ntler

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ilE

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IV

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e 10

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conj

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bee

tsuJe

1 p

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fi on

ly t

o u

. tv

a7ith

., th

at t

hey

are

the

role

foun

da-

prOf

It m

y po

int h

y ex

perie

nce

and

hJ

tions

of m

oral

ity a

nd la

ws,

and

of

,ellf

on,

omitt

ing

aO c

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erat

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r"

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s an

d pu

ni/h

men

ts i

n Jo

cie-

flriE

lly

theo

logi

cal.

By

this

me ..

ry

; .n

d t

hat

the

notio

ns,

I ex

.. tb

od I

ba'D

t re

duc'd

the

",a

tter

to

,lode, a

re fu

bver

jive

of t

hem

. Th

is

II /h

ort

com

pafs

: lin

d bo

pe,

l./h

llil

.-,

l ::r: 1

judg

'd n

ecef

{ary

to

mak

e ou

t, in

gi

fJl! n

o le

ft fa

tisfa

llifm

, th

M i

f 1

t!1

"d

tr~a

ting

a fu

hjel

l th

at h

as r

elat

i-b

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onfid

er'd

it

alfo

The

olog

i-::r: .... t""

.M

to

mor

ality

: he

cau(

e no

thin

g ca

lly ;

for

.0 hu

t Ent

huji"

fts, ru

ft 0 [I.

>

can

/lz

true

'A'hi

ch f

obve

rts

thof

t th

ink

true

T

heol

ogy

conf

lftm

t 0 "d

::r: th

ings

; an

d 111

1 di

fcou

rfe m

uft

he

'A'it

h re

afon

, IZ

nd 'A

'ith

tzper

itl'lC

t. .... n

dife

lli'D

e,

JDhe

rein

tbe

Re"d

er p

er ..

5·

Fift

hly,

if

IZny

/ho

uld

lISle,

>

t""

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itles

IZ

ny d

ifogr

eem

ent

to m

oral

O

f w

hat

ufe

foch

a

Dift

ourf

o z /:)

tru

th;

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ch is

a6

t"l

Jiden

t a6

IZny

is

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mig

ht o

fer

to t

hzir

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c:: .... .(p

eaJlZ

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tru

th,

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muc

h m

ore

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tion,

fir

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tbe

ufef

ulne

fs

of

~ ><

nece

fJary

to

he r

ende

r'd c

lear t

o th

e tr

uth

in g

ener

al;

IZnd

[«o

ndly

, Re

ader

's m

ind,

tba

n tr

uth

in a

J!

the

ufef

ulne

fs o

f th

e tr

uths

1

othe

r fiie

nces

. m

aint

ain

tow

ards

efta

hli./

hing

llZ'

fI)s

+. Fo

urth

ly, 1

ha'lle

intit

uled

my

a~d

mor

alit.

?,

rew

ards

an

d J'

u-~i

fcou

rft,

a P

hilo

forh

ical

In'l

-ui1

' ni

/hm

ents

In

[o

cief

):

hut

/hal

l

rt co

n ..

yi.

P R.

E F

A C

l!.

cont

mt

myf

elf

with

ob

ftT'lJ

ing,

that

it

may

be

of u

re t

o .0

thof

e

..,bo

difi

re

to ~ow

the

trut

h in

the

quef

tions

1 h

andk

, an

d th

at

thin

k ex

amin

ati(m

the

prop

er m

eans

to a

rri'lJ

e at

tha

t kn

0fl11

edge

. A

s

for t

¥,

who

eith

tT

mak

e no

In­

IJui

rid

at 0

0, o

nd co

ncer

n no

t the

m ..

[elv

es

obou

t an

y [p

ecul

atio

ns;

or

",ho

take

up

with

[pec

ulat

ions

with

­

out a

~y e

xam

inat

ion

; or

who

rea

d

fI1Jly

bOt

Jks

to c

onfir

m th

emfei

'lJes

in

the

[pec

ulat

ions

the

y ha

ve r

ecei

v'd;

I aD

o", m

y bo

ok to

be

of

no u

re

to

them

: bu

t ye

t thi

nk t

hey

may

al ..

low

othe

rs t

o en

joy

a ta

fte d

iffer

ent

from

the

ir o

wn.

CO

N.

C O

NT

E N

T S

•.

TH

E I

rrm

J.ai

M

fhcw

blg

that

men

m

ay c

xprc

fs

thei

r 'T

hOug

hts

and

Opi

nion

s w

ith

equa

l de

arnc

&

upon

all

fubj

etls

. 1"

g. 2

-

The

quc

fiio

n,

",IH

,1H

r ""1

11 J,

/I fr

" ., /

I ""~'"

IIfgl

lll, e

xpla

in'd

. p.

II.

I. F

irft

Arg

umen

t, w

here

in o

ur e

xper

i-en

ce i

s co

nfad

er'd

. p.

1 ".

Und

er t

his

head

are

, Fi

rft,

feve

ral

conf

ider

atio

ns o

n t

he

argu

men

t o

f ':t

pn'im

cI.

1~.

Sec

ondl

y,

an a

CCO

unt

of

our

expe

­ri

ence

in

th

e ex

erci

fe o

f th

e P

ower

o

f P

",«w

;"g,

of

1111

1ti"g

. Will

i""

and

D,;

"g .

, ""

",

ill.

p.

; I.

And

laf

tty,

the

Atl

ions

of

men

and

in

feri

or i

ntel

lige

nt

agen

ts a

re

C,,,,, ..

. r,

i.

p. r;

.

II.

Seco

nd

Arg

umen

t, to

pro

ve m

an a

D

ecef

f"ar

y ag

ent,

tak

en f

rom

the

i"'

lOf-

filiI

;,] ,f

li."

'I].

1-57

.

a II

I. T

hird

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tI'1

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::t: .... ('

) >

t"' .... Z

t:) c:: .... ~ -< u.

w

CO

NT

EN

TS

. D

I. T

hird

Arg

umca

t, ca

ken

(rom

the

.."". .. o

f I.

",

.....

the

tnffIH

IM

o( -Ji

t1.

p. 6

s.

lY.

Four

th A

rpm

cDt,

ta

k~ f

l'OPl

the

cx

mflll

crac

ioa

o(

the:

tik

i;'"

p"fo

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,.8

;.

v. fi

fth

Arg

umen

t, ta

Keo

frOI

D di

e: n

a­tu

re

and

"j,

of

"",.,t

I, an

d ,,,,

,,jb­

__

dn

fC'C

:icty

. p.

b7

. V

I. S

ixth

Arg

umen

t, ta

ken

from

the

na-

ture

: of

_,t

li17

. p.

89·

S

cYer

alO

bjea

ions

conf

idcr

'd.

P·9

1•

I. T

hat

;f _

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tl,jiI

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lb.

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hat ;

f .",

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effo"

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p. 9

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&c.

p.

107

. eA

",bori

,", fo

r w

hat h

as b

een

adva

nc'd

. p

.10

8.

The

: no

tion

of

Liftr

17

mai

atai

n'd

by

the

Aut

hor.

p.

II f.

A

A

PH

ILO

SO

PH

ICA

L

IN

QU

IR

Y

CO

NC

ER

NIN

G

HU

MA

N

LIB

E R

T Y

.

" To

Luc

ius.

H

ere

fend

you

in w

ri­

"tin

g

my

thou

ghts

"

conc

erni

ng L

IBE

Il T

Y

., a

nd

NE

CE

SS

ITY

,

" w

hich

you

hav

e fo

ofte

n de

fire

d o

f cc

me;

an

d in

dr

awin

g th

em

up,

c' ha

ve h

ad r

egar

d to

you

r pe

netr

a­'"

tion,

by

bein

g as

fh

ort

as i

s co

n­ee

fift

ent

wit

h be

ing

unde

rfto

od,

and

" to

you

r lo

ve o

f tr

uth,

by

fa

ying

"

noth

ing

but

wha

t I

thin

k tr

ue.

" an

d al

fo a

ll th

e tr

uth

that

I a

p-B

"

preb

end

I

VI

oj:>..

..oj ::t:

rf\

..g

::t: .... I"'" o ~ o ..g

::t: .... (") >

I"'" .... z /:

) c:: .... ~ -<

~ .A

n In

quir

y co

ncer

nillg

" pr

ehen

d re

late

s to

the

fubj

ect,

wit

h

" th

e fm

ceri

ty b

elon

ging

to

the

CO

ll­

" ve

rfat

ion

of f

riend

s.

If y

ou t

hink

"

me

eith

er t

oo lh

C)r

t'n a

nr re~,

" o

r to

hav

e om

itte

d tb

e co

nfid

era­

" ti

on

of

any

obje

aion

, by

it

s n

ot

" oc

curr

iag

to m

e, o

r, t

hat

you

thi

nk

" o

f im

port

ance

to b

e c0

n6de

r'd;

he

" pl

eas'c

l to

acq

uain

t m

e th

erew

idt,

"

and

I.w

ill

give

you

all

the

fatis

fa­

" ai

on

I ca

n.

Inuo

-'T

O

bfc

o.

duft

ion.

IS

a

com

mon

a

ernt

tOn,

ca

R

amon

g th

e le

arne

d,

that

dl

elW

.re

ce

rtai

n m

atte

rs o

f fp

ecul

acio

n, a

bcJJ

t w

hich

it i

s im

poai

ble,

frQ

IR tb

c.aa

ua-e

o

f the

fu

bjeC

h tb

emfe

lves

, to

fp

eak

clea

rly

and

dift

inal

y.

Upo

n w

hic

h

acco

unt,

men

ar~

ver

y in

dulg

ent

to,

and

pard

on

the

unin

tcH

igib

le

dif­

cour

fes

of T

heol

oger

s an

d Pb

ilofo

­ph

ers,

w

hich

tr

eat

of

the

fub1

imc

poin

ts in

th

eolo

gy

and

pbiIo

foph

y.

And

the

re i$

no

quei

ioo

in th

e w

holo

co

mpa

fs

Ham

lin

Libe

rty.

~

com

pafs

of {

pecu

latio

n, o

f whi

ch m

en

haw

wri

tten

mor

e ob

fcur

ely,

and

of

w

bitm

it

is

th

ough

t m

ore

impe

f­fib

le'

to

difc

ourf

t cl

earl

y, a

nd c

on­

cern

iJJg

whi

ch

men

mor

e ex

pefi

, an

d pa

rdon

obf

cure

dif

cour

fe,

than

U

pod

the

fubj

eas

of L

iilw

l.J a

nd N

m/f

i-".

But

thi

s co

mm

on o

bfer

ftti

on,

is

botb

! a co

mm

on a

nd a

lea

rntd

err

or.

For

who

ever

em

ploy

s hi

s th

ough

ts e

i­th

er a

bout

God

or

the

Tri

nity

in

U­

nity

, or

any

oth

er p

rofo

und

(ubj

ect,

ough

t to

hav

e fo

me

Idea

's,

to b

e th

e o

bje

as o

f hi

s th

ough

ts,

in t

he f

ame

man

ner

as h

e ha

s in

thi

nkin

g on

the

m

bil

com

mon

fu

b;ec

ts:

for

whe

re

Idea

's

fail

us

in

any

mat

t-er

, ou

r 1

thou

ghts

mu

ft a

lfo

fail

us.

Ane

it

ispl

ain,

whe

neve

r w

e ha

ve I

dea'

s, w

e ar

e ab

le t

o c

omm

unic

ate

them

to

o­th

ers

by w

ords

t:

for

wor

ds b

eing

B

2

a rbi

-t

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_ itlf

". 6

7 W

"II,

.

-l =

t!1

"d =

.... t-' o fIl o "d =

.... (") ;..

t-' .... Z

to c: .... ~ -< \.

II

\.II

4 A

n In

quir

y co

ncer

ning

ar

bitr

ary

mar

ks o

f ou

r Id

ea's,

we a

n

3

neve

r w

ant t

hem

to li

gnify

our

Idea

's,

as lo

ng

as

we

have

fo

man

y in

ure

am

ong

us,

and

a po

wer

to

mak

e as

m

any

mor

e as

we

have

occ

afiq

n fo

r. Si

nce

then

we

can

thin

k of

not

hiD

g an

y fa

rthe

r th

an w

e ha

ve I

dea'

~ an

d ca

n fig

nify

all

the

Idea

's w

e ha

ve

by

wor

ds t

o on

e an

othe

r; w

hy f

houl

d w

e no

t be

abl

e to

put

one

Idea

into

a

Prop

ofiti

on a

s w

ell

as a

noth

er?

Why

RO

t to

com

pare

Ide

a's

toge

ther

abo

ut

QIle

fub

je£l

as

wel

l as

anot

her?

And

w

hy n

ot to

ran

ge o

ne f

ort

of P

ropo

­lit

ions

int

o or

der

and

met

hod,

as

w

ell a

s an

othe

r? W

hen

we

ufe

the

term

Go

D,

the

Idea

f.g

nif)

r'd

ther

e­by

, oug

ht t

o b

e as

dif

tinS:

and

det

er­

min

ate

in u

s, a

s th

e Id

ea o

f a

trian

­gl

e or

a f

quar

e is

, w

hen

we

difc

ourf

e o

f ei

ther

o

f th

em;

othe

rwif

e.

the

term

G

OD

is

an

em

pty

foun

d.

Wha

t hi

nder

s us

the

n fr

om p

utti

ng

the

Idea

fign

ify'd

by

the

term

G

OD

iato

Hu

mtll

l Li

iert

y.

5 in

to a

Pro

poG

rion.

any

mor

e th

an t

he

Idea

of

a tr

iang

le o

r a

fqua

re?

Ane

l w

hy c

anno

t we

com

pare

tha

t Id

ea

wit

h an

othe

r Id

ea,

as

wel

l as

an

, tw

o ot

her I

dea'

s to

geth

er;

fincc

com

. pa

rifo

o o

f Ide

a's

con6

fts

in o

b'=r

viog

w

here

in I

dea'

s di

ffer

, an

d w

here

in

they

agr

ee;

to w

hich

nod

ling

is

re­

quif

ite i

n an

y Id

ea's

, bu

t th

eir

bein

g di

ftin

S: a

nd d

ekrm

inat

e in

our

Min

ds?

And

finc

e w

e ou

ght t

o ha

ve a

d·if

tinS:

an

d de

term

inat

e Id

ea

to

the

term

G

oO

, w

hene

ver

we

ufe

it,

and

as

dift

ina

and

dete

rmin

2te

as

that

of a

tr

iang

le o

r a

(qua

re;

fince

w

e ca

n pu

t it

int

o a

Pro

pofi

tion

; fin

ce

we

can

com

pare

it

wit

h ot

her

Idea

's on

ac

coun

t of i

ts d

ifti

nane

fs a

nd d

eter

­m

inat

enef

s; w

hy 1

houl

d w

e no

t he

ab

le

to r

ange

ou

r th

ough

ts

abou

t G

OD

in a

s cl

ear

a m

etho

d, a

nd w

itb

as g

reat

per

fpic

uity

as

abou

t fi

gure

8J

1d q

uant

ity.

I

wou

ld

Dot

her

eby

be

thou

ght

B I

1:0

U.

0'1

o-i ::r: I!:I

"d ::r: .... t'"' o rI.l o "d ::r: .... n >

t'"' .... Z

10 c:: .... :;g -<

6 A

n In

quiry

cOr

lcern

ing

to

furp

ore,

tha

t th

e Id

ea o

f G

OD

is

an

ad

equa

te I

dea,

an

d ex

hauf

ls t

he

4

fubi

ca:

it r

efer

s to

, lik

e th

e Id

ea o

f a

tria

ngle

or

a fq

uare

; o

r th

at i

t is

as

ea fy

to

for

m i

n ou

r M

inds

, IS

th

e Id

ea o

f a

tria

ngle

or

a

(qul

l'e;

or

that

it

does

not

req

uire

a g

reat

com

­pr

ehen

lion

of M

ind

to b

ring

tog

ethe

r th

e va

riou

s Id

ea's

tha

t re

late

to

Goo

, an

d fo

com

pare

th

em

toge

ther

; o

r th

at

ther

e ar

e no

t fe

vera

l P

ropo

liti

­on

s co

ncer

ning

him

tb

at a

re d

oubt

­fu

l, an

d o

f wbi

ch w

e ca

n ar

rive

at

D

O c

erta

inty

; o

r th

at t

here

are

no

t m

any

Prop

arat

ions

co

ncer

ning

hi

m

fubj

cfi

to

very

gl

'Qt

Dif

ficu

lties

or

ob

jeai

ons.

A

ll th

efe

I g

ran

t:

bu

t fa

y,

tbey

are

no

R

eafo

ns

to

julli

fy O

bfcu

rity

. F

or,

firf

t, an

ina

. de

quat

e Id

ea is

no

lefs

dif

tina

, as

fuch

, th

an a

n· a

dequ

ate

Idea

, an

d no

lef

s tr

ue,

as f

ar a

s it

goe

s; a

nd t

here

fOre

m

ay b

e di

fcou

rs'd

of w

ith

equa

l cl

ear.

ne

fs a

nd t

ruth

. Se

cond

ly,

Tho'

-th

o Id

ea

Ham

an

Li!J

erl).

7

I". of G

OD

be

not

(0 e

ary

to fo

rm i

n ou

r Min

ds a

s tb

e Id

ea of

a

tria

ngle

o

r a

(qua

re,

and

it r

equi

res

a gr

eat

com

preh

enfi

on o

f m

ind

to b

ring

to

­ge

ther

the

var

ious

Ide

a's

tbat

rel

ate

to h

im, a

nd c

ompa

re.t

hem

tog

ethe

r;

yet

tbef

e ar

e oo

ly r

eafo

ns,

(or

urm

g a

grea

ter

appl

icat

ion,

or

for

not

wri

· ti

ng

at a

ll.

Thi

rdly

, if

a w

rite

r ha

s in

rel

atio

n to

bis

fub

jea

any

dO\lb

ts

or o

bjea

ions

in

his

min

d, w

hich

he

cann

ot r

elO

lve

to h

is o

wn

fati

sfaa

ion,

he

may

ex

pre

i tll

ofc

conc

eptio

ns o

r th

ough

ts

no l

efs

clea

rly,

th

an a

ny

othe

r co

ncep

tions

or

tbou

ghts

. H

e fh

ould

onl

y ta

ke

care

no

t to

exc

eed

the

boun

ds o

f th

ofe

conc

eptio

ns,

nor

ende

avou

r to

mak

e hi

s re

ader

und

er­

ftan

d w

hat

he d

oes

not

unde

rlta

nd

bim

felf

: fo

r w

hen

he e

xcee

ds

thof

e bo

unds

, hi

s di

fcou

rfe

mul

t be

dar

k,

and

his p

ains

ule

lers

. T

o e

xpre

fs w

hat

Ii m

an c

once

ivei

is t

he e

nd o

f wri

ting

; an

d ev

ery

read

er o

ught

to

be C

atif.

B

4

fy'd

,

-J :z: !!1

"tI :z: .... t"" o rn

o "tI :z: .... ('

) >

t"" .... Z

10 c:: .. " >< VI

......

• A

n In

quiry

con

cern

ing

fy'd,

whe

n he

fees

an

audl

or f

peak

of

a fu

b;ea

acc

ordi

ng t

o th

e li

ght h

e ha

s ab

out

it,

fo f

ar a

s to

thin

k hi

m a

cle

ar

wri

ter.

W

hen

ther

efor

e an

y w

rite

r fp

eaks

ob

fcur

ely,

eit

her

abou

t G

OD

, or

any

ot

her

Idea

of

his

min

d, t

he d

eiCB

: is

in

him

. F

or w

hy d

id h

e w

rite

bef

ore

lle h

ad a

mea

ning

; or

bef

ore

he w

as

able

to

expr~fs

to o

ther

s w

hat

he

mea

nt?

Is

it n

ot u

npar

dona

ble.

for

a m

an

to

cant

, w

ho p

rete

nds

to

teac

h?

The

fe g

ener

al

refl

ectio

ns

may

be

con6

rm'd

by

m

atte

r o

f fa

a fr

om

the

wri

ting

s o

f th

e m

oll

cele

brat

ed

dogm

atic

al

auth

ors.

W

hen

fuch

gre

at m

en

as

G A

S-5

EN

D U

5,

CA

ll T

E:;

IUS

, C

U D

­

WO

llT

H,

LO

CK

E,

BA

YL

E,

Sir

ISA

AC

NE

WT

ON

, an

d M

r. D

E F

0 N

TE

N E

LL

E tr

eat o

f tb

e m

oft

prof

ound

qu

elli

ons

in m

etap

hyfi

cks,

m

athe

mat

icks

, an

d ot

her

part

s of

ph

ilo-

Ham

lin

Libe

rty.

,

phil

ofop

hy;

they

by

hand

ling

th

em

as f

ar a

s th

eir c

lear

and

dif

tint

l Ide

a's

reac

h'd,

ha

ve w

ritt

en w

ith

no l

efs

perf

picu

ity t

o th

eir

prop

er

read

ers,

th

an o

ther

aut

hors

ha

ve d

one

abou

t bi

llori

cal

mat

ters

, and

upo

n th

e pl

ain-

eft

and

mol

l co

mm

on f

ubje

as.

On

the

othe

r fid

e, w

hen

auth

ors,

w

ho in

oth

er r

efpe

tls

are

equa

l to

the

fore

goin

g,

trea

t o

f an

y fu

bjet

ls f

ur­

ther

tha

n th

ey h

ave

clea

r an

d di

ftin

tl

Idea

's;

they

do

and

cann

ot b

ut w

rite

. to

as

litt

le purpof~ a

nd ta

ke a

s ab

furd

pa

ins,

as

th

e m

oft

igno

rant

aut

hors

do

, w

ho t

reat

of

any

fubj

eB:

unde

r a

tota

l ig

nora

nce,

or

a co

nfus

'd k

now

­le

dge

of it

. T

here

are

fo

man

y ex

­~m

ples

of

thef

e la

tter

occ

urri

ng

to

ever

y re

ader

; an

d th

ere

are

fuch

fre

­qu

ent

com

plai

nts

of

men

s ve

ntur

ing

beyo

nd t

heir

abi

lity

in

feve

ral

que­

flio

ns;

that

I n

eed

not

nam

e pa

rti­

cula

r A

utho

rs,

and

may

fai

rly

avoi

d ~h

e od

ium

of c

eofu

ring

any

ooe

. B

ut

havi

nl

VI

00

--I

X

l"fl

'"C

X .... r­ o c:f

.I o '"C

X

.... ()

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r- .... z I:) c:: .... :;1:1 -<

10

..A

n In

quiry

cDnc

erni

ng

havi

ng m

et w

ith a

pad

"age

con

cern

ing

the

inge

niou

s Fa

ther

MA

LEIit

AN

CHE

in t

he U

tlt,

s of

Mr.

BA

Y L

1,

wbo

w

as a

n ab

le J

udge

, a

frien

d to

him

an

d a

defe

nder

of

him

in

othe

r re

­fp

eas,

I h

ope

I m

ay

with

out

bein

g lia

ble

to e

xcep

tion

prod

uce

F. M

ALE

­a1

tANC

HE a

s an

exa

mpl

e.

He

has

in

fevc

ral

book

s tre

ated

of a

nd v

indi

ca.

ted

the

opin

ion

of fi

t;""

.o I

hiwg

s ;11

G

oJ;

and

yet

fa a

cute

a p

erro

n as

M

r. B

AY

LIi,

afte

r ha

ving

rea

d th

em

an, d

ecla

res,

that

he

It' ""

"!"ht,

,,ls hi

s _i

o" f

r-

his

1 • .1

book

Ih

." tv,

,. *.

s W

hich

pla

inly

fho

ws

a gr

eat

defe

a:

in F

. M

AL

£ 11

.. A

N C

HE

to

w

rite

up

on a

(ub

jea

he

unde

rAoo

d no

t,

and

ther

efO

re c

ould

not

mak

e ot

hers

un

derf

tand

. Y

ou f

ee,

I be

fpea

k no

fa

vour

in

the

·1-,-_

" _, .. U

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p",

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Len

craf

thc

.(1'

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a.

IiCr 1

70S.

co

Mr.

Dca M

up

tp.

JIM

",."

Li

b,rl

y.

I •

the

quetl

ion

befo

re m

e, a

nd t

ake

the

who

le f

ault

to m

yfitl

f, If

I dO

Bo

t

wri

te c

lear

ly t

o yo

u O

ft it

, an

d pr

ove

wha

t I p

ropo

re.

And

tha

t I

may

in

form

you

, in

w

hat

I th

ink

clea

r to

myf

elf,

I w

iD

begi

n w

ith

expl

aiD

iag

the

fenf

e or

th

e Q

uefti

on.

Man

is

a _

I." .

"" i

f aD

his ~Qw

. aa

ions

are

fo d

eter

min

'd h

y th

e caures:'~

I.-

prec

edin

g ea

ch a

aion

, th

at n

ot O

De"

paft

aaio

n co

uld

poff

ibly

not

ha

ve

com

e to

par

s, or

hav

e be

en o

ther

wife

th

an i

t ha

th

bee

n;

no

r ol

le f

utur

e af

rion

can

pof

fibly

Dot

com

e to

pal

i, or

be

othe

rwif

e th

an it

{baD

be.

He

is

a frt

t A

gtlll

, if h

e is

abl

e, a

t all

Y ti

me

unde

r th

e ci

rcum

ftanc

es a

nd c

aufe

s he

th

en i

s, to

do

diff

eren

t th

ings

: or

, in

oth

er w

ords

, if

be is

not

una

void

a-bl

y de

term

ill'd

in

ever

y po

int o

f tim

e by

the

circ

umfta

nces

he

is i

n,

and

caur

es h

e is

unde

r, to

do

that

one

th

ing

he d

ocs,

and

not

pdfli

bly

to d

o an

y ot

her.

L Th

is

-I ::c t'I

l

"Ij ::c .... t"" o r/.

I o "Ij ::c .... ('l >

t"" .... z I:

) c::: .... :;a

0<

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I ~

An

Inqu

iry

conc

erni

ng

IJ. A

rgu.

L

Thi

s be

ing

a qu

eftio

n of

faU

,U

helD

e!!'

conc

erni

ng

wh

at w

e ou

rfe!

ves

do·,

,.

rCID

~r E

xp!-

we

will

, 6r

ft,

conf

ider

our

ow

n E

x-.. I

cnee

IS

.

h' h

'f

k co

nlid

cr-

pcne

nce;

w

Ie

I w

e ca

n no

w,

as

d.

fure

we

may

, will

cer

tain

ly d

eter

min

e th

is m

atte

r.

And

bee

aure

exp

erie

nce

is u

rg'd

wit

h gr

eat

triu

mph

, by

the

pa

tron

s o

f Lib

erty

, w

e w

ilt b

egin

wit

h a

few

gen

eral

re

fleB

:ions

con

cern

ing

the

argu

men

t o

f ex

peri

ence

:

and

then

we

wil

l pr

ocee

d to

ou

r ex

peri

. en

ce i

tfel

f. G

enen

I J.

Th

e vu

lgar

, w

ho a

re

bred

up

!::-

to b

elie

ve

Libt

rlJ

or F

mJ.

rnn,

th

ink

• u:;

-them

fell'

cs f

ccur

e o

f fuc

cefs

, co

nfta

nt­

;:!rio

Iy

app

eali

ng t

o E

spui

tlle

t fo

r a

proo

f -.

of t

heir

free

dom

, an

d be

ing

perf

uade

d th

at t

hcy

feel

th

emfe

lves

fre

e on

a

thou

fand

oc

cafi

ons.

A

Dd

thc

four

ce

of

thei

r m

ifta

ke,

feem

s to

be

as f

ol­

low

s. T

hcy

eith

er a

tten

d no

t to

, or

fe

e no

t th

e ca

ufes

o

f th

eir

aB:io

gs,

cfpe

ciaU

y in

m

atte

rs

of

little

m

o-m

ent,

Hum

fln L

ib"t

y.

I;

men

t, a

nd t

henc

e co

nclu

de,

tbey

are

fre

e, o

r no

t m

ov'd

by

cauf

es,

to· d

o w

hat

they

do-

. T

hey

alfb

fT

cque

ntly

do

aa

ion

s w

here

of t

hey

repe

nt:

and

bc:c

aufc

ill

th

c re

pent

ing

hum

our,

th

ey f

ind

no

.pre

fcnt

mot

ivc·

to

do

tho

fc

aaio

ns,

they

con

clud

e, t

hat

the

y m

ight

no

t lla

ve d

one

them

at

thc

tim

c th

ey d

id

.them

, and

dia

tth

ey w

ere f

ret f

rom

nc>

ce

ffity

(a

s th

ey w

ere

from

out

war

d im

pedi

men

ts)

in t

he d

oing

the

m.

The

y al

fo 6

rid,

th

at th

ey c

an d

o as

th

ey w

itt,

and

forb

ear

as t

hey

wit

t, w

itho

ut a

ny e

xte.

nal

impe

dim

ent

to

hind

er th

em fr

om d

oing

as

they

will

; le

t th

em w

itl

eith

cr d

oing

or f

orbe

ar­

ing.

The

y lik

cwif

e fe

e, t

hat

they

oft

en

chan

ge t

heir

m

inds

; th

at t

hey

can,

an

d do

chu

fe d

ift'e

rent

ly e

very

fucc

ef­

five

mom

ent;

and

th

at tb

ey fr

ccJ1

!ent

­Iy

del

iber

ate,

and

the

reby

are

fom

e­ti

mes

at a

nca

r ba

llanc

e, a

nd in

a R

ate

of i

ndif

fere

nce

wit

h re

rpe£

l to

judg

ing

they

8l o-i == til

"Ij == .... t'"' o III o "Ij == .... ('l >

t'"' .... z /:) c:: .... ~ -<

I +

An

Inqu

ir:.y

conc

erni

ng

abou

t fo

me

prop

oliti

ons,

and

will

ing

or c

hufi

ng

wit

h re

fpef

l to

fom

e ob

­je

cb.

And

exp

erie

ncin

g th

efe

thin

gs,

they

mif

lake

the

m f

or t

he e

xerc

ife o

f F

rn_

, or

Lib

t'fJ

from

Nm

ffoJ.

For

as

k th

em,

whe

tber

die

y th

ink

them

-•

felv

es f

rn?

an

d th

ey w

ill im

med

iate

­ly

anf

wer

, re

i: a

nd f

ay f

ome

one

or

othe

r o

f th

efe

fbre

goin

g th

inge

;, :ln

d pa

rtic

ular

ly t

hink

th

ey p

rove

the

m­

felv

es fr

re,

whe

n th

ey a

ffir

m,

the1

CA

li

40 A

S th

q w

iN.

Nar

y ce

lebr

ated

Phi

lofo

pher

s an

d T

hco

.rs,

both

anc

ient

and

mod

t'rn,

w

ho h

ave

med

itate

d m

uch

on t

his

mat

ter,

tal

k af

ter

the

fam

e m

lUln

er,

givi

ng d

efin

ition

s of

Lib

t,ty

, th

at a

re

conf

ifte

nt w

ith

f,te

or

Nm

l/it

); t

ho'

at t

he

18m

e tim

e th

ey

wou

ld

be

thou

gllt

to e

x.em

pt f

ome

of th

e af

li­

ons

of m

an f

tom

the

pow

er o

f Fllt

e, or

•

Ope

ra t

o ai

Tert

LiW

tt:/

from

N

ml/i

".

if C

I-,.

11)

61.

. Ee

l. G

ran.

CE

llO

de1

ises

LiN

rlJ

to b

e, •

pur

ur ti

l

• , 4

J W

I,,;

i/.

A nd

the

rein

fev

eral

mo-

6

dern

s

&If

MIl

Li

lle,ry

. • ,

de

tns

fOllo

w h

im.

<:>.Ie

1-d

e60c

s IJ

. t P

I..,

. E

dair

cill

: lie

n] t

o b

e, •

1f'W

" to

1111

. p,

IHJI

to .a

. fur

Ia L

i-7 ~ W

I 'IfI

iI/.

AD

othe

r dd

1nes

it

in m

ore;

bcrt

6.,.:

a.

wor

ds th

us if:

•

11IfI

t' to

JtJ

rPbM

~.~

"ilI,

AIM

bu

tHl}

l 'II

If .1

; fo

JIM

t if l

IN! ~~

rl:!.f

t. tU

.1..,

JPJ

IJ ii,

,.,

. jb

o,J

IlfI

6I.

;I; ."

. 3"

· jht

NJJ

t!U

lII.

M ,h

t 'fJ

lllrt

lTj if

_ .

,ilkl

. 8

it.

And

anQ

ther

t, .

""..

til 11

, .. , P

-t

Lock

';

IN.

All .a

_, ~

DtW."" 18

1.1

, MHr"'~:'::

~II "

tJ,

ot«'" ~ , .

. .-,

fIbe,

.. U

nd

d.

L..

• L

__

'

~ '.JL

.

L..

OR

B_

II.

~. ";

I II

IWT

" ". ..

,"'.

'fI". o

lm'.

n

i. S

. ..

aD

whi

,h 4

efin

itioa

s. if

tho

Rea

der

will

be

plca

s'cl

to r

eik

a, b

e w

ill _

'e

m w

be

only

de

fiaiti

()DS

of l

iwlJ

or

fr"-

frOlll

,.,,

,,ul.

-ttt

/illH

.ts

oj

.aill

l, an

d n

ot

a ft~ o

r l..

iIwlJ

fro

. N

4J;

as I

al

fo

will

iho

w

them

to

be

in t

he f

eque

l o

f chi

s ~

COIoI

rfe,

whe

rein

I

fhaU

(U

ltea

d .

..

q~Ry w

ilb &

hem

for

fuc

:b a

pow

er

as th

ey d

efcr

ibe,

tho

' I

affi

rm,

Tha

c th

en::

is Il

l) L

_IJ

foW

l N4

r1li!J

. F.

fItid

t ALBX"'~~&

the

Jlpm

otlifo

u,

(a B

ib). =.

.. of

t ~e l

?bi~

her

of

the

lld:' v

..

C

lI'd

c5.&

. en

tury

, Phi

l. r •

• 1.

., :I:

tTl

'"Il :I: .... ["' o fI> o '"Il :I: .... (') >

["' .... z I:) e .... l;II:I 0<

0\ -

16

.An

Inqu

iry c

Dnce

rning

C

entu

ry,

and

tlte

earl

ieft

com

men

­ta

tor

now

ext

ant

upon

A,iJ

otlt

, an

d ef

teem

ed h

is b

eft

D1t

llMr

and

II1'

tr-

• o.

r.U

I.!'tt

tr)

defin

es L

i/Jtr

" to

be,

*.,...

p. !D

. 17.

tr

10

Ih.;

; ",h

M 1

0 AD

.J'" t

ltlilm

M;q

1l

.. 1

0Ilfo

l'MiD

lI,

41ltl

10

Ih.f

t ."

tl A

D ""

., ;s

IIIo

ft tli

gibl

t 10

0fI

r rt

.rOll;

,,"

"t-

.s ol

htm

i{t,

IPt

jbo_

ltl J

oIlO

IfI 0

., J

Ul)

. 9

Now

a c

hoic

e af

ter

delib

erat

ion,

is

a no

lefs

nc:

ceff

ary

choi

ce,

than

a c

hoic

e by

fan

cy.

For

tho

' a c

hoic

e by

fan

cy,

or w

itho

ut d

elib

erat

ion,

may

be

one

w

ay,

and

a ch

oice

w

ith

delib

erat

ion

may

be

anot

her

way

, or

dif

fere

nt;

yet

each

cho

ice

bein

g fo

unde

d on

w

hat

is

judg

ed b

eft,

the

one

for

one

rcaf

on,

and

the

othe

r fo

r an

othe

r, i

s eq

ually

nec

effa

ry;

and

good

or

bad

rc

afon

s, h

afly

or

delib

erat

e th

ough

ts,

fanc

y or

del

iber

atio

n, m

ake

no d

iffe­

rene

e.

t • .,-

In t

he f

ame

man

ner,

t

Bilb

op

~,.B

"AMHALL, w

ho h

as w

ritt

en {

even

! 'IS

. bo

oks

fOr

Lik

rty,

and

pre

tend

s to

af-

fert

Hum

Qn

Libe

rty.

I, ter

t the

Lib

erty

tau

ght

by A

R.J

ST

O­

TL

E,

defin

es Li

kr"

thus

: H

e fa

ys,

'llM

.n "

"ilh

IIIU

tS

• M

.,,'s

.l1

i01l

1 ID

It

Ir_I

] fm

, is

ele

Ctio

n; "

hkh

is t

he

.liI

Hr.

" Ih

llji"

g (J

I'

refll

Jillg

uf t

his

or

,11., "

"."s

, (J

I'

,he

."tl

'.'i

oll

of

Ollt

""

."s

"t/o

rt

.1Io

lhlr

, .t tl

ivtr

s 4r

t 10

rr

puft

""tl

~ I

hI

.IIM

rjl4

I1tli

llg.

And

th

at t

his

defi

nitio

n pl

aces

L

ilm

" w

holly

ill

,hllJ

illg

the

fcem

ing

beft

.,as,

and

not

in c

hufi

ng t

he (

cem

-" 6"

. io

g w

orft

mea

ns,

equa

lly w

ith

the

beft

; w

ill a

ppea

r fr

om t

he f

ollo

win

g pa

ffag

es.

He

fays

, ~1;qlls

tlOIl'

;11 f

otl.

,. 7:

>30

tIt"

."tlv

;qU

III !

4M"S

, 4"

1I01

Ir,,;

lit-

11

14_f

t Ihe

" is

110 t

ltlilm

41io

ll lIo

r tl,

,;1;o

ll.

-T"

flJ

thl

wiD

is t

It'tr

llli"

,tl h

I 11

10-

tWII

, th

at

is,

"-'

"40"

s 0'

tli

flClll

rftS,

;1

4S

"'1I,h

.,

to f

.."

thM

th,

A

g'lI

l ;s

,· 7°

7·

12

Mttr

llli,,

'tl "-

' hill

lfilf,

or i

s fr

ee.

&W

lft

",ot

;ws

tIt,,

,.,,,i

_ 11

01 "

"11'

411]

, Im

t ",0

-

r."; whi

,h

kiM

of

.t"""

;lI.

titJI

I ;s

""

jijl

,"t

with

"11'

Libt

r" -J

IJII

,i,t

illg

'h

M t

he w

i' /fJD

{;fPS

""'I

.ril]

the

I.p

C

tli,-

0\

N

~

::z:

tTl

'tl ::z: .... t"' o r.n o 'tl ::z: .... n ;l­

t"' .... Z

I:) c:: .... ,a ...:

.8

An

Inqu

iry

cqnc

ern;

ng

Jic14

1e o

f th

e III

1Jer

{l411

J.illg

, t/

,i(

;s 1

101

ll11r

ll[/iv

e of

IIJ,

lib

trlJ

of Ib

, w

il; I

bis

;s O

N" A

ll '!

J!ot

hetic

41 "

tCef

lil).

io th

at

13

Libe

rry,

with

bim

, co

ntiL

ls in

chu

ting,

or

ref

utin

g ne

ceLf

arily

af

ter

delib

era­

tion

; w

hich

chu

ting

or r

eful

ing

is m

oral

ly a

nd hypothetic~lIy

dete

rmi­

ned,

or

nece

lfary

by

virtu

e of

the ~id

delib

erat

ion.

uJ

lI.J, A

grea

~ Ar

mi"

iAII Th

eol~

~,

• Lc

Cle

rc w

ho h

as w

rit

a c(

)urfe

of

Phi1

ofop

'l),

~::::i

r. an

d en

ter'd

int

o fe

vera

l co

ntro

verfu

:.s

To

m.

xii.

on t

he f

ubje

B: o

f Lib

ert]

, mak

es L

i",,

-,.

IO

i. fi

ll.·

..,·

J,I

h

,~.

,.1

J"+

IJ

to C

OD

III

JO

...

All I

nrA

Ip,re

,,'] t

; 11

1"'",

w

hile

" th

illg

iJ l

I"d~r

delib

erAt

ioN

. FO

't fa

ys h

e, n

;hil,

th,

1I,i

n;, d

elib

erAt

es,

it is

1

m li

lJ th

e m

omlll

t of

.[/i

on;

beca

ufe

noth

ing

aete

rmin

es i

t nt

etD

4rilj

to

.a.

Dr

1I0t

to

4C1.

Whe

reas

, w

hen

the;

14

min

d ha

s ,

IlJi l1

g IIn

der

delib

e,at

ioN

, th

at i

s, w

hen

tbe

min

d ba

llanc

cs o

r co

mpa

res

Idea

's or

mot

ives

tog

ethe

r,

it is

then

no

Iefs

lIe"

jJ.r

ilj d

eter

min

'd

to a

flat

e of

Jndi

ffertl

1'.}

by t

he a

ppea

r-an

ces

1lM

IIII

IR Li

btrt

y.

.,.

aDce

s of

th

afe

Id,a

'. ·a

nd

mot

ives

, tb

an i

t is

.,,,g;,

,,i.lJ ~jn~d {

If"

very

.,._1

of a

ilion

. W

ere

a m

all

to b

e at

lillC

:11y

in

thi

s fla

re fi i

ll;J

f­/t.

rt,,,)

, ~ oq

gbt

to

have

it·

in h

is po

wer

to b

e 11

01 i1

ldij

"'"I

, a~

the

fam

e tU

nc t

hat

he i

s iIIN

./foI,,,,

. If

,:qe,

it""

~~rcfore p'r~ves

the

Ii.

I •

kro

conc

eqde

d fo

r by

me

£0 ....

ad'er

tcrs

of

1*

'1],

it

,r~~ .

Plca

tp

hav

e,.

likr

t) J

r. fI

fll/l'

l/J.

2.

As

the

fore

goin

g aoert~ o

f'li­

beri

jt, g

i" u

s ",f

initi

OJlJ

of

I.A,'I

J,

1M iF

ound

tl!d

oa O

l(pe

ne.,

wh~h af

C

coof

iftcM

wit

b tIt~~ i

fO

fQQ

Je o

f th

e gr

eatA

lt Pa

trons

of

liba

ttyt

do

by

tbc

ir c

p~lI

iODS

in

tbj~

m

ane.

r, f~'"

tlcftr

oy

alI

ar8UtnM~

from

EJ

I~i,

,"'.

B

&A

$WU

I in

his ~~_ f

or

.&u.

. ",

;I, a

gJip

fl~u

TREI

., f

'J§. ~

U'"

~'r.

Ope

n om

. g.,.

-.g

the

tli/Ii

&lIl

till f

fhid

." "",

i$~1

1 111

1.

t. Thtolo

g",s

4IIA

Pbi

lpfo

fl¥r-

lrf t

il ~u,

t. ;s IIIIM

l'ft

ftt"

tit .. l

ite t

-1I;

'(I P

i C

2

fm-

>-l :I:

111 ."

:I:

t"" o rI.I o ."

:I: ... ('

) >

t"" ... Z

I:) c:: .... ~ 0<

0\

Y.I

2,.0

A

n In

quiry

con

cerm

ng

fru-

rrill

. A

nd M

r. L

E

CL

EJl

C,

fpea

k-15

iog

of t

his

Boo

k o

f E&

ASMU

~,

fays

, t

Bib

l. t

th.t

the

fJ.

eftio

n o

f fre

e-JP

iH,

'IfI'S

to

o ~:

:.~ x

ii.}.

"tle

jor

E

IlA

SM

U5

, rv

bo f

r.S

110

P

hi-

,. f

l·

1'./0

,""'

; ",

hi,h

m.k

es h

illl

ofte

n C

Ollt

,.-il,a

hi"

,felf.

16

-I I!

xpof

. T

he la

te B

ilhop

of

SARU

M .1

-, th

o~

,. 1

'7'

he

cont

ends

, E

ve'}

M."

exp

trie

nm

'-,.

27.

li

k'l

J;

yet

owns

, th

at g

re.,

tlil/i

elll­

tits

at

tend

the

fub

jea

011

.It

hllIl

4!,

and

that

the

refo

re

he

petm

as I

IOt

to

eX/l.

ill or

.111,

.", th

em.

17

The

fam

ous

BI!R

NA

IlD O

CH

IN,

a gr

eat 1

,.Ii."

Wit

, ha

s w

ritt

en a

mol

l fu

bde

and

inge

niou

s bo

ok,

inti

tule

d,

Pri

nted

at L

.tb}r

illth

s ,o

ll,r

rlli

"l F

ree.

will

•• ;

. P,e

-~.

tl.

ejlil

l,'io

ll,

&c.

w

here

in

he

lhew

s,

that

they

who

alT

ert,

that

Man

alb

fr

eely

, ar

e in

volv

'd in

fou

r gr

eat

dif­

ficu

ltieS

; an

d th

at

thof

e w

ho a

O'er

t th

at M

an a

as n

ecdf

aril

y,

ran

into

fo

ur

othe

r di

ffic

ultie

s.

So t

hat

he

fOrm

s ei

ght

Up

intb

!,

four

ag

ainf

t Li

htrl

J, a

nd f

our

agai

nll

Nttt

l/ilJ

. H

e tu

rns

Hum

an L

ibtr

ty.

2' tu

ms

him

felf

aU m

anne

r o

f w

ays

to

get c

lear

of t

hem

; b

ut n

ot b

eing

abl

e to

fin

d an

y {o

lutio

n,

be c

oDft

antly

co

nclu

des

wit

h a

Pra

yer

to G

o D

to

de

liver

him

fro

m t

hefe

Aby

ffes

. In

­.t.

Ied,

in

the

prog

rei

of

his

wor

k, b

e en

deav

ours

to

furn

ifh

mea

ns t

o ge

t O

Ut o

f tb

is p

oron

: bu

t be

con

clud

es,

that

the

oD

lJ w

ay,

is t

o fa

y,

wit

h So

CR

.A T

as,

Hoe

till

•• fi

ifl tp

loa.

lIih

il fii

fl.

We

fIIIi!h

t, fa

ys h

e,

lo'e

ft e

OIl­

ItR

UJ,

.ti

l;' f

tlIIei.

MM

, lb

. G

OD

,ef

llir

ts

lI,i

t""

Iht .t/

Ji,."

ivt l

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lUf.

"iw

01 ti

s.

Thi

s is

the

tit

le o

f hi

s li

ft c

hapt

er,

R!tJ

viJ

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1 fo

p,U

iili

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bJri

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18

'fIill

'flO

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. A

fam

ous

Aut

hor *,

'Wflo

a pp

eals

to'

• K

i '."

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tJtft

r""e

e, f

or a

pro

of o

f lib

t,.-d

e .or

: ("

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.11.

; J

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_ J\

fab·

'.91,

,}

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nlQ

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wat I~ f~ ..

oll

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tht

moj

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' J.ij

fie.J

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iD.

ill .

Il P

bito

foph

y :

that

"" k

.,.,

~ 6T

t I.ll"

of 'Q

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itnl

l 10

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uir)

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I(t"

,;ng

P6&

99

-ot

he,

fo"j

ti1:

And

tha

t .be

wri

tts A

­

P.,. lO

S, g

Ainj

1 tIN

to""

"""

NotiO

ll ({

!wrr

'J,

and

N,.

II j' cn

dca v

ours

to

efia

blifh

Ah

Olht:

r nf

JIio

ll,

whi

ch b

c al

low

s to

be

ifJlr

it.lIr

. B

ut h

oW' c

an a

ll th

is h

appe

n in

II

plai

n m

atte

t of

faa

, fu

ppc;

s'd

to b

e ex

perie

nc'd

by

eve

ry b

()dy

' W

hat

diff

icul

ty c

aD

th

ere

be i

n &

ting

II

plai

n m

atte

r of

faa,

aDd

detC

tibin

g w

hat

eve

ry b

ody

feel

s? W

hat

need

of

fo

muc

h Phil~!hy 1

And

w.h

y fo

m

any

cOR

trad

iaio

DSo

n th

e fu

bjc

a?

An

d h

ow c

an a

ll m

m e

xper

ienc

e L

i.

~trlJ.

whe

n it

is

allo

w'd

, th

at t

he

tOlU

lOll

~tiOIl of

lib

erty

;s

fAIfo

, or

D

ot e

xper

ienc

'd;

and

• nt

tfl I

Iolio

ll of

L

ihr'

J,

DO

t th

ough

t on

.b

efor

e (o

r th

ough

J on

but

by

few

) . is

fet

up

as

mat

ter o

f exp

erie

nce?

Thi

s co

uld

nOl

happ

en,

if m

atte

r of

&tl

w

as

clea

r fo

r li

bert

y.

). O

ther

Aff

erte

rs o

f L

ill",

} fe

em

t')riv

en i

nto

it o

n ac

coun

t of

fupp

os'd

in

conv

enie

ncie

s a~tendiDg

the

doc­

trin

c

19

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

~ ~

ttin

e bf

Nm

l/ilJ.

. T

he g

\-eat

El'

ISC

O­

PIU

S, m

his r

".tif

t of

Pm

-wil,

ae­

bow

ledg

es i

n eW

ea, th

at th

e al

fer­

WI

of N

ttt/J

it} h

ave

feem

lng

expe

­rie

nce

on

thei

r lid

e,

and

are

ther

e-by

ver

y nu

mer

ous;

1-T

he.J,

as h

e ob

-t o~

rerv

es,

.Jlti

Jge

o),e

thI

Ng

of m

Olll

ell/,

ill ~~~

;~

i!b;,b

Ibt

, tri

M"'p

h,

'Viz.

. "th

at

the

aoo.

"

will

is

det

erm

in'd

by

tbe

unde

r •.

i. f

land

ing:

."tl

.ffer

t, th

at u

nlef

5 ic

it w

ere

fo;

tIle

will

wou

ld

be a

"

-blin

d fa

cult

y, a

nd m

ight

mak

e ev

il,

" as

evi

t, its

obJ

ea;

and

reje

a w

hat

"

is pl

eifa

nt

and

agre

e'ab

te:

And

"

by

conf

eque

nce,

tb

llt

an pe

rfua

-"

lions

, pr

omif

es,

reaf

onin~s

an

d It

th

reat

s,

wou

ld

be a

'S uf

elef

s to

a

" M

an a

s to

a f

lock

or

a f

rone

."

T/fis

, he

al

low

s to

be

very

pls

fljib

l,.

and

to h

.vt

fIR

_,,'''

''11''

of

p,()b

.lbi-

IiI]

; to

be

tIle

tOTJ

lIIIO

II [e

.lim

tlll of

th

e ftl

JiJO

h; t

o be

tlw

,"1: 011

rrhi

dJ t

IN

~bltJl

tlef

tntl

m

of l

ilitr

lJ h

4ve

J}li

l,

",it/J

iJill

Ii

tillg

.l

iIt

10 A

II/rre

r it;

and

to

C ~

be

ooj :z::

m

'1:1

:z:: .... r' o en o '1:1

:z:: .... (') >

r' .... Z

10 c: .... ::c -< '" VI

~f

.An

Inqu

iry

conc

erni

ng

be I

he 1

·e.if~

II, o

r ar

gum

ent

(or

rath

er

the

mat

ter

of

expe

rien

ce)

B,h"

h hA

S 7I

I.sJe

m

ell

ill

"U II

ges,

IIn4

not

li

fe"

in Il

Jis ~t, fl

lU i

nlo

tilt

op

inio

" o

f Ih

e j"

.:t.z

lnm

/lifJ

oJ 118

thi

n!,!.

B

ut b

tt4l1

fo

it 1

II4/:e

s ,,8

Oil'

lIa

io11

S nu

tjJ,,"

}, a

nd

Ibm

".!,

in h

is o

pini

on,fo

b;:f

TlS

.n

r,­

ligio

n, 1

4rvs

, r,,,,.,

Js 111

14 p"

llijb

1ll,n

U;

be c

oncl

udes

it t

G b,

lIIoJ

l mll

linl

J f41

ft :

and

rtlig

iOll

",.I

:,s

him

IJl

lit I

bis

'0111

-m

OIl

1111;

' ,1

.lIfib

le O

pillio

ll.

Thu

s al

fo

10

man

y ot

her

ftre

nuou

s A

ffer

ters

of L

i­hf

rfJ,

as w

ell

as h

imfe

lf,

are

driv

en

by th

efe

fupp

ofed

.di

ffic

ultie

s,

to d

e-n

y 1I

I411

ifejl

Is"ri,,

,,,.

I fa

y, 1

II411

iftjl

CS!

"i,"

", f

or a

re

we

not

man

ifef

ily

dete

rmin

'd b

y pl

eafu

re o

r pa

in,

anc(

by

wh

at f

cem

s re

afon

able

or

unre

a­fo

nabl

e to

us,

to

jud

ge o

r w

ill,

or a

a ?

W

here

as c

ould

th

ey

fee

that

the

re

arc

no g

roun

ds fu

r la

ws

and

mor

ali-

ty, r

ewar

ds a

nd p

unif

hmcn

ts,

bu

t by

fu

ppof

ing

the

doE

lrin

e o

f N'tf

flil)

; and

th

at t

here

is n

o fo

unda

tion

fo

r la

ws

and

Hut

nlln

Lib

erty

. t 5

and

mor

alit

y,

rew

ards

and

pI

lnijA

.. m

ents

, up

on t

he f

uppo

fitio

n o

f m

an's

be

ing

a fre

e ag

ent,

(as

than

evi

dent

-ly

, an

d de

mon

ftra

cive

ly a

ppea

r) c

bey

~oul

d re

adil

y al

JQ\v

exp

erie

nce

to b

e ag

ainf

t E

m.w

iD,

and

deny

LiIM

tJ,

wbe

n th

ey l

houl

d fe

e th

ere

was

nQ

ne

ed t

o a

Jfer

t it

, in

qrd

cr to

mai

ntai

n th

afe

necc

ffar

y th

ings

. A

od a

s a f

ar ...

ther

evi

denc

e th

ereo

i;

let

any

man

pe

rufe

the

dif

cour

fes

wri

tten

by

the

.ble

ft a

utho

rs f

or l

iber

ty,

and

he w

iD

fee

(as

they

con

fefs

of

one

anoc

her)

th

at th

ey f

requ

endy

con

trad

ifr

them

­fe

lv~

wri

te o

bfcu

rely

, an

d kn

ow n

ot

whe

re t

o pl

ace

Libe

rt};

at

lea

ft,

he

will

fee

that

be

is a

ble

to m

ake

noth

ing

etf t

heir

di

fcou

rfes

; no

m

ore

than

· tet

car.

oJr. M

r. L

oCK

It w

as o

f th

is t

reat

ife

ofI·S

u.

11

Ep

ISC

OP

IUS

, w

ho i

n aD

his

othe

r w

ri ...

ting

s,

file"

"$ h

imfe

lf t

o

be a

dea

r,

llro

ng,

and

argu

men

tati

ve w

rite

r.

i· T

here

are

oth

ers,

an

d th

afe

C:PD

tc:n

dcrs

fo

r Li

ber,

,, as

wel

l q

dc:n

yers

g: -I :x: m

." :x: - I"" o {

IJ

o ." :x: -(') >

I"" - Z 10 c: - ::0 0

(

~6

An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g de

nyer

s o

f it,

w

ho

repo

rt

the

per­

I'uaf

lons

of M

en,

as t

o th

e m

atte

r o

f fa

a, v

ery

diff

eren

tly,

and

alfb

jud

ge

very

diff

i:ren

tly t

hemfelve~

a'*m

t th

e fa

a, fr

om

wha

t is

vutg

arly

be

lie\t;

. cd

am

ong

thof

e w

ho

mai

ntai

n It

tt­

tpiO.

t

Ale

xan-

An

anci

ent

auth

or f

peab

thu

s +

: Fd

cr

de

Fa"

, fa

ys h

e; i

s fll

//irit

lllJ.

y T"

O'tJe

d frf

J1n

aro·

I·lo

. .

,'''

gtnt

rAI

rmi'l

iiJ o

pini

oll A

nd p

tr/iu

ftotl

of

Me;

, th

muj

'. Fo

r, ii,

md

ih tb

illgs

i rr

htll

Mm

Al

l A

gm,

tXC

f!t

/I fe

ll';

tMo

Jijft

lrt

ftom

th

em

Oil

4C&

Oll'

" if

tlllli

»­In

ning

fltm

do

Ell-i

Nti

"ifo

re f

ilEt.

liP,

tbt}

U

N;,o

t hr

tII

iJld

tll.

Wht

refo

re

AR

AX

AG

Olt

AS

, 'h

e C

tazo

men

ian,

tho

" ",

&om

empt

ilJlt

N4I

fIr.li

jI,

o.gh

l No

t td

lit j

ll4gt

d to

Il

tfirv

I II'"

rtg4

rtl,

whm

t7f

poJiw

g th

t to

mm

OIl

p"flU

fOIl

of 41

1 Mel

l iii

IIJ

ferts,

"

Tha

t n'

Oth

ing

is do

ne b

y "

Pat

e;

but

that

it

is

an

empt

y "

nant

e.,1

A

nd a

ccor

ding

to

all

au.

21

thor

s, r

ecot

ding

the

opi

nion

s of

men

in

thi

s m

atte

r, l

he b

elie

f of

Fllt

e, as

to

lftJ"

,.,.

Libt

rtJ.

'1

to

in E

vent

s, h

as c

ontin

ued

t'O'1

je th

o tIIo

J' mm

nrm

ptr!

_lIji

Oll,

both

()f P

hilo

­fo

pher

s an

d Pe

ople

; a

s it

is I

t rli

i$

day

tile It

rfoAj

io"

of

muc

h th

e gr

eate

ft

part

of

man

kind

, ac

cord

ing

to t

he'

rela

tions

of

Voy

ager

s.

And

tho

' it

ha

s no

t equ

afty

pre

vllil

'd a

mO

ng e

hri­

Ilian

s,

as

it h

as a

nd d

geS

amon

g al

l ot

her

relig

ions

p~rties ,

yet

it

1$ t

er·

rain

, th

e Fa

talif

ts h

ave

been

, an

d ar

e ve

ry n

umer

ous

amon

g C

btilH

ahS

: an

d th

e fr

te-w

HI-

Tm

olog

ets

them

-te

lvts

al

low

, if

Thd

t fo

"" C

hrij

liul

· Ree

Ye.'

1 'If

' .I

ul-

of.

L

Apo

l.Yol

. ""

41

g""

# d

flH

'.J.i

, AS

41

1)

tIN

/II

J-I.,

. IS

O.

23 m

ill P

hilo

fopb

ers "~

t.

:,-=

Th

e llc

ute

and

pene

trat

ing

Mr.,

. If.

.

lh.Y

LP

, te

por-

n th

e fil

a,

liS v

ery

dif:­

fere

ntly

und

erftO

Qd

by th

ore

who

hav

e th

orou

ghly

e~a

ntin

·d a

nd c

onfld

er'd

th

e va

rious

aB

:ions

of

Man

, fr

o~

wha

t is v

ulga

rly

fupp

os·d

in

this

mat

. te

r.

Says

he,

t T/

~J

wbo

IJeI

l,.ill

l 1I0

t t D

Utio

. to

the

hollo

m w

hllt

IlIlI'

tS w

ithill

tb

l"',I

IlU

C,

f· !J

' .

1fl'7

. a

• , .. P

ly !"f

ild

e t&

e"tfi

lvis

, t~

4t ,

'''-'

M

uch

r.

frtl

:

.....j ;:c

t!l

"tI ;:c .... t'" o rIl o "tI ;:c .... ('

) ;I>

t'"

.... Z

/:) e .... := -< 0\

-.I

,8

An

lRlju

iry

cDnu

rn;n

,(

frtt

: b

ill;

lhe)

",h

o hA

ve 'D

llpat

rlA-"

,i'/'

'A" I

he J

Dtm

iUtiD

II 41

1d 'i

r"~m

flAl

lctS

of

,hei

r 4i

Ii'O

III,

tioM

bl o

f IIN

ir fr

,edo

m,

411t

1.

• " e

vell

perli

tAJe

d,

,IJAI

thei

r ,,1

I}01l

AliA

11

1I4e

rjlAI

lII.in

gs

Are

Sillv

eJ

Ibllt

'''1

1111

)1

rlJiJ

l th

e ['O

rtl "

,/Ji,1

1 ,,,,,

i,s tll

tm J

'OlIg

. •

Let

ter H

e fa

ys

alfo

, in

a

fam

ilia

r Lct~r,

oh

hc

I) T

h4ll

be b

tjl p

roof

s Al

lldr:

t!. f'

Or L

iber

-o

f 01

_·

h' h

.."

IJ

hr,

169

6, ty

4re

, t

II "

'"

'0111

II

, lr,,

'" '0

Il I

I 11

01

:,:heo!'~.

Jill;

.,,

;, th

AI G

ot!.

JPOI

IIJ. H

the

Alil

llOr o

f .tI.

evil

, A

S fr

Ill A

S g(

)(};'

thol

lgbl

S *.

24

And

the

cel

ebra

ted

Mr.

LE

IBN

IZ,

that

uni

verf

al

geni

us,

on o

ceaf

ion

of

Are

hbil

hop

KIN

G'S

.'1,,1 t

o ,x

ptri

tll"

, (i

n b

ehal

f of

his

noti

on o

f lik

rty,

viz

. =J

i?:'f..A

[Mlll

ty,

whi

,b,

kill

g ill

Jiffi

"III

ID o

f,.

jells

, .lI

a W

IT.,l

Ilillg

OIl'

,,,/Iio

IlS,

Appt

. tit

IS,ft

llfA

liolls

• ."a '

,.[01

1, ,l

ntfo

s ub

ar ...

ril

J Mlq

llg 'O

hjll1

s; .

"t!.

rlll

tim

lbe

rmj,,1

'b

ofi"

~rt

ellb

lt,

'Oil"

bt'.l

Ifo

it h

AS ,

hoft"

it

) de

nies

, th

at w

e ex

p::r

ienc

e fu

eh, o

r 25

any

othe

r Li

l1tr

1y;

bu

t con

tend

s tb

at

we

rath

er e

xper

ienc

e a

dete

rrni

nati

o'l

in aD

oQ

r a!

}ion

s.

Says

Ilc

, W

e IX

·

. rr

im"

Hum

an

Libe

rt).

I, 1"

/,11"

!o.l

lbin

g ;11

III

"hi,"

;II,

li.,s

It

. IIW

'

III 1

0 •

,hoi

,,; _

if

it

IIII,,

,IIS

'''4

1 ""

7.i: •.

Cu.r;

,.,,

1101

gw

t • "4

0" o

f All 0

111

ill,

/i1l

4l_s

, :tf

:: •

litl

lt A

IIlllt

iOIl

",i/J

jbor

P III

, Ih

41

I •

IOllj

litlil

idll

of '01

/1'

IIoJ

ill,

lhe

Wit

s ,I

I-

1tJI

II,./l

illg

us,

tIN p

reftl

ll,

or ,

r",J

iIl(

}4

11 o

f 'Oil

' 11I

inas

, ..

. !t7

JITJ

lill

i, m

.,-

ters

lom

pr,h

tlltl.

tt!. I

IlItI.

er Ih

eft g

r,41

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t s,

iliA

) ,O

lll,ib

llt,

10 l

II.k

, .s

l/n

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rtM

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oIIj,

lIs, "

ilhol

lt hA

Vil

lg m

'OlIr

fo 1

0 • ,,

,,,

;IIJ

iffir

lll&

t, or

to

1 kll

()Jp

1101

"".t ,..

,. of

the

SOIII

, ,m

j,b _

I.!'

" oI

Ij,ifl

, "".

tbt,

fly

,DIo

.,s ti

o flf

oll

tbe

CA

III,llO

ll. In

fi

ne,

he is

fo

far

from

th

inki

ng th

at

ther

e is

the

lea

fl fo

unda

tion

fro

m b

­pe

rilll

tl, f

or t

he f

aid

noti

on o

f Lib

trty,

th

at h

e tr

eats

it

as

a ,h

illie

r.,

and

,."" .

....

com

pare

s it

to

tIN m

Ag

i,.I

,." o

f ,.

26

FA

iri,s

to I

r."s

forl

ll th

ings

. Lt

.jI", T

he

Jour

nali

fts

of P

llris

are

ye

ry

far

from

th

inki

ng

Arc

hbif

hop

KIN

G'S

not

ion

ofl

iben

y t

o be

mat

ter

of experjen~, w

hen

they

fay

, Th

41

Dr.

Kll'

iG, I

ltll f.fi~fj'J w

ith A

II.J o

f tl#

f~""r

~

~ :c !'ll

"I:l :c - !'" o CI

O o "I:l :c ... (j >

!'" ... z o c:: ... := -<

iQ

An

Inqu

i~,

conc

erni

ng

foTl

lltr

nolio

lls o

j Li

btrt

." l

r%ft

l 4

IItJ1l

notio

n; 4

114

",."

ies

illdi

jfere

lltt fo

fAr,

AS

la "

,,,in

tuII

, th

lll

,leA

j"re

is

no

lill

t ",0

-

~i'(lt

btl'

the

e/fo,

1 of

the

thoi

(e o

f til

l w

i//;

plac

et

res

quia

elig

itur,

non

elig

itul"

qu

ia

plac

et.

This

0lill

ioll,

add

the

y,

• Jo

urna

l ",

.Kes

IJ;

'" fr

etpl

ttl,l]

tO

lllr

AJi

[I lJ

i",fe

lf*.

17

~:!.S:

-f So

tha

t up

on t

he w

hole

, th

e af

fair

ehe

.6 o

f of

expe

rienc

e, w

ith re

latio

n to

lib

m),

~~

fland

s th

us.

Som

e gi

ve th

e na

me

Li-

/urI

} to

aC

tions

, whi~ll w

hen

dcfc

rib­

cd;

are

plai

nly

Aai

ons

that

are

ne

­cd

fary

; O

ther

s,

UIO'

a"

peal

ing

to

vu1s

ar ~rience,

yet

i~co

nfil

lent

ly

ther

ewith

, cO

Dtra

dia

the

vulg

ar e~

perie

nce,

by

owni

ng i

t to

be li

n in

lr;.

el

lll

",4/

le,;

and

tr

eatin

g it

afD

er a

n in

tric

ate

man

ner;

Oth

ers

are

driv

en

ioto

the

defe

nce

of Li

bert

], b

y di

ffic

ul.

ties

imag

iA'd

to

flo

w

from

the

do.

th

ine

of

Ne,

e/lit

}, co

mba

ting

wha

t th

ey a

llow

to

be m

atte

r of

fee

min

g ex

peri

ence

; O

ther

s,

and

thof

e th

e m

oll

d!fc

erni

ng,

eith

er t

hink

lib

erty

ca

nnot

Hu~ Lwu~.

~1

~Dnot ~

prQ

v'd

by e~PCfionqt,

Oli

dlin

k M

I:I1

qlay

*

\ly .

x~r.i.en~

tbat

~y a

re "e

~tJJ

AT)

4g4W

/; ~D

~ t1W

bu

lk o

f Ma

~kiq

d ba

r9 a

Jw.a

y~ b

c:c"

perf

uade

d tb

at

thc:

y ar

e .q

eoej

flUY

.A

gJ:o

ts.

lk\f

iIlg

thU

$ p3

v'd

the

w.ay

by

0!l

r g

; ~il'lg t

hat

lifle

rty

i5 Q

O~ ,

. pJ

aiQ:

~-:'

1J

1lIm

t" of

e¥l*liienc~

&6' a

rgul

lle'-J

.t5 r"

'cn4.

dr

awn

f~qm

the

alfe

rters

pf

Jibc

ny

them

felv

C$,

aM

by

CQ

Ilfeq

\WnQ

J fu

b-vc

ned

tl\c

argu

men

t fto

m e

xpe .

. i~co

for li

~rty

.;

we

will

now

~QQ

ovet

th

e v~rious

aaio

ns o

f M

eD w

bidt

ca

n be

con

ceiv

'd t

o con~rn t

his

fub-

jet}

, an

d ex

amin

e, w

heth

er W

I!:

call

know

fr

om e

xper

ienc

e, d~t M

an..1

a fr

~ or

a, n§~Jfary A

gent

. I

tbia

k th

pfe

aflio

ns

nt4y

he

re

duc'd

to

. th

ek f

olJr

: I. Percep~ion

of I

cb \l.

2

. Ju

dgin

g of

Pro

pofr

tions

. J.

W.j

~ in

g.

4. D

oing

u w

e w

ill.

I.

Per

cept

io.

of I

I.e4'

s. O

f th

is !'a

T tu

ere

cal)

be

no

difp

ute

but

it is

fd:'"

a

.., :z::

tT1 "d

:z:: .... t"

" o Vl o "d

:z:: .... (j :>

t"" .... Z

o c:: .... ~ -< $

• ).A

n I

nqui

ry c

once

rnin

g a

nece

ff'ar

y aa

ion

of

man

, fin

ce i

t is

B

ot

even

a

volu

ntar

y ae

Hon

. T

he

Idea

's b

oth

of f

enfa

tion

and

reR

eCtio

n,

offe

r th

emfe

lves

to

us

whe

ther

we

wil

t or

no,

and

we

cann

ot r

eje(

} 'e

m.

We

mui

l be

con

fcio

us t

hat w

e th

ink,

w

hen

we

do t

hin

k;

and

ther

eby

we

nece

ff'ar

ily h

ave

the

Idea

's

of R

eRe­

aion

. W

e m

uil

alfo

ufe

our

fen

fes

whe

n aw

ake;

and

ther

eby

nece

ff'ar

ily

rece

ive

the

Idea

's o

f Sen

fatio

n.

And

as

we

ncce

ff'ar

ily r

ecei

ve

Idea

's,

fo

tach

Ide

a is

nec

elfa

rily

wha

t it

is

in

our

min

d:

for

it i

s no

t po

ffib

le

to

mak

e an

y th

ing

diff

eren

t fr

om

itfcl

£ T

his

firf

t nc

ce[a

ry a

frio

n,

the

rea·

de

r w

ill f

ee,

is

the

foun

datio

n an

d ca

ufe

of a

ll th

e ot

her

inte

llig

ent

aai­

OD

S of

man

, an

d m

akes

th

em

alfo

m

ec:e

ffary

. F

or,

as a

jud

icio

us a

utho

r an

d ni

ce o

bfer

ver

of

the

inw

ard

aUi.

•

Lock

e',on

s o

f M

an,

fays

tr

uly,

'*

Telll

/ies

Cra:l..

hive

,IN

;, [A

CTea

illlA

ges,

.. tl

",

fie

whA

' p.

1.:

1..

ill

jltu"

" tht

.! hAv

e .1T

l'A}s

h.t

l ,'t

/tT

"gr

e.,

pArt

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

~l

I'"

of

mAI

I/:iIl

J. B

llt

ill

trll

th,

tIN

UtA

'S A

1Ia l

.ug

ts i

ll ",

ells

",in

as,

""

the

INV

ISIB

LE

. P

OW

E.R

S t

hAt

'OIIJ

II11I1

1}

gWIT

II t

hem

" 4I

Ul t

o th

eft,

tht]

Im

ive,

. 28

[A

ll] P

4J A

reM

) fll~lIIif]ioll.

2.

The

fec

on.d

aa

ion

of

man

is]

udtn

, jlU

lgin

g o

j pr

opD

fttiO

lIS.

All

prop

ofi-

fi~ia:

~'"

tions

m

uil

appe

ar t

o m

e ei

ther

fel

f. ev

iden

t, or

ev

iden

t fr

om

proo

f, or

pr

obab

le,

o~ i

mpr

obab

le,

or d

oubt

· fu

l, or

fal

fe.

Now

the

fe, v

ario

us a

p­pe

aran

ces

of p

ropo

fitio

ns t

o m

e,

be-

ing

foun

ded

on m

y ca

paci

ty,

and

the

degr

ee o

f li

ght

prop

ofiti

ons

fran

d in

to m

e; I

can

no'

mor

e ch

ange

tho

fe

appe

aran

ces

is m

e, t

han

I ca

n ch

ange

th

e Id

ea o

f re

d ra

is'd

in

me.

No

r can

I

judg

e co

ntra

ry t

o th

ofe

appe

aran

ces:

fo

r w

hat

is j

udgi

ng o

fprp

pofi

tion

s,

but

judg

ing

that

pro

poG

tions

do

ap-

pear

as

they

do

appe

ar?

whi

ch I

can

-no

t av

oid

doin

g,

wit

hout

ly

ing

to

myf

elf:

whi

ch i

s im

poff

iblc

. If

any

m

an

thin

ks h

e ca

n ju

dGe

a pr

opo-

D

fitio

n,

~

o-j ::c t'>I

"tI ::c .... r'" o [f

J o "tI ::c .... ("

) >

r'" .... Z

/:) c: .... :1:1

0(

~+

.An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g fi

tion,

ap

pear

ing

to h

im e

vide

nt,

to

be n

ot e

vide

nt;

or a

pro

babl

e pr

o­pe

titi

on,

to b

e m

ore

or le

fs p

roba

ble

than

it

appe

ars

by t

he p

roof

s to

be;

lie

kn

ows

not

wha

t he

fay

s,

as h

e rn

a V f

ee,

If h

e w

ill

defi

ne h

is w

ords

. Th~

nece

dity

of

bein

g de

term

in'td

by

appe

aran

ces,

w

as m

airt

tain

'd b

y an

th

e ol

d Ph

ilofo

phen

, ev

en b

y th

e ~,

w"II

,ls

or

Setp

titks

. C

J C E

R 0

A -~

fa

ys,

To.

",.ft

tAke

fr

om "

Miu

l hi

s c .

.. em

. 2bc

ft, fe»

fel, i

f you

t4k

e f,o

m h

i,,!

the

porr

e, o

f Ji

,2

. .f

fint

i»g

; fo

r if

;s .

IS II

mffh

) th

r ",;

l1a

/how

lJ. J

iel.

to

"hAI

n

rlt4

~ M

th

4t

A

".lI

e h4

/!gl11

g ""

• b

Jt41

1",

/hof

llJ

(ink

"ith

fI'

t~h'

It,J

. Oil

it.

For

41 A

ll li

ving

"e

lltllr

ts '4

;;;'0

1 Im

t Mpr

e "h

4t ;s

"zr

ee­

.ble

10

t'bcf

t'""t

ftrts

, Iii

tbty

'41

1110

t hi

lt • .J

Jellt

tb

tillA

t ;s

tie.

, W

hert

fore

, if

th

ole

tbiw

gs "

""eD

t,,,

JiJ

itIt

e.."

t'f

le;

;1 is

10

110 1

111'P

Oft t

o /p

tll'

of 4

Jfe1l

t. Fo

r he

,,11

0 Ap

preh

e"JS

or

ttree

irle

s "'"

th

illg,

• .!

font

s ,,,

,,,,,.

,.,el

].

Aga

in?

.!t1J1

1It11

onl]

l,eft/

ies

tbe

1,.o

i" o

f 'Vi

,,; "

" cf

",

i".e

,

Hum

an L

iber

ty.

~;

ftylm

,t, th

e Jle

At!)

perfo

rm""

" "he

reof

, ""t

! Jh

trel

l" to

"h"

h, tl

tpel

la 0

" "h

lil "

mA"

bj

s .!

ellu

a to

.,,1i

A"'O

V'tl.

A

na it

;s

IItttj

fM',

th.1

joln

et1w

ig /

bOllIJ

A"t

Ar

to

liS

IItfd

re f

ie .0

, .i_

IhAl

we

/hol

lia i

f-f*

" (h

it A

lpeu

41I,e

. 'H

'her

ifore

he

",110

ruts

AfII

ll)

A"e

U41

IttS

Ima

".!fo

nt

29 Jr.

"'41

1,

tJeJlr

o)s

All

Al

1iO

" ;"

him

. 't

befb

rte

6f

this

re

afon

ing

man

i-tem

y ex

ttll

ds t

o an

the

vari

ous

judg

-m

ents

m

en M

ake

upon

the

ap

pear

-an

ces

of th

lDgS

. A

nd C

ICE

RO

, as

an

A

cade

Mtc

k or

Sce

ptic

k, m

uft

be f

up-

pos"

d to

ext

end

"eee

/lif]

to

eve

ry k

ind

of j

'lIlg

t1lle

lll o

r .!

felll

of

man

upo

n th

e ./p

tu""

,el

(or

as th

e G

,eek

s ca

ll th

em

• .,,

, ... ,,

, an

d hi

mfe

tf

th-:

Pifo

) o

f th

ings

. S

EX

TU

S E

MP

IltI

CU

S f

ays,

th')

Pyr

rhon

.

who

J4"

the

S,tl

lit/

is tA

ke A

lVA]

App

tllr-~~

~~.1

• ."

fes,

hAVe

not

'OIl'

VtrI

'J flu

h th

em, A

nA

M tI

Ot

• .J

erI.

"tI

,be"

,. Fo

r IF

f Je

jlrO

) IlO

l the

,.ffio

"s, to

"h;

,h o

llr fe

llftS

P"

A '_

filv

es

e:Kp

os'd

whe

ther

""

,,10

fiT

110,

"".

,,/ii,

h Im

e 11

4 to

fob

mJt

to

""el

lT-

D s

11

11"1

.

>-I

:I:

ttl

"d

:I: ... t'" o {

Il o "d

:I: ... ("

) >

t'" ... Z

/:) c:: ... '" ><:

--.l .-

~ 6

An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g A"

'ts. F

OJ'

w/Je

n it

;s

/lilt'

. III,

whe

ther

ob

jetl

s ar

e fu

eh

as t

hey

appe

ar?

"e

J.e1lJ

"ot

Ihr

ir A

fftA

TAne

tS

"OT

tloub

t of

th

em,

but

0119 f

JueJ

Iio1l

. "h

ethe

r th

e t~

-te

r",J

~jt

'1s

Are

li

~e t

be A

fftA

TA

"m.

30

Will

ing.

3·

WiU

illg,

is

the

tbir

d aa

ion

o

f m

an,

whi

ch I

prop

ofe

to

conf

ider

. It

is

mat

ter

of

daily

exp

erie

nce,

tha

t w

e be

gin,

. or

for

bear

, co

ntin

ue,

or

end

feve

ral

atli

ons

bare

ly

by

a th

ough

t or

pre

fere

nce

of

the

min

d,

orde

ring

the

doi

ng o

r no

t do

ing,

the

co

ntin

uing

or

endi

ng.

fuch

01

" fu

eh

atli

ons.

T

hus

befo

re

we

thin

k or

de

liber

ate

on a

ny

fubj

ect,

or

befo

re

we

get

on

horf

e-ba

ck,

we

do

pref

er

thof

e th

ings

to

any

thi

ng e

lfe i

n co

m­

peti

tion

wit

h th

em.

In l

ike

man

ner,

if

we

forb

ear

thef

e aa

ions

, w

hen

any

of

them

are

off"

er'd

to o

ur t

houg

hts:

or

if

we

cont

inue

to

proc

eed

in a

ny

one

of th

efe

aaio

ns o

nce

begu

n: o

r if

at

any

tim

e w

e m

ake

an e

nd o

f pr

ofec

utin

g th

em;

we

do f

orbe

ar,

or

cOD

tinue

,

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

~7

cenc

inue

, or

end

the

m o

n ou

r pr

e­te

renc

e o

f the

far

bear

ance

to

the

do-

ing

them

, of

the

con

tinu

ing

them

to

the

endi

ng

them

, an

d o

f th

e en

d-iu

g to

the

con

tinu

ing

them

. T

his

pow

er o

f th

e m

aR t

hus

to o

rder

the

be

ginn

ing

or

forb

eara

nce,

th

e co

nti­

nuan

ce o

r en

ding

of

any

aaio

n,

is

call'

d ,. .

,ill,

and

the

aau

al

exer

-ei

fe t

here

of,

.,iU

illg.

The

re a

re

two

quef

tions

uf

uaU

y pu

t ab

out

this

mat

ter:

jr

ft.

Whe

­th

er w

e ar

e at

libe

rty

to w

ill, o

r n

ot

to w

ill?

;eoI

l41]

, W

heth

er w

e ar

e at

lib

erty

to

will

one

or

the

oth

er o

f tw

o or

mor

e ob

je£l

s?

I. A

s to

th

e fi

rft,

.,lItt

her

R

Ar~

A' lib

erl]

10

.,ilI,

or I

I. to

"il

l?

it i

s m

anif

eft,

we

have

not

tha

t li

bert

y.

For

le

t an

as:

ion

in a

man

', P9

wer

be

pro

pos'd

to

him

as

pref

ently

to

be

done

, as

fo

r ex

ampl

e,

to "

'.l~

; th

e w

ill t

o w

alk,

or

not

to w

alk,

exi

fts

imm

edia

tely

. A

nd w

hen

an a

aio

n

D J

in

-.J

N

..-j ::I:

t!'l

"d

::I: .... l""' o til o "I:l ::I: .... (") >

l""' .... Z

10

C! .... ~ -<:

~~

.All

Ifll/u

iry (O

I'IU,n

;ng

in a

mau~s p

ower

is

prQ

pos'd

to

_ to

be

done

to

mor

r.ow

, as

t, ",

.1" Itl

",or

,o,,;

he

is

no l

efs

oblig

'4 t

o h

ne

fam

e im

med

iate

w

ill.

He

mu

l ci

­tJ

lcrJ

uve

a w

ill t

o6le

farw

iUin

gabo

ut

tbe

mat

ter P

l"op

os~d

. or

lUul

will

im

­m

c:di

atel

y in

re

latio

n to

the

th

ing

prop

os'd

: an

d O

I\C or

the

Oth

er

oi

thoi

i: w

ills

muf

t exi

ft im

med

iate

ly, n

o le

fs t

han

the

will

to

wal

k, o

r no

t to

wal

k in

the

fur

mer

cat

e.

Whe

refo

re

ill e

\~er

y pr

opof

al o

f fo

met

hing

to

bit

done

w

hich

is

in a

mae

's p

ower

to

do,

be c

anno

t bu

t ha~

fom

e im

IDe-

diat

e w

ill.

31

Hen

c(; O

J ppe

ars.

the

mif

take

of t

hoi:

L

ocke

o

f w

ho I

hi",

k m

en

at I,

,,,,,,

10

"i/I,

or

~::i

\ 2.

1101

10

.. ,II

, ""4

IIP, f

a y th

ey,

,lny

,."

c. 2

1.

fo/it

"J r

ri8i1

rg,

in

rela

tion

to a

aion

s to

be

done

to

mor

row

; w

her

ein

they

pl

ainl

y Cl

ODfo

und

them

fdve

s w

ith

wor

ds.

For

w ba

a. it

is

faid

, m

an is

lIe

ceO

'arily

det

crm

iD'd

to

wil

l; i

t is

D

ot

tber

cby

unde

rfto

od,

tbat

be

is

dete

rmin

'd

JIM

.IIII

Libe

,'J.

it

date

rmin

'd t

o w

iD o

r ch

uR: o

ne o

ut

01 t

wo

objc

as i

mm

edia

tel,

in e

very

c:a

G: p

ropo

s'd t

o k

im (

or t

o ch

ure

at

aD in

fom

e ta

Gs;

as

whe

ther

he

"iU

tr

avel

int

o fi

.."

or H

_.)

, bu

t th

at o

n ev

ery

prop

ofal

he

muf

t De

­c:

e8'ar

ily h

ave

Com

e w

iD.

And

be

is

DO

t le

i det

erm

in'd

to

wiD

, be

cauf

e be

doe

s ofte

n fu

fpen

d w

iDin

g or

cbu

-fin

g in

ce

rtai

n ca

fes:

fo

r jll

/ptIl

Jing

10

w

il, i

s id

Clf

an tI

JI o

f .. il

illg

; it

is

wiD

ing

to

defe

r w

iDin

g ab

out

tbe

mat~r p

ropq

s'd.

In f

ine,

tbo

~ gr

eat

ftref

S is

JaU

t OD

the

c.f

e of

fofi

'lItl

i"t

,IN w

iU, t

o pr

ove

liim.J,

yet

ther

e is

no

diffe

reD

ce b

etw

een

that

aDd

the

mol

t co

mm

on c

afes

of

wilt

ing

and

cbuf

ing

upon

the

maB

ifeft

exce

llenc

y o

f one

ob

jea

befo

re a

noth

er.

For

as w

hen

a m

an w

ills

or c

hufe

s liv

ing

in f

Ag_

lua

bef

ore

goin

g ou

t of

it (

in w

hich

w

ill

he i

s m

aoifc

ftly

detc

rmin

'd b

y tb

e fa

tisfa

fHon

he

ha

s in

Jiv

ing

in

fJ,g

I"'J

) he

rej

efls

the

will

to

go o

ut

D

4 o

f

.-j =

r!l "1:1 =

... I:"" o fI.I o "1:1 =

.... n >

I:"" .... z o c::: ;; >

( ......

1M

40

An

Inqu

i,y c

oncm

Jing

o

f En

gl ••

Ii;

fo a

man

, who

fuf

pend

s a

will

abo

ut a

ny m

atte

r,

will

s do

ing

Jlot

hing

in

it a

t pr

elC

nt,

or r

ejef

is

for

a tim

e w

illi

ng a

bout

it;

whi

ch

circ

umft

ancc

s o

f who

lly r

ejef

iing,

and

re

jefi

ing

for

a ti

me,

mak

e no

var

ia­

tion

tha

t af

feas

th

e qu

eftio

n.

So

that

w

illi

ng

or

chuf

ing

fufp

enfio

n,

is l

ike

all

othe

r ch

oice

s or

will

s w

e h3

ve.

2. ~ondly, le

t us

now

fee

, "lI

dltr

rre

lITe

.,

likr

fj to

",iO

Of" '''"

ft 0

IIt.

or

the

olhe

r of

tfIHJ

Of"

",or

e o/

;jtl1

s. N

ow a

s to

th

is,

we

wil

l,

prj,

conf

ider

, w

he­

ther

we

are

at l

iber

ty t

o w

ill o

ne o

f tw

o or

mor

e ob

jcas

whe

rein

we

dif­

cern

any

dif

fere

nce:

th

at is

, w

here

on

e up

on t

he w

hole

fee

ms

mor

e ex

­ce

llent

tha

n an

othe

r:

or w

here

one

up

on t

he w

hole

fecm

s le

fs h

urtf

ul th

an

anot

her.

A

nd th

is w

ill n

ot a

dmit

of

muc

h di

fput

c,

if w

e co

nfid

er

wha

t w

illi

ng i

s. W

iDin

g or

pre

ferr

ing,

is

the

fam

e w

ith

rcfp

cfl

to g

ood

and

evil,

Rum

an L

iber

ty.

41

evil,

tha

t ju

dgin

g is

wit

h re

fpei

l to

tr

uth

or f

aUho

od.

It i

s ju

dgin

g, t

hat

one

thin

g is

upon

the

who

le b

ette

r th

an a

noth

er,

or n

ot f

o ba

d as

an­

othe

r. W

here

fore

as

we

judg

e o

f tru

th

or &

11ho

od a

ccor

ding

to

appe

aran

ces;

fo

we

mul

l: w

ill o

r pr

efer

as

thin

gs

fcem

to

us,

unle

fs w

e ca

n ly

e to

our

­fe

lves

, an

d th

ink

that

to

be w

orft

, w

hich

we

thin

k be

ft.

An

inge

niou

s au

thor

exp

refT

es t

his

Loc

ke'.

mat

ter

wen

, w

hen

he f

ays,

" th

e fl

lt-~~!.:

"fli

Oll

, w

heth

er

a m

an b

e at

tib

er. U

ndo

J. ".

'11

h'

h

f h

h \:.

u.C

cEt.

" ty

to

WI

W

IC

0 t

e tw

o e

:s.

" pl

eafe

s, m

otio

n or

ref

t; ,

.rri

es t

be

" u

fort

lifJ

of i

t fo

11I

U1ift

ftlJ

i. ;

1.

" ftl

J, t

h.,

olle

_ig

hl h

en",

k

ftt/lK

i. "

t.,fJ

,om

1l,e

li,

th.,

lilH

rfj

'01let

r1lS

"

tlO

I th

e .,.i

N.

Fllr

to .

sk,

whe

ther

a

" m

an

be a

t li

beny

to

will

eith

er

" m

otio

n or

rel

l, fp

eaki

ng o

r m

enee

, "

whi

ch

he

plea

fes?

is

;0 u

k, r

Pht-

~ th

er •

?11

411

, •• "

iN ""

'AI h

e wi

Os, o

r r

k Il

wV

. ",

ilb

wb.

, be

is

lIeu

'.

" ",

ith?

~

>-! =: rrl

>tI =: .... t'" o I;

Il

o >tI =: .... (') >

t'" Z

10 c:: .... :;tI

>(

4'

.An

l"f"

;ry

conc

erni

ng

" "i

th 1

A f

lltJi

o. ,

,,.,

""is

1It1

...

" f"

".·

" 31

T

o f

uppo

fe a

fenf

ible

be

ing

capa

· bl

e o

f will

ing

or p

refe

rrin

g, (

caU

it

as y

ou p

leaf

e) m

ifery

, an

d re

fufin

g go

od,

is t

o de

ny i

t to

be

real

ly f

en­

fibl

e;

fur

ever

y m

an,

whi

le h

e ha

s IU

s Ce

niCs,

aim

s at

ple

afur

e an

d ha

p­pi

nei.

aDd

avoi

ds p

ain

and

mit

ery;

an

d th

is,

in w

illin

g a8

:ions

, w

hich

ar

c fu

ppos

'd

to

be

atte

nded

w

ith

the

mol

l te

rrib

le c

onfC

quen

ces.

And

th

eref

ore.

the

ing

enio

us M

r. N

OIl

IlIS

t ~ t

very

juf

tly o

bfer

ves,

th

at .

, ,,1

10

r:f~

,,.,.;,

P1 tl

Ui i

t •

tM i"

J'" t

f,tIII

I­",

iff,.

JJ t

bi""

,,,

,jitk

,'J,

• It

/er

,.

'fIil;

fIIhm

IiJe

it ;s~h IW

, fb

-U

,,,,,,,,it

it: a

Dd

he iD

ftanc

es i

n St

. PE

­T

U'S

dcn

jal

of h

is M

afte

r, J

Pho,

he

fays

, jll

ag'll

'luJ ,.

, ",

oft ,Iigi~h

""i,h

1M

,htIf

t; lb

. is

, hi

jlla

,'tl ,

he f .

. tf M

e lI

Ji",

his

M4f

le"

• ,IIi

11 1

''.1''''

jlll

l­al

l", to

~"

• It

' wi/

, ,h..

t" .

...

gIl'

of ,,

01 ,"

IIi,

,: h

i-, ..

tl fo

#

it.

a,IR

·

Btl

." L

ibn.

fJ·

4i

Olb

mlif

o; i

f hi

h.ll

, •• III

I"J./ '-

"

i, A

gr

""" w

il, .,

,11f

t .,,, it

,.

,mlt

;. t

he O

Ibtr,

hi

ffD

IIlll

"""

,hD/iI

a gr

ati!"

., ."

tl lO

"P'JII

''''1.J

Nw

,,;/l

ell "

,,;I

33

~.

n':

!, w

hich

is

im

pafli

ble.

Aa

d.t

anot

her

acut

e Ph

ilofo

phcr

obforv~

'if th

at ,

her,

.'c

;11 F

ranc

e IIU

IIJ "

'"

• laI

r. IfI

II'IIu

lS,

_ go

'tl -"

.I w

ith g

r'. "

. !':

-~

l."iI .

. tI.

T

ill,

ItJIIJ

IP ,IN

, .. ,.1

1.J "!

ff_J;

6'r,

YOI. •

• ',7

''­Go

J., J

Itt U

I.

,h fI

jfo."

JH

tIltl

loft

,h""

(f

uppo

fe)

,,,,,

,ijlo

I,s, ..

. h

."i"

, ",.

ko

,l. ,

IN ,

h.'g

l, ..

. jU

M.iM

g Ih

., t

his

,fill'

p.ul

.s

oft

,. .

, ,"

'r., ., fo

jlWM

' ..

. [u

Up

, ""

,IIJ

r.lM

uc .. M

Il. 1

M

fom

iliel

'o.

/ng

tMir.

6rt.e

t4 'b

t} ~

34

it b

mtr.

to

offm

J, G

oJ,

IhM

I 1N

g. In

fin

e,

tbo'

the

re is

. ha

rd.,.

aDY

I tb

i.ng

fo

a.b.fu

rd,

but

forn

o. a

.uciea

a:.

philo

foph

er o

r ot

her

may

be ~ iQ

r if

; ye

t ac

cord

ing

to P

LA

TO

t,

-J,O

pen

of tI

N.

wer

' fo

-fo,. ID

lA,

Ih.,

."'S

e::~

J:J

'/

I _

:1

nd h

1

1'.

_ Y

ol

I, ,

.

<U

fO

IVI

'110

"II

IAn

ll;

a e

a ...

n"·3

.. ':,

J .. '.

that

il

;1 'O

IItrA

TJ

10 Ih

I ".t .

.. o

f.", 1

4

follo

lP t'

Uil,

M ",

II,

em' II

1II ,

--ra

g.;

an

d

o-i := t!I

"I;j := ... t"' o II> o "I

;j := ... n >

t"' ... z I:) c:: ... ~ >( VI

44

.An

Inqu

iry c

Dnce

ming

an

d th

at "

hnI

" ""

" ;s

,,.,,l

tJ tfJ

m.1i

iJ,,.,,

, "" ,

."ils

, JD

II "i

ll .

"", ..

jil

t!.

" ",

." "

ho

,h_f

ts

IhI

grtll

ltjl,

if

;t ;

s ;11

bis

,."

. to

,_ji

,iJ, It

!; a

nd

that

IlJi

s ;s

"

',lIl

h ",

.. iftJ

to .

II.

35

A.n

d ev

en t

he g

reat

eR:

mod

ern

advo

-

"."

cate

s fo

r Ii""

" aIJo

w,

that

"""'ru

t, t:

:; lin

,,;tl

,h_{

ttll,

it ,h

_ft,b

IIII

M,.

thl I

I().

=~

tiM

o

j g_

; an

d th

at

tilt

.j

tll

of

the

".iIt

;s

gOM

i"

gtllW

.I,

whi

,h;s

,. ti

lt!.

of .1

1 1m

", ..

.ai8

l1s.

36

Thi

s I

take

to

be

fu

Bic

ient

to

fh

ew,

that

man

is

not

at

libe

rty

to

will

one

or t

he o

ther

of

two

or

mor

e ob

jeas

, be

twee

n w

hich

(a

D

thin

gs

conf

ider

'd)

he p

erce

ives

a d

iffe

renc

e;

and

to a

ccou

nt

trul

y fo

r al

l th

e ch

oice

s o

f th

at k

ind,

whi

ch c

an b

et af

fign

'd.

But

, f«

ondl

y, f

ome

of t

he p

atro

ns

of

libe

rty

cont

end,

tha

t w

e ar

e fr

ee

in o

ur c

hoic

e am

ong

thin

gs i

ndi1

fe­

rent

, or

ali

ke,

as i

n ch

ufin

g on

e ou

t of

two

or m

ore

caP

; an

d th

at i

n

futh

Hum

lln L

iint

y.

4 S

loeh

caf

es

the

man

hav

ing

no m

o­tiv

e fr

om t

he o

bjea

s, is

not

nec

effi

­ta

ted

to c

hufe

one

ra

ther

tha

n th

o ot

her,

beca

ufC

th

ere

is n

o pe

teoi

v­ab

le

diff

eren

ce

betw

een

them

, b

ut

chld

i:s o

ne b

y a

mer

e all

of w

iDin

g w

icbo

ut a

ny c

aure

bu

t hi

s ow

n fr

eo

aEl.

To

whi

ch I

anf

wer

, I. F

irft

_ by

ask

ing

whe

ther

this

and

oth

er in

­ft

uc:e

s li

ke t

his

are

the

only

iDfta

n-ce

s w

here

in m

an i

s fr

ee

to w

iD o

r ch

uCe

amon

g ob

je£l

s? I

f the

y ar

e th

e on

ly i

nfta

nces

whe

rein

man

is

free

to

wiD

or

chuf

c am

ong

obje

as, t

hen

we

are

adva

nc'd

a g

reat

way

in th

e qu

e­il

ion;

bec

aufc

the

re a

re f

ew (

if an

y)

ob;e

& o

f th

e w

iD t

hat

are

per

feaJ

y al

ike;

and

bec

aufc

JJe

Cel

fity

is h

ere-

by a

llow

'd t

o ta

ke p

lace

in

aU c

afes

w

here

th

ere

is a

per

ceiv

eabl

e di

ffe­

renc

e in

thi

ngs,

and

con

fequ

ently

in

al

l m

oral

and

re

ligio

us c

afes

, fo

r th

e ra

ke w

here

of

fuch

en

deav

ours

hav

e be

en u

s'd

to m

aint

ain

fo a

bfur

d an

d in

conl

ifte

nc

~

o-j :I:

til

'tI

:I: .... t"" o fn

o 'tI

:I: .... ('

) >

t"" .... z /:) c:: .... ::a -<

+' .A

n In

qIJir

y aJ

ncer

ning

in

conf

ifte

nt a

thi

ng a

s fi

lm]

01' ff

mlo

m

(tom

IIt,'J

IifJ. S

o th

at l

iber

ty i

s al

mof

t if

not

qui

re, reduc~d

to n

othi

ng,

and

dtft

roy'

d as

to

the

gran

d en

d in

af­

{ert

ing

it.

If th

ofe

ate

not

the

on-

ly i

nfta

nces

\V h

erei

n J1

1Q n

is

free

to

w

'ill o

r ch

Ufe

am

ong

obje

fls,

but

man

is

fr

ee

to w

ill

in o

ther

caf

ts,

thef

e ot

her

cafe

s fh

ould

be

af

fign

'd,

and

not

ruch

caf

es

as a

re

of

no c

onfe

­qu

ence

, an

d w

hich

by

the

grea

t li

ke­

nefs

of

the

obie

Eb

to o

ne a

noth

er,

and

for

othe

r re

afon

s m

ake

the

cauf

e o

f th

e de

term

inat

ion

of

man

's

will

re

fs e

afy

to b

e kn

own,

an

d co

nfe­

qucn

tly

rerv

e to

no

othe

r pu

rpof

e b

ut

to d

arke

n th

e qu

efiio

n, w

hich

m

ay

be

bett

er d

eter

min

'd b

y co

nfid

erin

g,

Jlht

thtr

",."

be

fret

to

w

ilt

or

110

in

mO

re i

mpo

rtan

t in

ftan

ces.

2

. Se

cond

-ly

, I

anfw

er,

that

whe

neve

r a

choi

ce

is m

ade,

the

re c

an b

e no

equ

alit

y o

f ci

rcum

ftan

ces

prec

edin

g th

e ch

oice

. 37

Po

r in

the

cafe

of

chuf

mg

one

out

of

two

11ttm

an L

iber

ty.

4' tW

O o

r m

ore

eggs

, betw~1l

whi

ch

ther

e is

no

pe

rcei

veab

te

dltr

eren

ce;

ther

e is

not

nor

can

~te h

e a

tru

e eq

uali

ty o

f ci

rcum

ftan

ces

and

caur

es

prec

edin

g th

e aa

of c

bufi

ng o

ne o

C tb

e &

id e

g&$-

It is

not

en

ough

to

re

nder

th;1

Igs

equa

l to

tlic

: win

, th

at

they

are

equ

al o

r ali

ke i

n tf

iem

felv

es.

All

the

vari

ous

mod

ific

atio

ns o

f th

e m

an,

his

opin

ions

, pr

ejud

ices

, tem

per,

ha

bit,

an

d ci

rcum

ltan

cesa

re t

o b

e ta

ken

in a

nd c

onfi

der~

d· as

cau

fes

of

,letl

lo,.

no te

fs t

han

the

obje

!b w

ith-

oot u

s am

ong

whi

ch w

e ch

ure;

an

d

thet

e \V

iIl e

ver

incl

ine

or d

eter

min

e ou

r w

ins,

an

d m

ake

the

diO

ite

we

do m

ake,

pr

efer

able

fo

us,

th&

the

tX

tem

al o

b;ef

ls o

f ou

r cho

ice

are

ever

fb

muc

h al

ike

to e

actl

othe

r. A

nd,

for

exam

ple,

in

the

caf

e:

or

cbU

Gng

on

e O

Ut

of

two

'egg

s th

at a

re a

liJ{e

, th

ere

is,

6rft

, in

the

per

fbn

(hu

ang

a

wiD

to

eat

ot l

lfe a

n e~.

Th

ere

is,

fcco

ndly

, a

will

to

tak

e b

ut

one,

o

r on

e

-l ::c II

I .,; ::c .... t"" o (

Il o .,; ::c .... n >

t"" .... z /:

) ~ .... ~ -< -.

.I

-..I

48

An

Inqu

iry c

~ncernin

g H

umlln

Li

bert

y 49

-J

oc

one

firft-

. T

hird

ly,

conf

eque

nt

to

othe

r, c

erta

in d

iffe

renc

es u

ndif

cern

a-th

cfe

two

will

s,

follo

w

in t

he

fam

e bJ

e on

acc

ount

of

thci

r m

inut

enef

s.

inft

ant c

buli

ng a

nd t

akin

g ol

le ;

whi

ch

and

alfo

on

acco

unt

of

our

not

ac-

Olle

is

cho

fcn

and

take

n m

oll

com

-cu

ftom

ing

ourf

elve

s to

att

end

to th

em,

mon

ly,

acco

rdin

g as

the

par

ts o

f OU

r w

hich

yct

in

conc

urre

nce

wit

h ot

her

bodi

es h

ave

been

for

m'd

Jon

g fln

ce

cauf

es a

s ne

cetf

arily

pro

duce

the

ir e

f--I

by o

ur

wil

ls o

r by

oth

er c

aufe

s to

fe

a, a

s th

e la

ft f

eath

er la

id o

n br

eaks

::e tT

l

an h

abit

ual p

raB

:ice,

or

as t

hofe

par

ts

the

horf

e's

back

. an

d as

a g

rain

ne-

"Cl ::e

are

dete

rmin

'd

by

fam

e pa

rtic

ular

ce

ffar

ily t

urns

the

bal

lanc

e be

twee

n ... r

circ

umft

ance

s at

tha

t tim

e. A

nd w

e an

y w

eigh

ts,

tM th

e ey

e ca

nnot

diC

-0 fI

l

may

kno

w b

y re

8eC

tion

on

our

atH

-co

vcr

whi

ch

is

the

grea

teft

wei

ght

0 "Cl

OD

S th

at f

evcr

al o

f ou

r ch

oice

s ha

ve

or

bulk

by

fa f

mal

l a d

iffc

renc

e.

And

::e ...

been

det

erm

intd

to

onc

amon

g fe

ve-

I ad

d, t

hat

as w

e kn

ow w

itho

ut f

uell

(') >

nl o

bjeC

ts b

y th

efe

laft

mea

ns,

whe

n di

fcov

ery

by t

he e

ye,

that

if o

ne fc

ale

r ... no

cau

fe h

as

ari{

en

from

thc

mer

e rif

es a

nd t

he o

ther

fa

lls

ther

e is

a

Z

conf

ider

atio

n o

f th

e ob

je8:

s th

em-

grea

tcr

wei

ght

in o

ne f

cale

tha

n tb

e 10

c:: ... {e

lves

. F

or

we

know

by

expe

rien

ce,

othe

r,

and

alfo

kno

w t

hat

the

leaf

t :;ro

:l

that

we

cith

er u

fe a

ll th

e pa

rts

of

our

addi

tiona

l w

eigb

t is

fuf

ficic

Dt

to d

e-0

(

bodi

es

by

habi

t,

or

acco

rdin

g to

tc

rmin

e th

e fc

ales

; fo

lik

ewif

e w

e {o

rne

part

icul

ar

cauf

e de

term

inin

g m

ay k

now

tha

t the

leaa

: cir

cum

fian

ce

thei

r uf

e at

th

at

tim

c.

Fou

rthl

y,

in th

e cx

tenf

ive

chai

n o

f ca

ufes

, th

at

ther

e ar

e in

all

tra

ins

of

cau

is,

that

pr

eced

e cv

ery

effe

fr,

is f

uffi

cien

t to

pr

eced

e th

eir

effe

6s,

and

efpe

cial

1y

prod

uce

an

effe

il;

and

alfo

kno

w t

cffi

:as

whi

ch

near

ly

rcfe

mbl

e ea

ch

that

th

cre

mul

l be

ca

ufes

of

our

othe

r,

Ii

choi

ce

,0 A

n In

quiry

con

cern

ing

choi

ce (

thO

we

do n

ot o

r can

not

dill

ce

rn t

bofe

cau

fes)

by

know

ing,

tb

At

ftI"

l th

ing

tbM

h.

s "

hgill

lliw

g ",

tlft

h

.ve ", .

. ft.

By w

hich

taft

prin

cipl

e ",

e a

re a

9 ne

ced'

arily

Jed

co

CORC

Cive

a

cauf

e of

aft

ion

in m

an,

whe

re w

e fe

e no

t th

l pa

rtic

ular

cau

" it

fdf;

as

we

are

to c

once

ive

that

a g

reat

e.­

"Wei

ght

dete

rmin

s a

fcal

e,

tho'

olJ

r ey

es d

ifcov

er

no d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n th

e tw

o w

eigh

ts.

Bue

let

us

put

a ca

fe o

f tr

ue e

qua­

lity

or la

di4f

eren

ce,

and

wh

at I

hav

e af

rert

ed

will

m

ore

mam

fdU

y ap

­pe

ar

true

. L

et

two

eggs

ap

pear

pe

rfet

lly a

like

to a

man

; and

let

him

ha

ve n

o w

in to

eat

or u

fe ~ (

Fo

r to

the

cafe

OU

gh

f to

be

PUt,

t& re

nder

th

ings

per

feal

y in

diff

eren

t to

hi

m;

bcca

ufe,

if

onc

e "

"ill

to

ea

t eg

gs

be fu

ppos

'd, t

hat

."ill

mul

l nec

efl'a

rily

intr

oduc

e a

trai

n of

cauf

es·w

hicb

will

ev

er

dellr

oy a

n eq

ualit

y of

cir

cum

­fi

ancf

s in

re

latio

n t9

tb

et

thin

gs

whi

cb

Hu"

,."

Lib

trty

. 5

t w

hich

arc

the

obje

4b o

f ou

r cho

ice.

T

here

win

fOon

i6

Jw

a f

eam

d w

iii

to o

at

oae

lidt.

A

nd t

We

tIN

J",;

1s

muf

t p

ut

tbe

man

upo

n aa

ian

.na

the

ufig

e of

the

pans

of

his

body

to

obta

iJi b

is c

ad;

whi

cb p

arts

are

de­

tern

Un'

d in

the

ir m

otio

ns e

ither

by

fom

e ha

bitu

al p

taai

fe o

r by

fom

e pa

rtic

ular

cir

cum

ftan

ce a

t th

at d

ine,

an

d ca

uk th

e m

all

to

chuf

e an

d ta

ke

OD

e of

them

fir

ft ra

ther

tha

n th

e ot

her.

) T

he

cafi:

of

equa

lity

bein

g th

us

righ

tly f

tata

J, J

fay

, it

is m

a­ni

feft

DO

ch

oice

wou

ld o

r co

uld

be

mad

e; a

nd t

he M

an i

s vi

fibly

pr

e­ve

nted

in t

he

begi

nnin

g fr

om

mak

­in

g a

choi

ce.

For

eve

ry m

an e

xper

i­en

ces,

that

be

fore

he

can

m

ake

a ch

eice

am

ong

eggs

, he

muf

t hl

'fe a

w

ill t

oeat

or

ufi:

an e

gg;

othe

rwif

e he

m

uft

let

them

al

one.

A

lld

he

.'" e

xper

ienc

es

in

rela

tion

to

all

thin

gs w

hich

are

the

obj

e6s

of

his

choi

ce, t

hat

he

mul

l hav

e a

prec

eden

t B

:I

will

.-j ::t:

ttl

"d

::t: .... t"' o til o "d

::t: .... n >

t"' .... Z

10

c::: .... ~ 0

( \d

52

.An

1"9U

;') c

once

rnill

g w

ill t

o ch

ufe;

oth

erw

ife h

e w

ill m

ake

DO

cho

ice.

N

o m

an m

arrie

s on

e W

b­

man

prc

:fcra

ble

to a

noth

er,

or t

rave

ls

into

Fr"

,' r

athe

r th

an i

nto

anot

her

coun

try,

or

w

rite

s a

book

on

one

fu

bjeC

t ra

ther

tha

n an

othe

r, bu

t he

m

ull

firl

t ha

ve a

pr

eced

ent

wiD

to

mar

ry,

traTe

J, an

d w

rite

. It

is

ther

efor

e co

ntra

ry t

o ex

ptri

­cn

ce,

to

fupp

ofe

any

choi~e c

an b

e m

ade

unde

r an

equ

ality

of

circ

um­

fianc

es.

And

by

conf

cque

nce

it is

mat

ter

of

expe

rienc

e,

that

m

an

is ev

er d

eter

min

'd i

n hi

s w

iDin

g or

aas

of

vol

ition

and

cho

ice.

D

oinC

II

4-Fo

urth

ly f

I {h

all

now

con

fidc:

r w

e -m

. th

e a6

ioD

s of

men

con

fc:q

uent

to JP

i/l­ill

g, a

nd fe

e w

heth

c:r h

e be

1m

in a

ny

of th

ofe

a6io

ns.

And

her

e al

fo w

e ex

­pe

rienc

e pe

rkfl

: nec

effit

y. I

f w

e w

ill

thin

king

or d

elib

erat

ing

on a

fub

je8-

, or

will

rea

ding

, or

wal

king

, or

ridin

g,

we

find

we

mul

t do

th

ofe

a6io

ns,

unle

fs

fom

e ex

tera

al i

mpe

dim

ent,

as

an

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

,~

an a

popl

exy

or fo

me

fuch

int

erve

ning

ca

uk,

biad

crs

USi

an

d th

en w

e ar

e as

muc

h ne

ceff

itate

d to

Jet

an

a6io

n al

one,

as

we

wer

e to

att

acc

ordi

ng

to o

ur w

iD,

bad

DO

fuch

ext

erna

l im

­pe

dim

ent

to a

aion

hap

pen'

d.

If a

J-(0

w

e ch

ange

oa

r w

iDs

afte

r w

e ha

ve b

egun

any

of t

hefe

aai

ons,

we

find

we

JJec

elJ'a

rily

leav

e of

f th

efe

• aio

ns,

and

follo

w t

he "

", "

iO o

r <!

hoiee

. A

nd t

his

was

Alt

IST

OT

U'S

r,ore

of

(ueb

tEl

-iam

of

m

an.

.III

Eth

in.

/. 7.

~.

s. fa

ys b

e, ;

11 u

gtliw

g ",

IItt,

jf61i

l] •

.Ifol

lt .p

. Ope

n.

AI.

_

•• r.

l ./i.J

J U

;I.

,. ...

to.-

'''.J

'''lI

et t

il" ,ti

ll, "lo

" .r

•• 11

r .. V

ol.

II.

l""'

ifo,

fo

if

,b., u

gllil

lg "1

.,, to

1 . 1

1.6-

,.

Jr.il

ift;

JIlt

IItl

tlf.r

ilj .n

"PO"

fo,"

;11.

fin""

gr

1011

&1_10

11•

.As

fllr

toSA

lllpl

t, ...

" ", ug

., thll"

w

hate

ver

is fw

eet

is t

o be

tal

led,

th

is

is fw

eer,

lit

,,1Id

illft

rS, th

eref

ore

this

oug

ht t

o be

ta

lled

, "e'~fJuil.J t

.,es

Ih.,

fo

ut

tIlin

g 38

i/.

til"

, k

110 ~j

lMI,

to

hilld

rr h

i",.

For

a co

nclu

fioD

of

this

arg

umen

t fro

m e

xper

ienc

e, le

t us

com

pare

the

F.

J aa

ioD

5

00

o -I

=: I!I

'1:1 =: .... I"' o fIJ o '1:1

=: .... (") >

I"' .... z I:) c:: .... ~ -<

54

.An

Inqu

iry c

Mct

nlin

g aa

wns

of

infe

rior

inte

llige

nt a

nd f

en­

lible

age

nts,

and

thQ

fe o

f m

en c

age.

th

er.

It i

s al

low

'd

that

bea

Rs

are

Jlec

elfa

ry a

gent

5, a

nd y

et t

here

is

nQ

perc

eiva

ble

diffc

rCl\C

C be

twco

n dw

ir ac

\ions

and

tbe

aaw

ns o

f m

en.

fcom

w

henc

e th

ey f

hoQ

ld b

e de

em'tl

w't

j;

J4'.}

an

d m

en /

Jee

agen

ts.

Shte

p, -

fOr

exam

ple,

are

fup

pos'd

to

be

IItU

iN'J

a6

m/s

, w

hen

tbey

fta

nd

frill

, lie

do

wn,

go

flow

or

faft,

tlJ

tn c

o tb

e ri

ght

or l

~ft,

sk

ip.

15

they

are

diif

e­re

atly

affc

Cle

d in

thd

r m

inds

; w

hen

they

are

dou

btfu

l or

del

iber

ate

whi

ch

way

to

tak

e;

whe

n th

ey

eat

and

drin

k ou

t o

f hun

gc:r

and

thir

a;

whe

n th

ey e

at o

r dr

ink

mor

e or

lef

s ac

. co

rdin

g to

the

ir b

umou

r, or

as

they

lik

e tlt

e w

ater

or

the

pafr

ure

i w

&en

tb

ey

chuf

e th

e fw

cete

fr

aQd

boa

paau

re;

whe

n tb

ey c

hufc

: am

oQg

pa_

ftur

es t

hat

are

indi

ft'er

ent

or a

like

; w

hen

they

cop

ula.

ce;

wIle

n th

ey a

re

ficId

e or

ft

cdfa

ftin

,b

eir

amou

rs;

whe

n

lIM ..

" Li

ber~

y.

'S w

hen

d)C

f ta

ke m

ore

or

Icfs

car

e of

' th

eir

youa

g;

whe

n th

ey a

a in

vir

-tu

e o

f vai

n fe

ars;

whe

n th

ey a

ppre

­Iw

acI

dang

er a

nd 8

y fr

om

it,

and

fom

etU

nes

defe

nd t

hem

klvc

s;

whe

n dl

cy q

uar.:

cl a

mon

g m

emfe

lves

abo

ut

love

or

oche

r m

atte

rs,

and

term

i­na

te

thof

c qu

arre

ls

by

figh

ting

; w

heln

th

q f

ollo

w

tbot

e le

ader

s a­

mon

g tlJ

c:m

felv

cs m

at ,r

efum

e to

go

firfr

; a

nd w

hen

they

are

eith

er o

be­

dien

t to

rbe

fh

cpbe

rd

anti

his

dog,

39

or

ref

ra6l

ory.

A

nd w

hy g

lOul

d m

an

be d

eem

'd fr

" ia

the

perf

orm

ance

of

the

(at8

eot

the

like

illi

ons?

H

e ha

s in

cked

m

ore

know

ledg

e tb

ao

flJee

p.

He

take

s ift

m

ore

thin

gs, a

il ma

tt~r

of

plca

furc

, th

an t

hey

do; b

e­in

g fo

met

imes

m

ov'd

wit

h no

tions

o

f hon

our

and

virt

ue, a

s w

ell a

s w

ich

thof

e pk

afur

es

he h

as

iR c

omrn

o.n

wit

h th

em.

He

is al

fo m

ore

mov

'd

by a

hren

t th

ing"

an

d th

ings

fut

ure,

ch

an t

hey

are.

H

e is

.Ifo

fub

jeC

t tq

E

m

ore

>oj :t:

to!

'"d

:t: ... t"

" o til o '"d

:t: ... ('

) >

t"" ... z I:) c:: ... '" >< 00

56

An

Inqu

iry c

O"'t

rnin

g m

ore

vain

fea

rs,

mor

e m

iRak

es

and

wro

ng a

tHon

s,

and

infi

nite

ly

mor

e ab

furd

ities

in

notio

ns.

He

has

alfo

m

orc

pow

er a

nd f

iren

gtb,

as

wel

l as

m

ore

art

and

cunn

ing,

and

is

capa

­bl

e o

f do

ing

mor

e go

od

and

mor

e m

ifch

ief

to h

is f

ello

w.m

en t

han

they

ar

e to

one

ano

ther

. B

ut t

here

lar

g­er

po

wer

s an

d la

rger

w

eakn

effe

s,

whi

ch a

re o

f th

e fa

me

kind

wit

h th

e po

wer

s an

d w

eakn

effe

s o

f /be

ep,

ean­

not

cont

ain

liber

ty

in

thtm

, an

d pl

ainl

y m

ake

no

perc

eiva

ble

diff

e­re

nce

betw

een

them

and

men

, as

to

the

gene

ral

cauf

es o

f at

Hon

, in

fin

ite

inte

llig

ent

and

fenl

ibre

be

ings

; no

m

ore

than

the

di

ffer

ent

degr

ees

of

thef

e po

wer

s an

d w

eakn

effe

s, a

mon

g th

e va

riou

s ki

nds

of

beaf

is,

bird

s,

fifhe

s, a

nd r

eptil

es d

o am

ong

them

. W

here

fore

I n

eed

not

run

mro

' dIe

ac

tions

of j

oJU

s or

any

of

the

mor

e fu

btile

an

imal

s,

nor

the

aaio

ns o

f Ih

ildr'I

I, w

hich

are

aJ1

ow'd

by

th

e A

dvoc

ates

llMtlU

ln Li

berty

. 51

A

dvoa

tcs

of

liber

t) to

be

an n

cccf

. ...

... ,.

. fa

ry.

I th

all

only

as

k th

efe qu

efti

-~:~

"t

40

ons

conc

erni

ng

the

laft

.To

w

hat

a~ d

o ch

ildre

n co

ntin

ue n

ecef

fary

a­

gent

s, a

nd

whe

n do

th

ey

beco

me

I"'?

wh

at d

iffe

rent

exp

erie

nce

have

th

ey

whe

n th

ey a

re

fupp

os'd

to

be

free

ag

ents

, fr

om

wha

t th

ey

had

whi

le n

ecdf

ary

agen

ts?

And

w

hat­

diff

eren

t at

Hon

s do

th

ey d

o, f

rom

w

henc

e it

app

ears

, th

at t

hey

are

11'­

ttff'"

age

nts

to a

cer

tain

age

, an

d fm

'age

nts

afte

rwar

ds ?

II.

A f

econ

d n:a

Ion

to p

rove

man

" 2

4 A

rp.

a ne

cdfa

ry a

gent

is,

bec

aufe

aU

his :!

~6:

aaio

ns h

ave

a be

ginn

ing.

For

wha

t-rh

e im

-h

beg,.

..1

1.

h po

t1ib

ility

ev

er

as

a IO

nmg

mu

n

ave

a of

Lib

er_

cauf

e;

and

ever

y ca

ufe

is a

nee

effa

-ry,

41

ry c

aufe

. If

any

thin

g ca

n ha

ve a

beg

inni

ng

whi

ch h

as

no c

aufe

, th

en n

othi

ng

can

prod

uce

fOm

ethi

ng.

And

if

no­

tilin

g ca

n pr

oduc

e fo

met

hing

, th

en

the

00

N

.-j :z: l't1

"tI ::c .... t"" o I:

Il o "tI :z: .....

(') >

t""

.....

Z

10 c: ... '" -<

" .A

n ln

q.a

) 'IR

arn;

ng

the

wor

li:l

mig

bt h

ue b

ad a

beg

in­

Din

g w

ithou

t a

cauf

e: w

hich

is

not

only

an

abfu

rdity

com

mon

ly c

harg

'd

on A

thei

as,

but

is a

real

abf

urd4

Y

in it

fc1i

: 42

Be6

des,

if a

cau~ h

e no

t a

nece

f­fil

ry c

afe,

it

is n

o ca

ufe

at a

U.

For

if c

aufe

s ar

c D

ot

ftCIC

dfar

y ca

uf.

; O

en 'C

ftfes

are

not

fui

ted

to,

or a

re

jndi

iferc

n.t

to e

ffeB

:s;

and

the

Epi

ffl.

re ..

SJf

t,. I)

f cha

noe

is re

ndm

l po

( .. fi

blc;

and

!ib

is or

der:&

, w

orld

mig

ht

have

be

en p

rodu

c'd

by

a di

ford

crly

or

for

tuito

us c

onco

urfc

of a

tom

s; o

r,

wbi

ch .;

saU

one

, :la

y Ito

-ca

ufe

at· a

ll.

For ..

atp

ing

api

aft ·

Jhe

Epic

uroa

lJ

fyfte

m o

f cb

ancc

, db

w

enG

t .y,

. (a

Ddt

bat ju

ily)

dlat

it is

imp

o8ib

~ lO

r cha

uae

wer

to

have

pro

duc'

d an

or

derl

y fy

ftem

of t

hing

s,

as n

ot b

e­in

g a

cauf

c fD

ited

&0 t

he e

ffe&

; an

d th

at a

aOld

erly

fy

iCG

l of

thi

ngs,

w

hich

bad

a b

egin

.. ,

mul

l ha

ve

had

an i

ntel

ligen

t A

pt

for

its c

aufe

t as

JII,,

,,.n

Li6t

rt,y.

'f

~. b

Mg

tlIe

oo1

y pr

oper

cau

fe t

o 43

Ib

tt a

ftiat

H A

U w

bids

. im

plie

s, th

at

~u&:s

IfO

fuitc

4 or

hav

e re

latio

n to

lO

me

put.i

cula

r e8

'eOs;

and

not

..

otbe

rs..

.And

if th

ey b

o fa

ited

to fo

me

part

iwla

r ef

Fc8:

ar

id D

ot

tct

otha

n.

thq

cp

. be

no c

aura

at a

l to

· tho

is

~

A.nd

th

eref

pllC

a G

ufe

Dot

· fid_

to th

e ~ _

_ D

O c

ame;

ar

e th

e fa

_ t

hing

. A

nd

.if

a ca_

D

ot

4.aiM

d to

tb

u:6

a,

is 1

,l0 c

aufc

; dM

D II

Clur

e ili

ad

to

abo

e&

a is

..

JJ«e

fary

c:au

fi=:

far

if it

does

DOC

pr

oduc

e th

e d

Fca

,it

iJ D

ot

f.u.

.t 10

it

,." i

ino

q.~ a

t·

aD o

f it~

Lib

aty ~ .

. a·

PO

WC

l"_

as: o

r D

'-to

aB:

, fO

cIo

tbis

or H

o.

ther

thin

g U

Dde

r th

e fa

me caur~ is

­aQ

-p

olij

ilily

and

"'i

lk./

. 4n

d· I

II 1

_" h

n.,

and

Cia

0n

­

ly be

gro

unde

d on

the

ahf

u.rd

pri

nci­

ples

06

Epk

.,. ..

.AtlJ

ei/"

; fa

the

E1f

~ (;

111"

411

.Al1

J,ij,

) w

ho w

ere

rite

mbi

t po

puJa

r an

d m

oft

uum

erou

s fe

el e

r th

e

-I

::I:

trl

'"II ::I: .... I"' o rn o '"II ::I: .... n >

I"' .... z t:) c:::: .... :III

0<

00

\.I

.»

60

.An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g th

e A

/hei

ls o

f an

tiqu

ity,

w

cre

the

• Lu

c:re

-gre

at -I

f af

fert

crs

of L

illi,

,);

as o

n th

e ci

us I.

~.

v. o

ther

fide

: th

e t

S'o;

cks

who

wer

e th

e ,.s

o. 6

-,.

f ,

Eur

. Pr

ep. m

oft p

opul

ar a

nd m

oll

num

erou

s fC

Cl

~~.1.6.

amon

g th

e rc

iigio

nari

cs o

f an

tiqu

ity,

C.

wer

e th

e gr

eat a

lfer

ters

of f

ate

and

ne-

t .c

era

.e N.t

. cc

dity

. T

he

cafc

: w

as a

lfo t

he f

ame

44

Dea

r.!. I

. am

ong

the

:1"'s

, as

amon

g th

o H

ea ..

then

: t

be '}

ns, I

fay,

who

bef

idcs

the

ligh

t of n

atll

re b

ad m

any

book

s o

f Re­

vela

tion

(fa

me

whe

reof

afC

now

loll

);

and

who

bad

int

imat

e an

d pe

rfon

al

eonv

erfa

tion

wit

h G

od h

imfe

lf.

Th

ey

'Wer

e pr

inci

pall

y di

vidt

d iA

to

thre

e fC

Cls,

the

S"'.

c"s,

the

Phu

ijilS

, an

d Jo

reph

lll t

he E

Jftll

es.

The

S~",s, w

ho w

ere

:::.q;.I.

eQeem~d

an ir

retig

iQus

and

ath

eifi

ical

{

ta,

main

tain

~d

the

l_ty

of

",A

II.

Bu

t th

e P

huif

us, w

ho w

ere

a re

ligi

­Q

US

fe

a, .jc

rib'M

.0

,bi

"!.s

10

fM

' o

r D

e be

llo

to G

OIl'

s .p~1I1111eilf, a

pd it

was

the ~r

Jl

!.u~.

I. 2

. u

tkl,

of th

eir

meA

, tbM

f M' A

lltI. G

od J

o A

ll ;

and

conf

eque

ndy

tbey

cou

ld n

ot

aJfc

rt a

t'lI

' lib

t""

whe

n tb

ey a

[ert

ed a

Hum

4n

Libe

rty.

6.

a w

",,, t

oget

her

wit

h th

is rM

Alit

y an

d 45

"",

fIit1

of

all

thin

gs.

And

the

Elfe

-.,

s, w

ho

wer

e th

e ",

oft

Ttlig

i()tts

[ti

l a­

mo

ng

thc

J"'s,

and

feU

not

unde

r th

e ce

nflir

e o

f our

Sav

iour

for

the

ir h

ypo-

crify

as

the

Phu

ijll

s di

d, w

ere

alTe

r-te

rs o

f ."

Iolll

t, fM

' an

d II

tctl/

il).

St.

PA

UL

, w

hQ w

as a

Phm

fie

AIIM

the

fOIl

A8s

zj~

tf. P

huifo

" is

fup

pos'd

by

the

lear

ned

6.

Do

DW

IiL

L,

to h

w, "

teiv

ed h

is Jo

nrill

e P

roJc

,.

Df fM

' fr

o",

the

",.J

ers

of tb

M [ti

l, I

S ~

the]

r"e

hl,d

it f

rom

the

Sto

illu.

A

nd ~. 4

0.

he

obfe

rves

fu

rthe

r,

that

th

e St

oit/t

.~

. P

hilo

fOf'"

;s

""elf.'

.} fo

r th

e es

plic

.tiol

l tf

ChriJ

iAII

'theD

IOSJ

; th

at th

er, .",~

""'li

es i

ll th

e ho

i] fo

ri/tl

lrtS

tf,

he

hoI)

Gho

jl's !

;tu

i.g

"to

rM"!

. ttl

the

0/i1

li(l1

ls of

the S

tokk

s ;

and

that

in

part

ic:u

lar,

th

e .A

/Ojil

e St

. PA

UL

;11 _

. he

bu

Jif-

,.tel. tf

JIN

",,;

wg

Prt

Mjil

lAtiO

ll ~ R

e­"o

/,M

;OIl.

;s t

o k

'~/t

I'I1

IMA

."or

Jilt

g tt

l

46

th

e St

oith

01;

lIiol

l tO

llttT

lliw

g 'M

,. S

o th

at l

i!m1)

is

both

the

rea

l fo

unda

ti­

on o

f po

pula

r A

thei

fm, a

nd h

as b

eea

the

00

~

-I

:I:

r!1

."

:I:

.....

t"' o til o ."

:I:

.....

(j >

t"' ..... z o c:: ..... " -<

'2 .A

n In

9"iry

con

cttn

ing

the

prof

efs'd

p-i

acip

le m

the

Ath

eill

s tb

emfe

lves

; a

s O

Il t

he o

ther

fitle

,IM

' o

r th

e ",,,

/Iit, o

f IV

''''S,

has

been

cf

teem

'd

a re

ligio

us

opin

ion

and

a.een

the

prof

e{s'd

pr

inci

ple

of

tbe

relig

ious

, bot

h am

ong

Hea

dleD

s an

d

Jew

s, an

d al

fo o

f th

at g

re:l

t Con

vert

to

C

brif

tian

ity

and

grea

t co

nver

ter

of

othe

rs,

St.

PA

UL

.

J'

Arp

o

nI. T

hird

ly,

Lik

,,}

is c

onte

nded

=~:; fu

r by

the

pat

rons

the

reof

as

a gr

eat

cbe

Im-

1"ft

{lio

ll.

In o

rder

the

refo

re t

o d

if­

:~8f

.i-p

rove

aU

pre

tenc

es f

or i

t, I

wil

l no

w

.. ny

. 1h

ow,

that

acc

ordi

ng t

o a

ll t

he v

a-ri

ous

defc

ript

ions

gi

ven

of

it

by

T

heoI

oger

s at

Id P

hilo

foph

ers,

it w

ould

of

wl

be a

n i"

,pnf

tlliI

J,,;

but

neve

r a

ptrf

lllio

ll, a

s I

have

in

the

laft

art

icle

ih

ow

'd

it

to b

e _

p4

»h

and

Alh

t­ij

li~J

.

~fI"c~

I. If

Ww

t, be

def

in'd

, •

purm

-'0

Cho

iC •

• p

(j M

fflrll

ll j_

,/ptI

Its

at

the

fam

e in

­~J ~I

~ fta

llt o

f tim

e "/'

11 t

ht f

MIH

;';'

;1Ii

J..1

17

0 po-

HM

man

Lib

erty

. ,~

I''/'O

ft';'1

11 tl

Ul III

' IIfJI

"";.1

11 (

we

be­

ing,

as

it

is

own'

d,

"'"1

/ilr

il]

tlH".

.. m

i,,';

' to

paf

s bu

t 01

1' jl

l/gm

t'"

tJ.

rvi-

."t

1"op

oftti

rms)

it

wil

l fO

llow

, th

at

men

will

be

fO I

ilr i

mni

oaal

, and

by

c:

onfe

qucn

ce i"

'l"fia

agen

ts,

as t

hey

47

have

th

at f

rllU

m o

j jttJ

gm,,,

,. F

or,

finc

e th

ey w

ould

he

irra

tion

al a

gent

s,

if t

hey

wer

e ca

pabl

e o

f ju

dgin

g ev

i­de

nt p

ropo

liti

ons

nOl:

to b

e-ev

iden

t ;

they

muf

t be

tif

o de

em'd

irr

atio

nal

agen

ts,

if th

ey a

re c

apab

le o

f jud

ging

t&

e-fe

lf.fa

me

prob

able

or

impr

obab

le

"rop

ofit

ions

not

to

be p

roba

ble

or

im­

prob

able

. Th

e ap

pear

ance

s o

f aU

pro

­po

fieio

ns t

o us

, whe

ther

evi

dent

, pr

o.

liab

le,

or i

mpr

obab

le,

are

the

fole

rat~onal

grou

nds

of

our

judg

men

ts

iii r

elat

ion

to t

hem

: at

Id t

he

ap­

pear

ance

s o

f pr

obab

le o

r im

prob

able

pr

opof

ition

s,

are

no l

efs

nece

fary

in

us

fr

om

the

refp

eaiv

e re

afon

s b

y

whi

ch

they

app

ear

prob

able

or

im­

prob

able

, th

an

are

the

appe

aran

ces of

>oj :t:

til "'d

:t: ... t"" o {Il o "'d

:t: ... ('

) >

t"" ... Z

10 c:: ... ~ -< 00

V

I

6+

.An

Intfu

ir)

conc

erni

llg

of e

vide

nt p

ropo

fitio

ns f

rom

the

rca

· fo

ns b

y w

hich

the

y ap

pear

evi

dent

. W

here

fore

if

it

be r

atio

nal

and

a p

eri:

aio

n t

o

be

dete

rmin

'd b

y an

ev

iden

t app

eara

nce,

it

is no

lef

s fo

to

be d

eter

min

'd

by a

pr

obab

le o

r im

­pr

obab

le

appe

aran

ce;

and

conf

e­qu

entl

y an

im

pcrf

eaio

n no

t to

be

Co

dec

erm

in'd

. It

is

not

only

an

abfu

rdit

y,

and

by

con

fc:q

uenc

e an

;",

ptrf

tmO

Il,

not

to

be e

qual

ly

and

nece

ffar

ily d

eter

­m

in'd

in

our

refp

eCl:i

ve

judg

men

ts,

by p

roba

ble

and

impr

obab

le,

as w

ell

as b

y ev

iden

t ap

pear

ance

s,

whi

ch I

ha

ve ju

ft n

ow p

rove

d; b

ut e

ven

not

to b

e ne

ceJf

arily

det

erm

in'd

by

pro­

babl

e ap

pear

ance

s, w

ould

be

a g"

'."

_pnf

tOitJ

lI, t

han

not

to

be n

ecef

fa.

riIy

dece

rmin

'd b

y ev

iden

t ap

pear

­an

ces:

bec

aufe

alm

oft

all

our

aaio

ns

are

foun

ded

on t

he p

roba

ble

appe

ar.

ance

s o

f th

ings

, an

d fe

w o

n th

e ev

i­de

nt

appe

aran

ce

of

thin

gs.

And

th

ere-

Hum

an

Libt

rty.

65

th

eref

ore,

if w

e co

uld

judg

e, th

at w

hat

appe

ars

prob

able

, is

no

t pr

obab

le

but

impr

obab

le

or f

alfe

; w

e fh

ould

be

wit

hout

the

be

ft ru

le o

f aC

l:ion

an

d aJ

fent

, w

e ca

n ha

ve.

2.

Wer

e liM

-I)

defi

n'd,

A

PO

_"

to W

,,.'O

III'

ollr

,.,.[01

1 by

th

e fo

r" o

f ,h

tJi"

, as

a c

eleb

rate

d A

utho

r m

ay b

e fu

ppos

'd

to m

ean

whe

n he

fay

s '* ..

~in,

d~

, ,

orl,

.mal

l.

the

.iN

ft'1

IIS t

o bl

V' f

o gr

eAt

A lo

rPtr

'. 1

)1.

WI,.

the

.1I

Ile,ft

A"t

iillg

, th

At t

he .

lIti

n­

Jlat

Ullg

lIt

illt

w"-

,.l'

tl

by

tIM e

le,·

tioll

of

the

.ill

, .o

t 0"

/' t

.dlS

.bA

t ;s

gDOl

. to

/" l'

IIil.

"l

it

is

Al.fo

,01

ll1,U

,d to

48

"1

IIil

.bA

t ;S

fJf

o to

lit

t'll

';

man

w

ould

, w

ith

the

exer

cife

of

fuch

A

po-r

, be

the

mof

t ir

rati

onal

and

in­

conf

Ule

nt b

eing

, and

by

conf

eque

nce,

th

e m

oft

;1II

ptrf

'0 u

nder

ftan

ding

be.

in

g,

whi

ch c

an

be C

OD

ceiv

'd.

For

w

hat

can

be

mor

e ir

rati

onal

an

d in

conf

ifle

nt,

than

to

be a

ble

to re

fufe

ou

r af

fent

to

wha

t is

evi

dent

ly t

rue

to

us,

and

to a

R"e

nt

to w

bat

we

F

fee

00

0

\

...j ::I:

t!l

"0

::I: ... t"" o r.

tl o "0

::I: ... ('

) >

t"" ... Z

10 c:: ... := -<

'6

.An

Inft

l;,)

C6"

cmt;l

Ig

fee

to h

e ev

iden

tly f

alfe

, an

ti th

ereh

y in

war

dly

give

the

lye

to

tbe

uac

lu­

ftan

ding

? C:=

" J.

Wer

e li

lirl

) de

fin'd

, I

1"""

'tl

Phi

"ria. .

"ill

ftlil

na

-win

g it

to

be "i~

u-"s

. I)

. \ ..

....

_

, .1

g«JJ

; th

at w

ould

he

an I

mpc

r-49

&ai

on i

n m

an

conf

ider

'd ;

n a

. ren

G­

ble

bein

g, if

it h

e af

t im

perfe

aton

-in

fuc

b a

bem

g to

be mi

fera

bl~.

Par

,;

iIi"

! rt

-il, i

s cl

iafin

g to

be

mif

erab

fe,

and

brin

ging

kno

win

gly

deft

roai

on

on o

urfe

lves

. M

en a

re z

lread

y fu

f­fic

ient

ly u

nhap

py,

by t

heir

fev

erat

jU

dgm

can,

and

&y

the

ir f

ever

al v

o­]ir

ions

; fo

unde

d on

the

wro

ng o

fe o

f th

eir

facu

lties

, an

d on

the

mift

aken

ap

pear

ance

s or

thi

ngs.

B

ut

wh

at

mifC

rabl

c be

ings

woo

td t

hey

be,

if

inlle

ad o

f ch

ufin

g ev

il un

der

the

ap­

pear

ance

of

good

(w

hiC

ll is'

the

onlY

cafe

whe

rein

men

no

w c

hufe

evi

l)

they

w

ere

indi

ffer

ent

to g

ood

anc!

ev

il,

and

had

t'be

pow

er t

o Ch

ufe ,

."il

~

,."il

, an

d di

d at

luan

y ch

ufe

,."i

l u

Hum

tla L

iber

ty.

'7

b W

il in

9l

rtue

of

that

po

wer

? TI

R:y

wou

ld i

n fu

ch a

aat

o or

with

(u

eb a

lib

erty

be

lik

e In

fant

s th

at

cann

ot w

allt,

l~ft t

o g

o al

one,

wit

h

libe

rty

to

Gin

: O

r lik

e C

hild

ren,

w

ith k

aive

s in

t~t b

ands

: O

r la

ttly

lite

you

ng ro

pe-d

ance

rs,

left

to th

em­

telv

es,

on t

h-=i

r 6r

ft d

ays

upon

the

ro

pe,

wit

hout

an

yo

ne

to

catc

h so

the

m

if t

hey

faD.

And

th

is

mi­

fera

ble

ftat

e fo

How

ing

from

the

fup

­po

litio

n o

r I_

I),

is

fo

\fifib

lc

to

me

of th

e gr

eate

d: a

dvoc

ateS

the

re­

of,

that

they

ack

now

ledg

e, t

hat "'.

-It

l ki

NgS

, .1

1 il

l •

1M'

of "

'ppi

lltji

. "A

ft 1

0 6.'

11'

lW"'

J (t

hat i

s,

ceaf

e to

C:~i~

; ...

have

lib

erty

to

chur

e ev

il)

beu.

. hi

-T

om. X

II.

. --.~,.

11"

'DiI

Il~"

.,'M

'IJ.

10

,lN

it Ji

ll] /if

tIN

Br_

""~'

I.

.,

. ,.

f

f._

L.

1.1'

.

Wor

ks

51 "il

l. 'I

I1tIJ

*'"

() I"

," i' W

I).

,.6

u·

4. W

ere

libtr

l) d

e&n'

d, a

s it

is b

y ib

me,

•

pow

tr 1

0 w

i' or

,ln

tft .

, t.

f.,.

ti""

U

J 01

11 t

IIIl

of I

JI'O

or .. , hi

­I.i

f",,,,

thi.

gs;

tbat

wou

ld b

e D

O p

er­

idio

n. F

or t

hore

thi

ngs

can'

d &

ere

F2

il

l-

ooi =

t!l

"1:1 =

.... t"' o (11 o "1:1 =

.... n >

t"' .... Z

I:) c: .... ~ 0<

00

...

J

68

.An

Inqu

iry "

nctrn

;ng

;"J;

ji""

, o

r al

ike,

m

ay b

e co

nfid

e­re

d,

eith

er a

s re

ally

difI

Cre

nt

from

ea

ch

othe

r,

and

that

onl

y ke

m i

n­di

ffer

ent

or

alik

e to

us

thr

07

our

wan

t of

dif

cern

men

t;

or a

s eo

aly

lik

e ea

ch o

ther

. N

ow t

he m

ore

li­krt

] w

e ha

ve i

n t

he f

irft

kind

, th

at

is,

the

mor

e in

ftanc

es t

here

are

of

thin

gs

whi

ch f

cem

al

ike

to u

s an

d ar

e no

t al

ike

; th

e m

ore

mift

akes

aD

d w

roog

cho

ices

w

e m

uft

run

into

. F

or

if

we

had

juA:

Dot

ions

, w

e fll

ould

kn

ow tb

ofe

thin

gs w

ere

not

indi

ffer

ent

or

ah"k

e. T

his

1."1

) th

eref

ore

wou

ld

be

foun

ded

OD

a di

rca:

im

perf

e8io

n of

our

fac

ultie

s.

And

as

to "

pt'I

PW o

f 'hllj

iMg

dilfe

reD

t­ly

at

the

fam

e tim

e am

ong

,hill

gs,

,.,..0

] ;"

Jiff

"''''

; w

hat

beD

efit,

wha

t pc

rfe£

Hon

w

ould

fu

ch a

pow

er

of

chuf

mg

be,

whe

n th

e th

ings

th

at

are

the

fole

obj

c£l:s

of

our

1m ."

are

all

alik

e?

s· La

my,

a c:

elcb

ratc

d A

utho

r fC

ems

Bru

na L

iher

ty.

'9

Cacm

s to

uD

cicr

ftand

by

lib

erty

, •

fMtd

lJ,

",w

, ki

llg i(l

Jij"",,,

, tf) ,. J[

j~1

d •

.;aI,

..". D

Wl'-

rlllil

tg .,.

JtI/I

i-I, .

,,,. :.n

: . ...u.

,;,'S,

fl"/M

.', ..

". ".[

011, t

bliP

s ..,

.~i-

".,;

1, 1

IIrIt»

rg .

jIII

l; .

.".

"11M

'S t

hl

_jill t

-ft-

"t."

'_k,

(I-

I.! kt

'lIft

it

Ius

thof

o-it.

M

y de

6gn

here

is

to c

onfid

er tb

i&

Aief

iDiri

oD,

wit

h th

e fa

me

view

, th

a t

I ha

ve c

oDfid

er'd

the

fev

.cra

l fo

rego

­~Dg

defin

ition

s,

'IIiz

;. co

lh

ow,

that

I;

~I),

;"W

I/./I,

,,' "i

t" 1

II~/

litJ

. ho

w­

ever

def

crib

'd o

r de

fin'

d, i

s an

j",,,,

.. ti

ll..

Ref

erri

ng t

here

fore

my

rea­

der

for

a co

nfut

atio

n of

this

"",

not

i­on

of I_

I] to

the.

oche

r pa

rts

of m

y bo

ok, w

hcre

iQ I

hav

e al

read

y pr

ov'd

. ,h

at t

he e

xifte

nce

of fu

eb a

n ·.,

Nir.

­']

{M

IIII

) i$

con

trar

y to

exp

erie

nce,

an

d im

poff

ible

; th

at o

ur ,

.g;f)

IIS,

.,..

pt

tilt

S,

jt"r.'

iOllS

, an

d ".

[~,

dete

r­m

ine

us i

n ou

r fe

vera

l cJ

loic

cs;

and

that

, w

e cJ

lUfC

obi

efls

belZ

aufe

tbe

y pl

eafe

us,

and

not,

as

the

auth

or

F J

pr

eten

ds,

00

0

0

""I =

t>I

"II =

.... I"" o I'll o "II =

.... (") >

I"" .... z I:) c::: .... := -<

70

.An

1",_

y"",

"",i

ng

r.g.

II] p

rete

nds,

th

at .

jeds

,hl

lft

til,

_

,

/,ItM

lft

R

,/nip

,ht_

: I

proc

eed

to

51

fhew

the

i_J

n}ill

i(lll

of

this

lai

l ki

nd

of Ii"

"".

J.

Fir

ft,

the

pJea

(ule

or

bapp

incf

&

accr

uiog

fro

m t

he Ii""

', here

aft'

ert­

cd i

s le

fs t

han

accr

ues

fi'om

the

I1y

­pO

lbps

of

",,,.

liIJ-

All

tbe

plca

fure

an

d ha

ppin

cfi

faid

to

atte

nd t

his

pret

ende

d '*

"1

• P6

t.' c

onfU

ls "

* wh

olly

in

t m

llli_

, pl

ea-

1">1

•• ,,

8.

d ba

.

r. _

L

t 1'.

IC7.

{ure

an

pp

inCI

S by

,b

llftll

g _

jtll

s.

53

No

w m

ao, c

onfid

er'd

as

an i

ntel

li­ge

ne e

ced"

arya

gut,

w

ould

no

lei

""It,

this

plc

afur

e an

d ha

ppin

ciS

to

hiQ

lfclf

by J

,.pg

_jt

lh;

than

a b

e.

ing

judu

'd .it

h th

e ra

id fl

leul

ty:

if it

be

tru

e in

faa,

that

tbill

gs ,

Itll

ft I

II,

• 11

./' ",

t'-.

fo ,

...

But

III

In,

as a

n in

telli

gent

ncc

:ct.

fary

ag

ent,

has

thef

c fu

rthe

r pl

ca­

fure

s an

d ad

vant

ages

. H

e, b

y DO

C

bein

g iD

diff

cren

t to

obj

etls

, is

mov

'd

by

Hm

rttm

Lib

erty

. ,«

Ity •

gO

Otla

efs

and

agl'Q

Cab1

enen

efil

of t

be$

, as

t.lt

ey a

ppea

r to

him

, an

d a&

he

know

s th

OlD

by

reB

eaio

a aD

d ex

perie

nce.

It

is n

ot i

n hi

s po

wer

to

be

indi

ffcr

eat t

o w

hat c

aure

s pl

ea­

filre

or

paia

. H

e ca

naot

ref

aft

the

pb

fure

arif

ang

from

the

uf

e of

bis

pa

4ioa

s,

• .,.i

a:os

, tim

., aJH

I rc

a­iO

n:

and

if h

e fu

fpea

ds &

is cb

oice

of

an

objc

a,

tbat

is

prel

epte

d to

hi

m,

&y

any

of th

eli:

pow

ers

as a

­gr

eeab

le;M

: i$

, be

cauf

e he

dou

bts

or

exam

ines

, w

beth

cr

UfOR

th

e w

hole

tbe

ob

jea

wO

llld

mak

e hi

Ol

bapp

y; al

KIbe

~lJf

e he

w

9Q1d

gra

-tif

y a

ll th

ere

pow

ers

in t

he W

m

an-

ocr

he i

s ab

le,

or a

t la

ft .f

i;acb

of

thef

e po

wer

s as

he

con

ceiv

e te

nd

.ott

to h

is h

appi

ncfs

. If

he

mak

es a

ch

oice

whi

ch p

rove

s c1

ifagr

ccab

le, ..

gelS

th

ereb

y an

ex

peri

ence

, w

hich

m

ay q

ualif

y hi

OJ

to c

bufe

the

nex

t tia

ne

wit

b m

ore

fatis

faai

on t

o h

im-

fel£

A

nd

tbu.

wro

ng c

hoic

es m

ay

~ 4

tUfQ

o-i == III

'Ij == ... r"

o fIl o 'Ij == .... (') >­ r" .... Z

10 c:: ... :;0

>< ~

12

An

Inqu

iry

conc

er"in

g tu

rn t

o hi

s ad

vant

age

for

the

futu

re.

So t

hat,

at

an

tim

es a

nd

unde

r al

l ci

rcum

flan

ces,

he

is p

urfu

ing

and

en­

joyi

ng t

he g

reat

elt

happ

inef

s,

whi

ch

his

cond

ition

w

ill a

llow

. It

may

no

t be

im

prop

er

to o

il.

ferv

e,

that

fom

e o

f th

e pl

eafu

res

he

rece

ives

fro

m o

bje8

s, a

re fo

far

fro

m

bein

g th

e et

rea

of

,bo;

u,

that

the

y ar

c no

t th

e ef

fea

of t

he l

ealt

prem

e­di

tati

on

or

any

aa o

f hi

s ow

n,

as

in f

indi

ng a

tre

afur

e on

the

roa

d,

or

54

in

rece

ivin

g a

lega

cy f

rom

a

perf

on

unkn

own

to h

im.

2.

Seco

ndly

, th

is "

,bil

l'''''

/M

lIlt]

•

P.

147.

wou

ld f

ubje

tl: a

man

to

mor

e ""

owg

to

• SQ·

,h

oire

s, th

an i

f he

was

det

erm

in'd

in

his

choi

ce.

55

A

man

, de

term

in'd

in

his

choi

ce

by t

he a

ppea

ring

na

ture

of

thin

gs,

and

the

ufag

e o

f his

int

enet

lual

pow

­er

s,

neve

r m

akes

a

wro

ng c

hoic

e,

but

by m

ifta

king

the

tru

e re

latio

n of

th

ings

to

him

. B

ut a

bei

ng,

indi

ff'e-

. re

n,

~~n L

j~ny.

1J

56

rent

to

t J

l _j

tils

, an

d fw

ay'd

by

t P

. Ie

&.

no m

otiv

es i

n hi

s ch

oice

o

f ob

;eas

, III.

chuf

es a

t a

vent

ure;

and

onl

y m

akes

57

a

righ

t ch

oice

, w

hen

II ;1

b"p,

,1Is

(as

R P.

10

1,

101.

II

J.

the

auth

or ;l

1ft

Iy ex

preR

"es

his

notio

n) I

J9.

141,

that

he

chuf

es

"" o

bjeO

, w

hich

he

147,

can

by h

is e

reM

;lIg

pow

er r

ende

r fo

ag

reea

ble,

as

that

it

may

be

caU

'd a

ri

ghtly

,bo

jill

oIIje

tl.

Nor

can

thi

s fa

-cu

lty

be i

mpr

ov'd

by

any

expe

rien

ce:

but

mul

t ev

er c

ontin

ue t

o ch

ufe

at

a ve

ntur

e, o

r as

it

;1 h"

p"lIl

. F

or i

f th

is f

",.l

ty,

impr

oves

by

expe

rien

ce,

and

will

hav

e re

gard

to

the

agre

ea-

blen

efs

or d

ifagr

eeab

lene

fS o

f ob

jetl

s in

the

mfe

lves

; it

is

no l

onge

r th

e f"

tult

y co

nten

ded

for,

but

a f"

'lIlt

y m

ov'd

and

aff

etle

d by

the

nat

ure

of

thin

gs.

So t

hat

man

, w

ith

a f.

,.lt

y o

f ch

oice

ind

iffe

rent

to

all

obje

Cls

, m

uLl:

mak

e m

ore

11'1

'0".

( ,h

oice

s, th

an m

an

conf

ider

'd a

s a

nece

ft'ar

y be

ing;

in

~b

e fa

me

prop

orti

on,

as

"iliw

g 4

S it

h"

f!t1

ls,

8 -l =: tT

l

"d =: ~ I:"

o til o "d =: ~ ('

) ;I>

I:"

~

Z

10 c:: ~ := -<

,.

.An

Inqu

iry C

OIIet

rtUng

h~

P'"S

, is

a w

orfe

dir

eaio

n to

cb

uk

ri

gh

t, t

han

the

ufe

of

our

tenf

Cs,

ex­

peri

ence

, an

d re

afon

. J.

Thi

rdly

, tb

e ex

ifte

nce

of

fuch

an

"b

it,.

,} ,,

,u/r

y, to

chu

fe w

itho

ut

rega

rd

to

the

qual

itie

s o

f ob

,09:

5,

wou

ld d

eCtro

y th

e uf

e o

f ou

r fe

nks,

ap

peti

tes,

paf

fion

s, a

nd r

eafo

n; w

mch

ha

ve b

een

give

n us

to

dire

B:

us i

n o

ur

iftq

uiri

es a

fter

tru

th,

in o

ur p

urfu

it

afte

r ha

ppi

nefs

, an

d to

pre

ferv

e ou

r be

ings

. F

or,

if w

e ha

d •

f.c.

it;,

w

hich

ch

ofe

wit

hout

reg

ard

to t

be

noti

ces

and

advc

rtif

cmen

ts o

f th

efC

po

wer

s, a

nd b

y it5

cbo

ice

over

-rul

ed

them

; w

e fh

ould

the

n be

indu

'd w

ith

"fA

C"'

f] t

o d

efea

t th

e en

d an

d uf

es

of

ther

e po

wer

s.

l~!C!f

B

ut

the

impt

rJtO

i",

of

libe

rty

in­

"ccc

Ifiry

. con

fift

cnt

wit

h

nece

ffity

, w

ill

yet

mor

e ap

pear

by

.c

onfi

deri

ng

the

gre

at

perf

tl/io

n o

f be

ing

nece

ffar

ily

dJ:t

erm

in'd

. C

an

lIM

",1

IIJ

L_,y.

7S

C

an a

OJ'

tbio

g be

per

fea,

th

at i

s no

t ae

c:ef

fari

ly p

eril

a?

For

wha

te­

ver

is D

Ot

na:d

fari

ly p

erfe

a m

af b

e impe~. a

Dd

is b

y C

OO

iqU

CD

ce i

m­

perfe

Ct.

Is i

t D

ot a

per

feE

lion

in G

od

ne­

ceB

'aril

y to

kno

w a

n tr

uth

? Is

it

no

t a

perf

e8io

D i

n hi

m t

o be

nec

eJfa

rily

hap

py?

Is i

t n

ot

aUo

a pe

rfea

ion

in h

im

to w

ill

aDd

do a

lway

s w

hat

is

bell

? F

or

if a

ll

thin

gs

are

illJ

iffm

lll

to ~D'~

bim

, as

fom

e o

f th

e ad

voca

tes

of Ii

-;~~

58 b

erty

aif

ert,

and

beco

me

tfJOa

onl

y b

y h

is f

f1;g

illg t

hem

; he

caD

nQt

hav-

c an

y m

otiv

e fr

om

his

ow

n I

dea'

s, o

r fr

om

the

natu

re o

f th

ings

, to

wil

l on

e th

ing

rath

er t

han

ano

ther

; an

d

conf

eque

atly

he

m

ult

wi/l

w

itho

ut

59

any

rcaf

on

or

cauf

e:

whi

ch c

anno

t be

con

c:ei

v'd

poff

ible

of

any

bei

ng

; an

d is

con

trar

y to

thi

s fe

lf-e

vide

nt

trut

h,

that

whA

lt'Vt

r b.

s "

brgi

""i1

lg

60 .II} Iu

w "

CU

ffl.

But

jf

thin

gs a

rc

Dot

>oj := t!l

"I;j := .... r-' o rIl o "I;j := .... (') >

r-' .... z /:) c::: .... :;=

0<

\0

7'

.An

Inqu

iry,

onct

min

g no

t in

dijW

tlll

to h

im,

he

muf

t be

nc

cea-

arily

de

term

in'd

by

w

hat

is

belL

B

efid

es,

as h

e is

a w

ife b

eing

, 61

he m

ull:

have

fom

e en

d an

d de

6gn:

an

d as

he

is a

goo

d be

ing,

th

ings

ca

nnot

be

ill

diffe

r'lIt

to'

him

, w

hen

the

happ

inef

s o

f in

telli

gent

and

fen

­ftb

le b

eing

s,

depe

nd o

n th

e w

ill

he

has,

in

the

form

atio

n o

f th

ings

. W

ith

wh

at c

onfi

ften

cy t

here

fore

can

tho

fc

advo

cate

s of

libe

rty

a(fe

rt G

OD

to

be

• ho

lJ A1

14 g

oo4

lItiw

g, w

ho

mai

ntai

n '-t

. J17

. th

at J

J th

ings

p

, ill

diffe

r,",

to

him

be

fore

he

will

s an

y th

ing

; an

d th

at

he m

ay w

ill,

and

do J

J th

illgs

, w

hich

th

ey

them

fclv

es e

ftee

m w

icke

d an

d un

juft

? 61

I ca

nnot

gi

ve a

bet

ter

conf

irm

a­ti

on o

f th

is a

rgum

ent

from

the

con

­ft

dera

tion

of

the

Att

ribu

tes

of

GO

D,

than

by

tbe

judg

men

t o

f th

e la

te

Bith

op o

f S

UU

M;

whi

ch

has

the

mor

e w

eigh

t, a

s pr

ocee

ding

fro

m a

gr

eat

a(fe

rter

Qf J

i~rty, w

ho

by t

he

forc

e

Hum

an L

iizrt

y.

17

forc

e o

f tr

uth

is d

rive

n to

fay

wha

t he

doe

s. H

e gr

ants

, th

at i

ll}lI

it' I

".

Iqo

£

fea

. ,M

I • .,

s fo

",ffiv

, th

ottg

hts

ill"

all

. a7·

GtN

l; an

d th

ert/o

re t

hat

the

Effi

llu o

f G

tNl

;s .

. /"

'fti1

thol

lght

, ill

""i

,h '

"

",;"

,s .. ",i

/Js "

Illh

ings

. .A

1I4

thol

l,"

hil

Ir""

p,,,,

.a

s fo

,h M

",

,,,iD

II, p

ro­

",iU

.'"

""J

",;r

uks,

"" 40

11, ;1

1 "Jil

t-"/l

ion

of Ii,

., ; Jtt

his

;,.,

. .. t

lll .

as,

hi

s b(

Jff1

/ttlg

, ""

4 "''

'11, .

" till

' ",it

" IJ

s tjJ

ill".

A

nd a

s he

gr

ants

thi

s to

be

a tr

ue n

otio

n o

f G

o D

, fo

he

al

low

s th

at "

V,,

) 1i

i1/i,

.It, u

ifts

fro

m

it a

gain

ft t

be l

iber

ty o

f G

OD

. Fo

r, fa

ys h

e, t

he i

mm

anen

t .a

s of

G04

1It-

jllg

fopp

os'J

itt, i

t is

IlO

l ,..u

to .1

1-g;

II, h

orP t

lx] j

botIl

J H

011

' JP

ith ,

'" Ii

i-."

;,,, '

ffi"

"; t

o ",

hi,h

, .tf

lff."

,sift

t."

Jots

111

0) "'

t.i1l

1J H

lrmg.

A

nd i

f ,.

imm

anen

t M

is of

GtN

l "" ""

tjJ.,,,

,h

e" t

he ""

"fi",'

.. 1

lit fo

li/c

mji,

lIS

Hi"

, ,,

,, ,

,,,.

i,, t

JftO

s of

his

.,."

"""

.as:

an

d.

,h.;

" of

""'

ff',

,M' .

. J rf

tll

thTO

IIgh

lilt

,./J"

I, or

JlT

tf lh

i",s

:

".1.

~

-l =

l!1

'1:1 = - t'" o !:I

.I o '1:1 = -() >

t'"

- z o c: -)1:1 ><

11

.An

Inqt

tiry

conc

erni

ng

""~

GoJ

hi

",ft

lf,b

m

;s"o

fm

btiw

g,

"lit Al

Is ~ •

IItc

t/lilJ

Df ,,

41.r

t. A

nd

this

nec

eflit

y, t

o w

hich

GO

D is

thu

s fu

b;ea

, ;s

, ad

ds

he,

II()

.I1

",..il]

to

/"""

GO

D

;S,

acco

rdin

g to

th

em,

*et1

f.ri

l, j"

/, '

rtlt

, .lI

tl g

ool,

b.J .

"

i1ll,

illjie

t 1I

tttl/i

IJ ,b.,

.rift

s fr

om

his

_II

inf

i"itt

ptr

ftElio

ll.

And

frol

ll "'"

et th

ey h

ave

tllD

tlgbt

, th

M j

illet

God

MIs

bJ

infin

itt w

iI-

nJ g

DtN

lm[s

, ,b

illgs

ml

/~ I

ItJI

h.-v

t bt,l

I ot

btrr

.ift

Ih."

IIN

y ."

: fo

r JPh

., ;s

illftn

ittl.J

fIIifo

or

gooJ

­e6

1lll(

)t bt

.I

ttr'

tl,

or m

•• t

tithe

r bt

tttr

or

rPO

rft.

And

-he

conc

lude

s,

that

he

"'tl

fllt

.-vt

lhi

s Ji

f/iet

llty

.",it

hotlt

!'tl

tlla

. ilt

g t

o t~

';11

it,

or

41

Ifi"

, th

t _j

tO;­

Oil

S th

M .

ift

.gul

Ifl.

H t

ilt /t't

I"., w~

s

".J _h

IHvilln

h.-v

t tn

MlI'

lIoflr

'tl

to

,t/oI

vt i

t.

63

lIr-

r..t

. A

gain

, ar

e D

ot

Ang

els

and

othe

r W

orks

·,.he

aven

ly

beiD

gs

efte

m'd

mor

e pe

r-Is

6,lt

S.

fc~o

..

ba

#:.

~~

t D

men

; be

caul

e,

havl

Dg

a de

ar

infi

ght

into

th

e D

atur

e or

thi.o

gs,

they

ar

c ne

cclfa

rify

dete

r-m

iD'd

Ham

lin L

iber

ty.

" m

in'd

to

ju

dge'

righ

t iD

tel

lltio

kl f:

ti er

ath

and

falfb

ood,

at

td

to

chuf

o rIg

ftt i

ll re

latio

n-to

gee

d an

d ev

il,

pfta

fare

a1l

d pa

in;

aM a

lfo t

o a

li

rigf

tt in

pur

fuam

:e o

f th

eir

jacJ

gmen

i 64

an

d ch

oice

? A

nd ~h

ettb

-e

wou

M

not m

an b

e m

ore

perf

i:tl t

han

he i

s,

if, b

y fra

ving

a c

lear

in~ in

to t

he

Ilat

ure

of

tlrin

gs;

he w

as n

c:c:

dltri

ly

dcte

rmin

'd

to a

fl'en

t to

' tn

tth

Ortl

y,

to-c

hafe

ODI

y fIl

Ch o

&;e

as a

s w

oUld

' m

alfc

hi

m

happ

y,

and

to a

ff a

c­co

rdin

gly?

P

urth

er,

is no

t m

an' m

ore

petr

ea,

tlie

mor

e ca

pa61

e he

is o

f con

viai

on ?

A

nd w

ill h

e D

ot

fie m

ore-

capa

ble

of

COD

'Vifi

ion,

if

he b

e D

ecelT

ariIy

der

cr­

min

'd i

n hi

s af

t'ent

by

whi

tt te

ems

II

teat

On

to h

im,

and

nece

tt'ar

ity d

e­fe

rmin

'd

in

IUs

fhte

ral

-oof

i'rio

nS' b

y w

'hat

fi:e

ms

good

to

him

; th

'an i

fhc

was

ind

iffer

ent

to p

ropo

tit'lb

nS D

ot.

witl

lfta

ndin

g an

y IU

fon

lot

them

, or

was

ind

iffer

ent'

to a

ny ob

'ltfts

lIor·

w

ithft

andi

ng

>-l =: t!l

"Ii =: .... t"" o 1;1.1 o "Ii =: .... n >

t"" .... Z

10

c::: .... ::c 0

(

I.Q

w

80

.An

In9u

;ry

conc

erni

ng

wit

hRan

ding

tb

ey

feem

'd

good

to

h

im?

For

oth

crw

ife,

be

coul

d be

con

­vi

nc'd

upo

n no

pri

ncip

les,

and

wou

ld

be t

he

moR

: un

difc

iplin

able

and

un­

traC

labl

e o

f al

l A

nim

als.

A

ll ad

vice

an

d al

l re

afon

ings

wou

ld b

e o

f no

ufe

to h

im.

You

mig

ht o

ffer

arg

umeu

ts

to h

im,

and

lay

befo

re h

im p

leaf

ure

and

pain

; an

d he

m

ight

Han

d u

n­

mov

'd l

ike

a ro

ck.

He

mig

ht r

ejea

6S

wh

at a

ppea

n tr

ue t

o hi

m,

afTe

nt t

o w

hat

fee

ms

abfu

rd

to

him

, av

oid

wh

at h

e fe

es t

o be

goo

d,

and

chuf

e w

hat

he

fees

to

be e

vil.

Indi

ffer

ence

th

eref

ore

to

rece

ive

trut

h,

that

is,

li

lnrt

y to

den

y i~ w

hen

we

fce

it;

and

Indi

ffer

ence

to p

leaf

ure

and

pain

, tha

t is

, li

btrt

y to

ref

ure

the

firft

and

chuf

e th

e la

ft,

are

dir

ea o

bRad

es t

o kn

ow­

ledg

e an

d ha

ppin

efs.

On

the

cont

ra.

ry,

to b

e nc

ccJf

arily

de

term

in'd

by

wh

at f

cem

s re

afon

able

, an

d by

wha

t (c

ems

good

, ha

s a

dirc

8: t

ende

ncy

to p

rom

ote

trut

h aD

d ha

ppin

eu,

and is

Ham

lin

Libe

rt).

8.

is th

e pr

oper

pe

rfea

ioJi

of

an

un­

derf

tand

inga

nd ' f

enfib

le b

eing

; A

nd

inde

ccl

it

feem

s ft

rang

e th

at

men

-1

houl

dall

ow t

hat

GO

D an

d A

ngel

s aC

l m

ore

perf

eClly

beC

aufe

th

ey' a

re

dete

rmin

'd

by

reaf

on;

and

alfo

al­

low

, th

at c

lock

s, w

atch

es,

mill

s, a

nd

othe

r ar

tific

ial

unin

telli

gent

be

ings

ar

c th

e be

tter

, th

e m

ore

they

are

de

term

in'd

to

go

righ

t by

w

eigh

t an

d m

eafu

re;

and

yet

that

th

ey

1bou

ld d

eem

it

a pe

rfeC

lion

in m

an

not

to b

e de

term

in'd

by

his

reaf

on,

but

to h

ave

libe

rty

to' g

o ag

ainf

t it

. W

ould

it

not

be

as

rear

onab

le

to

fay,

it

wou

ld

be

a pe

rfea

ion

in a

cl

ock

not

to b

e ne

ceff

arily

det

erm

in'd

to

go

righ

t, bu

t 'to

hav

e its

mot

ions

de

pend

upo

n ch

ance

?

Aga

in,

tho'

man

doe

s th

ro'

wea

k­ne

fs a

nd

impe

rfeC

l:ion

fa

U in

to f

eve­

rat

'mifr

akes

bo

th

in

judg

ing

and

will

ing

in

rela

tion

to w

hat

is t

rue

and

good

; y

et h

e is

fril

l le

fs i

gnor

ant

G

and

\0 "'" ...

j := t'r1

"CI := - t"" o til o "CI := -(') >

t"" - Z /:

) c::: - := ...:

82

An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g an

d le

fs

unha

ppy

by b

eing

nec

dl"a

­ri

ly d

eter

min

'd

in j

udgi

ng

by w

hat

{eem

s re

afon

ablc

, an

d in

wil

ling

by

wh

at f

eem

s be

ft,

than

if

he w

as c

a­pa

ble

of ju

dgin

g co

ntra

ry t

o h

is r

ea­

fon

and

wiD

ing

agai

nft

his

fcaf

es.

Fo

r, w

ere

it n

ot f

o, w

hat

lem

lS f.l

ft,

wou

ld

be a

s ju

ft "

Till

e o

f lTt

"h,

as

wh

at

[e,.s

tr

ll';

an

d w

hat

{mill

t'I

Iil,

as j

uft

" Ti

ll, (

)f go

od,

as w

hat

fu.s

go

od.

Whi

ch

are

abfu

rdit

ics

too

grea

t fo

r an

y to

af

firm

; ef

pe­

cial

ly i

f w

e co

nfId

er, t

hat

the

re i

s a

perf

ealy

wif

e an

d go

od B

eing

, w

ho

has

give

n m

en

fenf

es

and

reaf

on t

o co

nd

ua

them

. L

aftly

, it

is

a pe

rfea

ion

to b

e ne

­ce

ffar

ily

dete

rmin

'd

in o

ur c

hoic

es,

even

in

the

mof

\: in

diff

eren

t th

ings

: be

cauf

c, i

f in

fue

h C

afes

the

re w

as

no

t a

cauf

e o

f ch

oice

, b

ut

a ch

oice

co

uld

be m

ade

wit

hout

a c

aufe

; th

en

all

chO

ICes

mig

ht

be

mad

e w

itho

ut

a ca

ufe,

and

w

e fh

ould

ao

t be

ne-

ceff

arily

HuI

lltUl

Libe

rty.

8 ~

.c:

elTa

rily

dete

rmin

'd

by

the

grea

teR

: cy

iden

ce

to a

ffen

t to

tru

th,

nor

by

the

ftro

ngef

t in

clin

atio

n fo

r ha

ppi

­ne

U t

o c

hufe

pka

fure

and

avo

id p

ain

; to

aU

whi

ch i

t is

a p

ctiC

aion

to

be

JlCCd

fariJ

y dc

term

in'd

. F

or if a

ny a

e­tic

a w

batf

oeve

r ca

n be

don

e w

itho

ut

a ca

ure;

the

n ef

feCl

s an

d ca

ufcs

hav

e D

O n

ec:cJ

l'ary

rel

atio

n, a

nd b

y co

nfe­

qucn

ce w

e fh

oold

n

ot

.be

nece

ffar

ily

detc

rmin

'd i

n a

ny c

afe

at a

ll.

IV.

A .

aun

h a

rgum

ent

to

prov

e Fo

urth

-

__

tI'.

I\..

)1

be

.rgu

mcn

c m

an a

JJQ

;Qla

ry

ageo

t,

"la

ta-t

oken

ken

from

tbe

con

fide

ruio

n o

f th

e di

-!~~f

.d:!'-

66

vioe

pre

fcie

nce.

T

he

divi

ne P

refc

i-ra

tion

o

f r.

ha

L

!_.

Ii th

e di

--e

nce

IUpp

ofcs

, t

t aU

tllW

gs

DEu

re v

ine pr~

wiD

ce

rtain

ty

exill

in

fa

ch t

ime,

fc:ie

nce.

filch

or

der,

an

d w

ith

{ach

cir

cum

-ft

ancc

s ; ·

Ind

no

t ot

hcrw

ife.

F

or i

f an

y th

iogs

fu

ture

w

ere

cont

inge

nt,

or

unce

rtai

n, o

r de

pend

ed o

n th

e li

-be

rty

of

man

, th

at i

s,

mig

ht o

r lD

igbt

not

h~; t

heir

cert

ain

cx-

G

2 if

ienc

c

>oj ::c ttl

'Ii ::c .... t'"" o r.n o 'Ii ::c .... (") >

t'"" .... Z o ~ .... := -< \0

VI

84

.An

Inqu

iry c

omer

ning

if

lenc

e co

uld

not

be t

he o

b;ca

: o

f th

e di

vine

pre

fcie

nce:

it

bein

g a

cont

rai.

diE

hon

to k

now

tha

t to

be

cel't

ain,

w

hich

is

not

cer

tain

: an

d G

od h

im­

{elf

cou

ld o

nly

guef

s at

the

exi

ften

ce

of

fuch

th

ings

. A

nd i

f th

e di

vine

pr

efci

ence

fu

ppof

es t

he t

trtA

i" e

xift

­en

ce o

f al

l th

iDgs

fut

ure,

it

fupp

ofes

al

fo th

e IIt

ttJfA

TJ e

xiite

Dce

of a

ll t

hing

s fu

ture

; be

cauf

c G

OD

ca

n fo

re·k

Dow

th

eir

cert

ain

exif

tene

e on

ly,

eith

er a

s th

at e

xift

enee

is

the

enea

: o

f hi

s de

­cr

ee,

or a

s it

de

pend

s on

its

ow

n ca

ufes

. If

he

fore

-kno

ws

that

ex­

ifie

nce,

as

it i

s th

e ef

fe8:

of

his

de­

cree

; hi

s de

cree

m

akes

tb

at

exif

t­en

ee n

ecef

fary

: fo

r it

im

plie

s a

eoo­

trad

iEH

on f

or

an

aU-p

ower

ful

bein

g to

dec

ree

any

thin

g w

hich

fha

ll no

t ne

cefl

'ari

ly c

ome

to p

afs.

If

he

fore

­kn

ows

that

exi

ften

ee,

as i

t de

pend

s on

its

ow

n ca

ures

; th

at e

xift

ence

is

lI

O

lefs

nec

:eJf

ary:

fo

r it

no

lefs

im

­pl

ies

a co

ntra

dict

ion,

th

at

cauf

es

1bou

ld

Hu

.a1

l Li

bnly

. Jh

ould

no

t pr

oduc

e th

eir

effe

8s

(cau

fes

and

efte

8:s

havi

ng a

nec

ef-

(ary

rel

atio

n to

and

de

pend

ence

on

ea

ch

othe

r)

than

th

at

aD

even

t 1b

ould

no

t co

me

to

pafs

, w

hich

is

decr

eed

by G

od.

BS

ele

no

has

fom

e pa

JTag

es t

o t

he

De

Di­

purp

ofe

of

this

arg

umen

t.

Say5

he,

yin

. I.

~.

iJ!t1 p

otll

"w

id";

flliA

fIlA1

ll !"

t",r

ll'"

!fJ

i flio

A ''

'f"t

tAi

lfAIII

,,"

"" U

UA""

li

t-

flit

lIo

/AIII

, til'

flll

ll'lI

", fi

t ? -

~i4

tj ;

gitl

l',

'lllo

A t4

{tl J

ieri

Alit

foT

te f

o,-

I(lIIa,

l"t

elll

lll?

--

Nib

il

ejl

ellim

, .. t

OIlI

r.,il

llll

,61;

011;

&

t01l

}Allt

i. 'lf

lAIII

fO

TtIiT

lA;

lit "

,ihi

lit

;11 D

ell",

, ..

. dl

Te '

IIid

e6l1

l',

III

[&;6

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it. /

lItll

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l Jit.

Si

e"j

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oil,

mIl

ill

lld w

ellie

t. Si

ll t"

,e w

llli

et,

1Iu

ll ..

ejI fo

rtlil

lA.

Eft

•• tm

l fo

rllll

l..

ReTI

I",

67 i

t,itll

r fo

rt.i

l.T

.",

1111

11..

tjI !

Tefo

lJlio

. A

lro

thll

t i1

1uftr

ious

R

efor

mer

L

u-

TH

ER

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ys,

in

his

lreA

ti[e

.tg4i

ItJ

Cap

.• 4

'.

!m-n

,iII

: CO

IJ,t{

sl D

ei p

r"fo

it"t

i~

6-_"

i/ot

ellt

il,

ftfll;

11IT

IIN

ItTAl

iter

i"t-

G J

fr

Ag~i

li

~

-J =

tTl

." = - t"" o rn

o ." = -('l >

t""

- Z 10 c:: ... := -<

16

.An

1nfJu

iry c

onct

rnin

g fr

.g~b

il;

eonf

elJt

ltllti

a, I

IOS

1'r

1101

ipf

ol

1101

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o f"

nos,

li

te vi

v"e,

"" "

''',

'1

t1ill

Jtl""

', ftt

l pr

r ;8

i",

tmlll

fote

"IiM

II.

CtI

", A

llie

",

tilits

IItJ

S iU

e ""

tt p

r6ft

i"it

fll

l.ros

, ,"li

fq., .

. Ill f"

eillt

, lII

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llt, 0

-gt

lbt,,

,,, ;

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J"!.i

,,,4

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.04

ill

nobi

s lim

"111

fil,

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t" 6

-M

it"

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ille

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Libe

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6-

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,., 6

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n ... i

lfi.

s ""

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",

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Jio­

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. A

nd o

ur l

earn

ed

Dr.

SO

UT

H

68

~ .. i

'. fa

ys,

the

for,-

!tnor

pl,l.

g, o

f "'"

lVel

lt JO

II

01.

If.

. I

. .J .1

t'."

/~..

I".

II

,. .....

""III"

~ "".

""'JI

""'.}

InJ",

tll

"t t

lJe"

",.

p ",

foeh

""

,.",

IIt;

for

III

"'lIe

h 4

S

the

ltrt

unl)

of I

llflJP

lttlg

, M

I'"tls

"/0"

fIJ

e ~er'';.1J

of I

hI t

hillf

. !tn

0lfl1l

. .A

lltl

;n th

is {

tllfe

it

is,

thAt

G~s t

leer

e, ""

II

Irtm

lift g

;v,

4 lIe

lef{"

'J ,s

i}e"

" to

tlie

th

i"!.

Mm

etl

or p

rtm

liftJ

, th

At ;

s to

/":1.

lbe]

ill/

IT i

t 9

iw/d

ibl,

tfJl

lftf

.'''''

; fo

Ib

.,

&.(

In L

iber

ty.

81

,641

il "

U II

I ;"

".g;

M, ,. C

hrijl

llOl

to

rift f

iw-,

he M

U,

4S

it ,,

111 fo

r G

otl "

f,.

folf

lhl)

'0

.11 ..

l,fJIIIi

/e "

,hi"

!.,

""II

1" ,

he '

hill

t IID

I ef

JIIII

'0 14

fi.

• Sec

..

I co

uld

alfo

bri

ng i

n th

e g

reat

e&:1

0-D

ivin

es a

nd .

". Ph

ilofo

pher

s w

ho a

re ~.::"

69 af

l'erte

rs

of

liber

ty,

as

conf

irmin

g I.

Arr~4'.

this

arg

umen

t;

for"

" th

ey a

ckno

w-t

:!~:.

ledg

e, t

hat

they

are

una

ble

to rec

on-'

·Ti~

iot_

ci

le th

e Ji

ville

,,'.f

oiel

lee

and

the

"""fJ (o

n'.

Ser.

"

mO

nl.

of

man

tog

ethe

r: w

hich

IS

all

I in

-Vol

. V

I.

tend

ed to

prov

e by

thi

s ~r

gume

nt,

t~-'

s;lJ

in,.

ke

n fr

om t

he c

onfid

erat

lon

of th

e tIi

-~~W

. ",

i",

P'if

cil"

".

fatis

fi&i,.

on

.'·lS

S·

V.

A fi

fth a

rgum

ent t

o pr

ove

man

Faf

da •

•

a ne

ced'

ary

agen

t, is

as

follo

ws:

If=

:­m

an w

as n

ot

a ne

cefi'

ary

agen

t, de

-hm

the

term

in'd

by

plea

fure

and

pai

n, t

here

::::..0£

w

ould

be

no f

ound

atio

n fo

r re

war

ds :i1

.::;,

and

punH

hmen

ts,

whi

cb

are

the

1· 'IJ

ellli

,,' f

o!lf

Wtl

of

foci

ety.

t

Solo

n re

mpa

blic

lm c

onti

ncri

die

cbn

.0.&0

. re

ba ••

pnr

mio

~ ~n~. C

icer

o £p

ift.

IS •• dB

....

-.

G 4

-Fo

r

-I :r: t!:J

oog :r: .... t"" o rn o oo

g :r: .... n >

t"" .... Z

10 c:: .... ~ 0<

\0

-..J

88

An

Inqu

iry c

once

r"in

g F

or

if m

en w

ere

not

nccd

fari

ly

dete

rmin

'd b

y pl

cafu

re a

nd

pain

, or

if p

leaf

ure

and

pain

wer

e no

cau

fes

to d

eter

min

e m

ens

wil

ls;

of w

hat

ufe

wou

ld b

e th

e pr

ofpe

U o

f re

war

ds

to f

ram

e a

man

's w

ill

to t

he o

hfer

­va

tion

o

f th

e Ja

w,

or p

unif

hmen

ts

to h

inde

r hi

s tr

anfg

reff

ion

ther

eof?

W

ere

pain

, as

fu

ch,

elig

ible

, an

d pl

eafu

re, a

s fu

ch,

avoi

dabl

e; r

ewar

ds

and

puni

fhm

ents

cou

ld

he

no

mo­

tives

to

a m

an,

to m

ake

him

do

or

forb

ear

any

aaio

n.

But

if

plea

fure

an

d pa

in h

ave

a ne

celf

ary

efre

a on

m

en,

and

if i

t be

impo

ffih

le f

or m

en

not

to c

hufe

w

hat

fecm

s go

od

to

them

, an

d no

t to

avo

id

wha

t fe

cms

evil

; th

e ne

ceff

ity

of

rew

ards

and

pu

nifh

men

ts i

s th

en e

vide

nt,

and

re­

war

ds w

ill b

e o

f uf

e to

all

thof

e w

ho

conc

eive

th

ofe

rew

ards

to

be

ple

a­fu

re,

and

puni

fhm

ents

will

be

of u

fe

to a

ll th

ofe

who

con

ceiv

e th

em t

o be

pa

in:

and

rew

ards

and

pun

ifhm

ents

w

iD

Hum

an L

iber

ty.

89

wil

l fr

ame

thof

e m

ens

will

s to

ob­

ferv

e, a

nd n

ot

tran

fgre

fs

the

laW

s. B

etid

es,

fince

th

ere

are

fo m

any

robb

ers,

m

urde

rers

, w

hore

maf

ters

, an

d ot

her

crim

inal

s,

who

no

twit

h­ft

andi

ng

the

puni

lbm

ents

th

reat

n'd,

an

d re

war

ds p

rom

is'd

, hy

law

s; p

re­

fer

brea

king

the

law

s as

the

gre

ater

go

od o

r le

lfer

evil,

an

d re

ject

con

for­

mit

y to

the

m a

s th

e gr

eate

r ev

il o~

le

lfer

good

: ho

w m

any

mor

e w

ould

th

ere

be,

and

wit

h w

hat

difo

rder

s w

ould

not

all

foci

etie

s be

fill

'd,

if re

­w

ards

and

pun

i1hm

ents

, con

tider

'd a

s pl

eafu

re a

nd p

ain,

di

d no

t de

term

ine

fom

e m

ens

will

s,

but

that

, in

ftea

d th

ereo

f, al

l m

en c

ould

pre

fer

or w

ill

puni

lllm

ent

conf

ider

'd a

s pa

in,

and

reje

a re

war

ds c

onfi

der'd

as

p1ea

fure

?

men

w

ould

th

en

be

unde

r no

re

o ft

rain

ts.

VI.

My

tix

th a

nd

laft

arg

umen

t S

ixth

ar­

to p

rove

m

an a

nec

elfa

ry a

gent

is:

r..-:c

if

'D

00

...,) :z::

t!1

"tI

:z:: .... t"" o (1

'.1 o "tI :z:: .... ("

') ;l>­

t"" .... z I:) r::: .... ~ -<

90

.An

In9u

;ry c

onct

rn;n

g r,o

m d

ie if

man

w

as n

ot a

ne

celfa

ry a

gent

=:

lirr

~ det

crm

in'd

by

plea

fure

and

pai

n, h

e w

ould

hav

e no

not

ion

of m

or.J

il], o

r m

otiv

e to

pra

tlife

it:

th

e di

ffin

S:io

n be

twee

n m

oral

ity

and

imm

oral

ity,

virt

ue a

nd v

ice

wou

ld b

e lo

ft;

and

man

wou

ld n

ot b

e a

mor

al a

gent

. L

ocke

', M

oral

ity o

r V

irtu

e, c

onfif

li in

fuc

h ~t

rab'

: as

:ions

as

are

in t

heir

ow

n na

ture

, ui

. e. 2~.

and

upo

n th

e w

hole

,pl'.

f"';

and

im-

Ser

iean

t',

1· .

fid.

.· fi

h tl

· So

Ilcl.P

hj..m

ora

lty o

r V

ICe,

con

llGi

10

uc

a

1-

~ .f

lCrt

. ons

as

are

in t

heir

ow

n na

ture

, an

d -".

21S·

h

.J.

h fa

up

on t

e w

hole

'.'''

JIII

. W

ere

re a

70

man

mul

l be

affe

Cted

w

ith p

leaf

ure

and

pain

, in

ord

er t

o kn

ow

wha

t m

oral

ity is

, and

to

diR

:ingu

ifh i

t fro

m

imm

oral

ity.

He

mul

l al

fo b

e aW

eB:-

cd w

ith p

leaf

ure

and

pain

, to

hav

e a

reaf

on t

o pr

atlif

e m

oral

ity;

for

ther

e ca

n be

no

mot

ives

, bu

t pl

eafu

re a

nd

pain

, to

mak

e a

Man

do

or f

orbe

ar

any

aEH

on.

And

a m

an

mul

l be

th

e m

ore

mor

al,

the

mor

e he

und

er.

fla~

ds o

r is

dul

y iC

nfib

le, w

hat

aai·

O

IlS

HM

tII"n

Lib

my.

91

O

DS

give

plc

afur

e an

d w

bat p

ain;

and

m

ull b

e pe

rfel

Hy

mor

al, if

nec

eJfa

ri'

Iy c

lete

rmin

'd b

y pl

eafu

re a

nd p

ain,

rig

htly

und

erfto

od a

nd a

ppre

hend

ed.

But

if

man

be

i"q

".,.

, to

ple

afur

e an

d pa

in,

or

is no

t du

ly a

fFef

ted

with

the

m;

he c

anno

t kn

ow w

hat

mor

ality

is,

no

r di

fting

uifh

it

from

im

mor

ality

, no

r ha

ve

any

mot

ive

to

praS

:ife

mor

alit

y,

and

abfta

in

from

im

mor

ality

; an

d w

iD b

e eq

ual.

Iy i

ndiff

eren

t to

m

oral

ity a

nd i

m­

mor

ality

, or

vir

tue

and

vice

. M

an

in h

is pr

efen

t con

ditio

n is

fuB

icie

ntly

im

mor

al b

y m

iflak

ing

pain

for

ple

a.

fure

, an

d th

ereb

y ju

dgin

g, w

illio

g,

and

praS

:ifin

g am

ifs:

but

if

he w

as

indi

ffer

ent

to

plea

fure

and

pa

in,

he

wou

ld h

ave

no r

ule:

to g

o by

, an

d m

ight

nev

er j

udge

, w

ill, a

nd p

raai

te

righ

t. T

ho' I

con

ceiv

e I

have

fo

prop

o-0I

Iiea

i.

fed

my

argu

men

ts,

as t

o h

ave

obvi

-rw:sa~

,~~ m

oll o

f th

e .,l

aufib

Je o

bje&

ions

uf

uaU

y

o-i =: til

"1:1 =: .... t'"' o rn o "1:

1 =: .... n >

t'"' .... Z

10 c:: .... ~ -< ~

92

.An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g uf

ual1

y ur

g'd

agai

nfl:

the

doC

l:rin

c o

f ne

ceff

ity;

ye

t it

m

ay

not

be i

m­

prop

er t

o g

ive

a pa

rtic

ular

fol

utio

n to

the

pri

ncip

al o

f th

em.

Pir

lt 01

1-I.

Fir

ft t

hen

it i

s ob

jeae

d, t

hat

~A~1

i *

if m

ell

Me

lIetej

J4'.J

"ltl

ltS

.114

Jo

~~

UiAi

Do.t

OII

I",i

, IIm

ff4';/

.J J

J b"

",he

s oJ

the

I.",

....

. tt

. ;0

. 1

6. c

.:

it .. /4

be

IIIIil

ljl

to I

IIII~"

the"

, fo

, Jo

i1lg

fIIh

., th

e] '

SliM

Il'l

IO;4

Joi

llg.

71

AII

t"cr

. T

o w

hich

I

anfw

er, t

hat

the

folc

en

d o

f pu

nifh

men

t in

foc

icty

is

to

prev

ent,

as

far

as m

ay b

e, t

he c

om­

mil

lion

of

,"1'

;11

crim

es:

and

that

71

puni

fhm

cnts

hav

e th

cir

defi

gned

ef

­fe

B: t

wo

way

s;

lirf

t, by

ren

rain

ing

or

cutt

ing

off

from

fa

ciet

y th

c '1/

;­,;(J

IIS m

embe

rs;

and

fcco

ndly

, by

co

rrea

ing

m

en

or

terr

ifyi

ng

them

fr

om t

he c

omm

iffi

on o

f tb

ofe

crim

es.

No

w l

et

puni

fhm

cnts

be

in

8ia

cd

wit

h e

ithe

r o

f th

cfc

view

s,

it w

ill

be m

anif

eft,

that

no

reg

ard

is h

ad

to a

ny f,

.,t-4

gt1l

&J

in m

an,

in o

rder

to

re

nder

th

ofe

puni

fhm

ents

ju

ft;

but

Hum

an L

iber

ty.

9J

but

that

on

th

e co

ntra

ry

puD

ilb­

mcn

u m

ay b

e j".

/llJ in

fliflc

d on

maD

th

o' a

nec

cd"a

ry

agen

t. F

or,

firit,

if

", • .

-Ju"

1 fa

r ex

ampl

c,

or

any

fucl

a "'"I

IJIIS

mcm

bers

ar

c cu

t of

f fr

om

(oci

cty,

mcr

ely

as t

hey

are

publ

ick

Duf

ance

s,

and

unfi

t to

liv

e am

ong

men

; it

is p

lain

,thc

y ar

c ill t

hat c

afe

ro fa

r fr

om

bein

g co

n6dc

r'd'

as p

w­«'

lItl,

that

the

y ar

c cu

t of

f fr

om f

a­ci

c:ty

as

a C

lokc

r'd b

ranc

h is

from

a

tree

, or

as a

mad

dog

is k

iD'd

in

dip

ftr

ccts

. A

nd t

he

puni

fhm

cDt

of fu

ch

men

is

j.JI,

as i

t ta

kes

mif

chic

vous

7

l m

embe

rs o

ut o

f foc

iety

. A

lfo

for

tbe

fam

c re

afon

, f"

';'1

"'''

",el

l, w

hom

al

l al

low

to

be n

cccd

"ary

age

nts,

an:

in

man

y pl

aces

of

the

wor

ld,

eith

er

the

obje

as o

f jud

icia

l pu

nifh

mco

ts, o

r ar

e al

low

'd

to b

e di

fpat

ch'd

by

pri­

vate

men

. N

ay,

cvcn

,.

,,,

i.foi

le/.

"ith t

he ,1

.,,,,,

who

arc

oot

vol

uota

­ry

age

nts

and

arc

guil

ty o

f DO

cri

me,

ar

e fo

met

imes

th

ough

t to

be

juf

tly

cut

- 8 o-j =: t'II

'"d =: .... t"" o ~ o '"d =: .... ("

) >

t"" .... z /:

) ~ .... \11

::1 0<

94

.An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g cu

t of

f fr

om f

ocie

ty,

(0

pre

vent

con

­ta

gion

fr

om

them

. Se

cond

ly ~

let

puni

finD

eDts

be

infl

itled

on

fo

me

crim

inal

s w

ith a

vi

ew

to t

erri

fy,

it

will

app

ear

that

in

iafli

Cl:i

ng p

uni1

h.

me

nts

w

ith

tbat

vie

w,

DO

re

gard

is

had

to

any

['''.A

gtn&

) in

m

an,

in o

rder

to

mak

e th

ofe

puni

1hm

cnts

jil

l.

To

ren

der

the

puni

ihm

eDt

of

foch

m

en j

ill,

it

is

fuB

icie

nt t

hat

they

w

ere

'fJo

l.fl

tAry

age

nts,

or

had

th

e w

ill t

o do

the

crim

e fO

r whi

ch

they

fuf

fer

for

the

law

ver

y ju

ftly

and

righ

tly r

egar

deth

onl

y tb

e w

ill,

and

no o

ther

pr

eced

ing

cauf

es

of

.aio

n.

For

exam

ple,

fu

ppof

e th

e 74

law

on

pain

of

deat

h fo

rbid

s th

eft,

and

ther

e be

a

man

w

ho

by

the

ftre

ngth

of

tem

ptat

ion

is ne

ceff

ita­

ted

to

fteaI

, an

d is

ther

eupo

n pu

t to

dea

th f

or i

t; d

oth

Dot

his

pun

Hh.

m

ent

Mttr

oth

ers

from

the

ft?

Is i

t no

t a

cauf

e,

that

oth

ers

fieal

not

? D

oth

it n

ot

fram

e th

eir

will

s to

iufti

c:e?

Hztm

an L

ihm

y.

95

;ufti

ce I

Wbc

rcas

, a

crim

inal

who

is

an

invo

lunt

ary

agen

t, <a

s fu

r in

. fta

nce,

a

man

w

bo h

as k

ill~

d aJ

lO..

tiler

in

a dl

ance

med

lyor

whi

le i

n a

feve

r, or

the

like)

c:a

nJlO

t fe

rve

for

an e

umpt

e to

~"auy o

tbcr

s fr

om

doin

g th

e fa

me;

be _I D

O m

on:

an i

ote

Up

t .cn

t in

doiD

g ch

c cr

ime,

tha

n a

bouf

e is

, w

hidl

kill

s 4

man

by

its f

all:

and ~ c

onfe

quen

oe

the

puni

1hm

ent

of f

ucb

an i

nvol

un-

tary

age

nt w

ould

be

oniu

ft.

Whe

n th

eref

ore

a m

an d

ocs

a cr

ime

'IID

1I11

1-

t.i",

and

his

puni

fhm

eat w

ill f

ervc

to

det

er o

ther

s fr

om d

oiog

the

fam

e.

he

is

jllJlI.J

toi

/b'.

ftw

JDiIl

g ...

(thr

o' f

tren

gth

of

tem

ptat

ion,

ill

ha.

bits

, or

oth

crca

ufcs

) IN

,,,.1. 11

01

IWO

id Jo

i'l.

It m

ay n

ot b

e im

prop

er

to a

dd

this

far

ther

c:o

afK

lera

cion

. fro

m

the

law

of O

Ur

coun

try.

Th

en:

is O

AC

cafe

, whe

rein

our

la

w i

s fO

far

(ro

m

rcqu

irillg

, th

at th

e pe

riODS

ptm

ifh'd

fh

ould

'"'" :x: m

'1:1 :x: .... t"" o fA o '"C :x: .... ("

) >

t"" .... z I:

) e - := >0( - o -

96

An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g fh

ould

be

frlt

-Agl

nts,

tba

t it

doe

s no

t co

nfid

er t

hem

as

volu

ntar

y ag

ents

, o

r ev

en a

s gu

ilty

o

f th

e cr

ime

fOr

whi

ch t

hey

(ulf

er:

(0 l

ittl

e is

Im-

6[,I

lIlJ

re

quif

ite

to m

ake

punH

hmen

ts

juil

. T

he c

hild

ren

of

rebe

l-pa

rent

s {u

ffer

in

the

ir f

ortu

nes

for

the

guil

t of

thei

r p

aren

ts;

and

thei

r pu

nifh

­m

ent

is d

eem

'd

;uil

, be

cauf

e it

is

iUpp

os'd

to

be

a m

eans

to

pre

vent

n:

helli

on i

n pa

t'CD

tS.

75

Seco

ncI

II.

Seco

ndly

; it

is

obie

lled

, th

AI

it

.hjc

&io

a. is

ttf

thfi

,tf}

l/w,.,,,

, 'IIni

fbm

lll1

OT

injl

ifl

it fJ

II ",

,11

10

!'t

WII

I ";

,,"1,

",

htn

thtJ

." n

tttjJ

"-ilJ

M

,,,,,,

i,,'J

i"

.0

l",

iT

.o;(

IIIS

. 76

Fd

Il1o

I.

T

o w

hich

I a

nfw

er,

liri

l, th

at

e.er.

.f..

. •

of

;0.

• fc

I",.,

.,"lII

g '11

"'1""

,,111

1 IS

a

ca u

e

whi

ch

nece

ffar

ily

dete

rmin

es

fom

e m

ens

will

s to

a c

onfo

rmit

y to

law

an

d ag

ainf

t co

mm

itti

ng t

he

crim

es

to w

hich

pun

ifhm

ents

are

ann

ex'd

; an

d th

eref

ore

is

ufef

ul

to a

n t

hofC

w

hofC

Hu1

/ltJn

Li

bttty

97

w

hofe

wiD

s m

uil

be d

eter

min

'd b

y it

. It

is

as u

fefu

l to

fu

ch

men

, as

the

fu

n is

to t

he r

ipen

ing

the

frui

ts

of

the

eart

h, o

r ~ a

ny o

ther

cau

fes

are

to p

rodu

ce t

heir

pro

per

efFc

as i

and

a. m

an m

ay a

s we

D fa

y th

e fu

n is

ure

­le

rs, if

the

ripe

ning

th

e fr

uits

of t

he

eart

h be

nec

eJfa

ry,a

s fa

y, t

here

is

no n

eed

of t

hrea

rnin

g pl

Jnif

hmen

t fo

r th

e uf

c o

f tb

ofe

to w

hom

thr

eat­

ning

pun

ilhm

ent

is a

nece

trar

y ca

ufe

of

forb

eari

ng

to d

o a

crim

e.

It i

s al

fo o

f ur

e to

ro

cier

y to

li

fjli

ll

pu­

nifh

men

ts

on m

en

fw

Joiw

g ""1

It th

tJ

t."n

Dl

no

iJ J

oing

, to

the

~Jl

d th

at n

ecel

fary

ca

ures

may

exi

il,

to

form

the

wiD

s o

f th

ofe

who

in

virt

ue

of t

hem

nec

etra

rily

obf

erve

the

law

s;

aDd

alfo

of u

fe t

o cu

t the

m o

ff as

nos

i-(J

ill ""

"'rs

of f

Oci

ety.

lI

. B

ut (

econ

dly,

(0

far

is

th

reat

-~(

CIn.

fl

ing

and

inB

iain

g pu

niO

imen

ts f

rom

anr

•• r.

bein

g uf

cler

s,

if m

en

arc

nece

LTar

y ag

ents

, th

at

it

wou

ld

be

ufeI

ers

H

to

..- S -!

1:1:

rol

"d

1:1: ... t"'" o fIl o "d

1:1: ... (') >

t"'" ... Z

t:> c:: ... ::a 0<

~8

.An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g to

"",d

l and

.,1

" (w

hich

are

th

e pr

iaci

pal

effe

lb d

eC,g

D'd

to

be

ob-

1:~jned

by t

hrea

toin

g an

d in

8iai

nr;

puni

fhlll

CD

tS)

uDlc:

fs m

en

wer

e ne

· ce

Jfar

y ag

ents

, an

d w

ere

dete

rmin

'd

by p

lcaf

urc

and

pain

.; be

capf

e,

if

men

wer

e fr

ee o

r in

diff

eren

t to

ple

a­fu

re

and

pain

, pa

io c

ould

be

no

m

otiv

e to

ca

ufc

men

to

ob

fcrv

e th

e la

w.

77

Th

ird

.n.

~. T

hird

ly,

men

hav

e ev

ery

day

Cwcr

. ex

amp1

es b

efor

e th

em D

f th

e ur

eful

. H

efs o

f pun

ilhm

ents

-upo

n fo

me

inte

l­li

gent

or

fenf

ible

bei

ngs,

whi

ch t

hey

all

cQnt

end

. are

ne

ceLT

ary

agen

ts.

Th

ey p

unif

h do

gs,

horf

es,

and

oth~

r an

imal

s ev

ery

day

wit

h gr

eat

fucc

elS,

an

d m

ake

them

leav

e of

f the

ir v

icio

us

habi

ts,

and

form

th

em t

here

by a

c­co

rdin

g to

th

eir

will

s.

The

fe

are

plai

n faa:s~ a

nd m

atte

rs o

f co

nRan

t ex

peri

ence

, an

d ev

en

conf

irm

fd

by

the

evaf

ions

of

the

adv

ocat

es o

f li-

Br_

6"l"

i ber

ty,

who

. cal

l1he

,tW

qJs •• d !u

ni/b

-W

ork

s".

..h

"s.

",~I

JIS

Hum

dn

Lib

"t].

99

78

",

elJl

s us

'd .'0

brut

e be

alls

"".ro

gi,.r;

an

a fa

y, t

hat

btM

iII:

Ibn

. an

d gr

villg

I .. lI

iil.4

r, h

MIf

ooly

thl

jb.J

od o

f"­

".,J,

""J

,."ijb

iilftd

l. N

or ar

~ ca

pi.

tal

puni

lbm

ent5

wit

bout

the

ir li

fe a

-m

ong

bcaf

is a

nd b

irds

. R

Oll

,UIU

S

Qo

"

te1J

s us

, th

at "t"

.'iI'..1

1111

.' ill A

fric

a b~u

r •••

.'J

J -,

,-.-

. RI

m. &

e.

I, .,iw

-iJ '01

l.J

4.s /,

0. th

eir

,ilils

L 2

. "lo

g.

""J t

(lll1

nl;

and.

chat

t,I

-WIi

"l Ib

r,; ti

lt ""

"Iry

of J

uJie

rs, h

e ~J

ffll

d, tI

N) h

4ng-

79

,1. I

I, '

Il101

1ltS

to

Je'.

" tIM

, ","

s. A

nd

in l

ike mann~r w

ith

U$.

, m

en h

ang

up "

o"s

and

roo

ls t

o k

eep

bird

s fr

om

thei

r co

rn,

as t

hey

hang

up

mur

­de

rers

in

chai

ns t

o de

ter

othe

r m

ur­

dere

rs.

But

I ne

ed n

ot g

o to

bru

tes

for

exam

ples

of

the

ufef

ulne

fs o

f pu

­li

ifhm

ents

on

ncc

e8'a

ry a

gent

s. P

u­ni

fhm

eots

are

nO

t w

itho

ut e

Kea

on

J01I

I1 id

iots

and

","

",1

11

, by

reR

rain

­in

g th

em t

o a

ce

rtai

n de

gree

; an

d th

ey a

re t

he

very

mea

ns b

y w

hich

th

e m

inds

of

,Iii

lJrt

" ,

are

form

'd

by t

beir

par

ents

. N

ay,

puni

(hm

ents

H

:I

ha

ve

>-l ::c rTl

"Ii ::c ... r o !;I.I o "Ii ::c ... (') >

r ... Z

to c: ... ~ >

( -o UJ

10

0

.An

Inqu

iry c

DTlce

rn;n

g

Thi

rd

~J,8j, •.

AD

fwcr

.

have

pl

ainl

y a

bett

er e

ffen

on

thi/

. ","

, th

an o

n gr

own

perf

ons;

an

d m

ore

eafi

ly f

orm

the

m t

o vi

rtue

and

di

fcip

line,

th

an t

hey

chan

ge t

he v

i­ci

ous

habi

ts o

f gr

own

perf

ons,

or

pl

ant

new

ha

bits

in

them

. W

here

. fo

re t

he

Obj

e£lo

rs

ough

t to

th

ink

puni

lhm

ents

may

be

thr

eatn

ed

and

infl

iaed

on

men

ure

fully

, th

e,

they

ar

e ne

ceff

ary agen~

J. T

hird

ly,

it i

s ob

jeae

d,

if m

en

4"

IItC

eJf4

r.J

Ag

tlll

S,

;t;s

of

110

up 1

0

repr

t{tll'

r,.;

o"s

to

Ibem

, 0'

to

tI

Itre

M

111I

m,

or to

.a1

l101Ii

jb tl

em,

0' t

o bl

ame

them

, 0

' to

p,4

ifo t

hem

. 80

To

whi

ch I

anfw

er, t

hat

all

ther

e,

acco

rdin

g to

me,

are

nec

eIT

ary

cauf

es

to d

eter

min

e te

rtai

ll m

ens

wil

ls t

o do

w

hat

w

e de

fire

o

f th

em;

and

are

ther

efor

e uf

efu~

as

aa

ing

on

fu

eh n

ecel

Tar

y ag

ents

to

who

m t

hey

are

nece

ITar

y ca

ures

of

aaio

n;

but

wou

ld b

e o

f no

ufe

, if

men

Ila

d fm

-.ri

U,

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

1

01

"i8,

or

thei

r w

ills

wer

e no

t m

ov'd

by

th

em.

So t

hat

the

y w

ho m

ake

this

obj

eaio

n m

uft

rua

int

o th

e ab

­fu

miti

es

of

fayi

ng,

that

th

u t

uft

;1

tift/I

II,

"hit

h is

110

t411

ft o

f 4l

1i0l

l, 41

1~

flw

es 1

101

to

thAl

lte t

hl J

lliO;

and

that

th

u t

uft

;s

tlf

el",

",

hi,h

_tt

/lil.,,,

'hi

tff,,1.

L

et m

e ad

d fo

met

hing

fur

ther

in

rcfp

ea o

f pr

aife

. M

en h

ave

at a

ll

tim

es

been

pra

is'd

fo

r aa

ions

jud

g­ed

by

al

l th

e w

orld

to

be

ne

cef.

fary

. It

ha

s be

en

a ft

andi

ng

me­

thod

of

com

men

dati

on

amon

g th

e E

pick

Poe

ts,

who

arc

the

gr

cate

fi:

Pan

egyr

ifts

o

f gl

orio

us a

Uio

ns,

to

attr

ibut

e th

eir

Her

o's

valo

ur a

nd h

is

grea

t ad

ions

, to

fom

e D

eity

prc

fent

81

w

ith

hi

m

and

a8if

ting

hi

m.

Ho

­M

E R.

gi

ves

man

y o

f hi

s H

ero'

s a

God

o

r a

Gad

defs

to a

tten

d th

em i

n ba

t­tl

e, o

r to

be

rea

dy t

o h

elp

them

in

dift

refs

. V

lltG

IL de

feri

bes

.Ai.

NE

AS

as a

lway

s un

der

the

divi

ne d

irec

tion

H

J

and

- ~ ., l:

tTl

'"CI l: .... t"

' o {Il

o '"CI l: .... ()

>

t"' .... z /:) c:: ...... := 0(

10

l .A

n In

quiry

con

cem

ing

and

aO'if

tanc

e. A

nd T

AS

!O gi

ves

tbe

Chr

ifti

ans

in t

heir

ho

ly

war

di

vine

af

fift

ance

. O

rate

rs a

lfo

and

Hif

iori

ans,

thi

nk

nece

ffar

y a£

lions

the

pro

per

fubj

e£ls

o

f pr

aife

. C

lcn

o,

whe

n he

m

ain­

Or~t

io ta

in'd

, th

at t

he G

ods

infp

ir'd

MIL~

~ M

ilo-

wit

h th

e de

lign

and

cour

age

to k

ilt

CL

OD

IUS

, di

d no

t in

tend

to le

ffen

the

fa

tisf

aaio

n or

glo

ry o

f M

ILO

, 1;>

ut on

th

e co

ntra

ry to

aug

men

t it

. B

ut c

an 8

1

ther

e be

a

finer

com

men

datio

n th

an

that

giv

en b

y V

EL

LE

IUS

P

AT

F.'l

lCU

­

LU

S t

o C

A T

O,

that

he

WA

S go

od",

IIA

-

11

m,

""A

llje

he ,

0tJJ

. (l

ot

he O

Iher

",ifo

? 8

3

For

, tha

t alo

ne is

tru

e go

odne

fs w

hich

fl

ows

from

dif

pofi

tion,

w

heth

er t

hat

difp

ofiti

on

1»c

natu

ral

or a

cqui

r'd.

Suc

h go

odne

fs m

ay b

e de

pend

ed

on

; an

d w

ill

fcld

om o

r eve

e fa

il.

Whe

re-

as g

oodn

cfS

foun

ded

on a

ny r

cafo

n­in

gs w

batf

oeve

r, i

s a

very

pre

cari

ous

thin

g;

as m

ay b

e fee

D by

the

liv

es

of

the

grca

tefh

~claimers

agai

nft

vice

,

Hum

an

Libi

rty.

10

~ '9

ke,

who

th6

they

are

con

ftan

dy a

c­qu

aint

ing

them

fclv

es w

ith

all

the

ro­

-piC

ks t

hat c

an b

e dm

wn

from

the

ex­

cclle

ncy

of g

oodn

efS

or ¥

irru

e. a

lld tb

e m

ifchi

efS

of v

ile;

the

rew

ards

tha

t at-

tend

the

on~

, ad

d th

e pu

nHhm

cnts

tb

at a

ucnd

the

Oth

er ~

yet

a·re

Dot

be

tter

, th

an t

hefe

, w

ho

arc

neve

r co

nver

fant

in

(uch

'topi

cks.

L

aftJ

y,

the

com

mon

pr

o~er

b,

gAlla

e.",

be

llt

".,i,

is

a gC

Ael'3

1 co

mm

enda

tion

of

men

fo

r w

hat

plai

nly

iA

no f

cnfc

: de~nds o

n· t

hem

. 4.

Fou

rthl

y, i

t is

.obj

etle

d, t

hat

if L

ro~n

la

_D

.11".

h 1_

_ '

0.,

",,.

,, •

."

t'll

tl"s

IU

't II

IUJ) tI

r],

t ti

l Im

Y'

,S •

,pm

M j~1

. "

"'"]

"'A"~S li

!,: A

"I.

if

,Ih

w, is

A p

triB4

j~J 1

0 I'

V"]

• .

,,'s

lift,

tl

ltll

it

&

."ot

bt

f/#l

lIta

"]

.. A

"t l

Ij e4

r'D

r 'r/

iDk"

" 0f

f"'d, o

r J.i

fiAfis

; I

IfW

,. i

t be

,r,ll

I_g'

d h]

'p"t

fW p

bJJi'

k : A

.I.

if it

t41

1110

t he

jbo

Tl/u

a or

po

lng

'l.

'"

I,.,., tiN

" it

is

,,[e/

tjf to

"'P

oid

fW -/

i 84

-} o

f thi

fi t

hi"t

.s•

»4

III

o-j

::t:

l'Tl

"C

::t: ... r< o til o "C

::t: ... n >

r< ... Z

to c:: ... ~ -< o VI

104-

An

Inqu

ir)

conc

erni

ng

Anl

wcr

. In

anf

wer

to

whi

ch,

I gr

ant,

tha

t if

the

pe

riod

of

hum

an l

ife

be n

x'd

(as

I co

nten

d it

is)

it ca

nnot

but

hap

­pe

n at

the

tim

e fi

x'd,

and

not

hing

can

fa

ll ou

t to

pro

long

or

fho

rten

tha

t pe

riod

. N

eith

er f

uch

wan

t of

car

e,

nor

fucb

vi

olen

ce o

/fer

'd,

nor

fuch

di

feaf

es c

an h

appe

n as

can

cau

fe t

he

peri

od o

f hu

man

life

to

fall

fhor

t of

th

at t

ime;

no

r fu

ch c

are,

nor

pby

­fic

k be

us'd

, as

to

prol

ong

it b

eyon

d th

at t

ime.

B

ut t

ho'

thef

e ca

nnot

fo

fa II

out

, as

to

fhor

ten

or p

rolo

ng t

he

peri

od o

f hu

man

lif

e; y

et b

eing

ne­

ceif

ary

cauf

es i

n th

e ch

ain

of

cauf

es

to b

ring

hum

an li

fe to

the

peri

od f

ix'd

, or

to c

aufe

it

not

to e

xcee

d th

at ti

me,

th

ey m

ufi:

as n

ecef

fari

ly p

rece

de t

hat

effe

fr,

as o

ther

cau

fes

do t

heir

pro

­pe

r ef

feC

ts;

and

conf

eque

ntly

whe

n us

'd o

r ne

glea

ed,

ferv

e an

the

end

s an

d pu

rpof

es,

that

ca

n be

ho

p'd

for

or

fear

'd

from

th

e uf

e Q

f jlo

y Pl

eans

, or

the

neg

leE

! o

f an

y m~s

wha

f-

HIl11

lIJn

Lib

trf)

..IO

S

wha

tfoe

ver,

F

or e

xam

ple,

let

it

be

fiK'd

and

nece

ffar

y fo

r th

e ri

ver

Nil

e an

nual

ly t

o ov

erfl

ow;

the

mea

ns t

o

cauf

e it

to

over

flow

, m

ufi:

00

lef

s ne

­ce

ffar

ily

prec

ede.

A

nd a

s it

wou

ld

be a

bfur

d to

arg

ue,

that

if the

ow,­

flo/p

ing

of th

e N

ile

JIIM

.,,"I

IJIJ

p",'d

••

"ett

jJU

), i

t JI

Ioul

d O

'lIw

jlow

, th

l lit

e lIe

-ti

ff."

",

e."s

10

IlIa

e il

O'lI

ufo-

Jid

_

pr'''

M;

fa i

t is

no

lefs

abf

urd

to a

r-gl

ie

from

th

e fix

'd p

erio

d o

f hu

man

lif

e, a

gain

ft t

he n

ecef

fary

m

eans

to

br

ing

it t

o it

s fi

x'd

peri

od,

or t

o

~ufe i

t no

t to

exc

ee4

chat

per

iod.

s. F

ifth

ly,

it i

s as

k'd,

IJ()

JJI •

m

ll1

l F

ifth

c."

~1

.g.iIl

Jl hi

s tt1

1lfii

e"",

."d

how

• O

Ij,l

Ii,.

.

",.,

,' S

t01l

foit"

te

c."

«

tllp

hi

""

if lie

bO

fPS

he .

Os

IImJf.

riIJ,

.lId

.lJ

o Jo

es

Jf/h

., h

t Ih

inks

"ef

t JIl

IN"

he c

om

mit

s.",

fi

ll?

I re

ply,

tha

t co

nfci

ence

bei

ng a

A

af'w

cr.

man

's

own

opin

ion

of

his

ail:i

ons

wit

h re

latio

n to

fom

e l1

Jle,

he m

ay

.t fbe

tim

e o

f do

UJg

an a

aiOD

con

-era

ay

- ~ -! ::c ~ "d ::c - t"" o Vl o "d ::c - Ii >

t"" - z o c - ::tI -<

·06

.A

n In

quiry

con

cttn

ing

trar

y to

tha

t ru

te,

know

th

at

he

brea

ks t

hat

rute

; an

d co

nfeq

uent

ly

afr

wit

h re

tuE

bnce

, th

O n

ot f

uffic

i­en

t to

hin

der

the

acH

on.

13m

aft

er

the

aaio

n is

ove

r, h

e m

ay

not

only

ju

dge

his

aaio

n

to

be c

ontr

ary

to

that

rul

e; b

ut b

y th

e ab

fenc

e o

f th

e pl

eafu

re

of

the

fin,

an

d by

fi

ndin

g hi

mfe

lf o

bnox

ious

to

{har

ne, o

r by

be­

lievi

ng h

imfe

lf l

iabl

e to

pun

i{hm

ent,

he m

ay

mi"

""u

fe h

imJe

IJ;

t hat

is,

he

may

con

dem

n hi

mfe

lf f

or h

avm

g do

ne i

t, b

e fo

rry

he h

as d

one

it,

ani:!

w

illi

it

undo

ne,

becl

ufe

of

the

con­

fequ

ence

s th

at a

tten

d it.

Slxt

h 6.

Six

thly

, it

is o

bjeS

:ed,

thA

i if

40

OI1

j,lIi,

.. W

tlll

s 4,

e lIe

et.ff4

1},

il "

,.1

.s im

pol/i

bll

(for

exa

mpl

e) f

or J

UL

IUS

ClE

SA

Il

1101

1o

h4

'tle

diet

l in

the

SIII

Ale,

41

it i

l il

ll­

pog;

!Jle

for

tJf10

utl

''''0

1o

m"k

e fi

x.

Btl'

. fl

'bo "

iO f

iJ t

he f

or"

," "

41

41

i"'p

o/lib

l, A

S t

he 1

.11"

. is,

tllh

e" J

IIe ,

." ,0

lletl'

Ve "

po

//i!Jlt

fflf

JUL

IUS

CJESA~

tD h

A'l/t

Jie

tl M

IJ

Hum

an L

iber

ty.

10

7

411)

"he

r .. ti

ft .

1 "

,n .1

ill t

he S

lIIAl

I"

."tl

im

/Ofli

bl, ·

to c

OII

"j'l/

l tfI

IP u

tl t

'RlO

85 w

lr t

o 11

1"'

fix

1 T

o w

hich

I a

nCw

er, tb

a~ I

do

a1.;

AoC

wcr

. lo

w,

Ihllt

if

cO. t

!VtII

l! .r

, lI

,e,ff

"",

it

1111

41 l

IS i,

."o/

lihle

for

JI,l

LIU

S C

asA

R. ,

,01

10 b

4'tle

tli,

tl ill

the

Se"

,It,

AS;

' is

iPf.­

lof/i

blt /(

If' tJ

llO 4

11tl

'",0

Ip.

mllk

e fi~

: an

d w

iJl

add,

th

at i

t is

llP

mor

e po.mb~e

to c

once

ive

the

deat

h o

f J UL

IIlS

C,4

i-S

Ail

to

have

hap

pen'

d an

y w

here

e~

but

in t

he S

enat

e, t

han

that

tw

o an

d

two

ihou

ld

wak

e fix

. F

or w

hoev

er

does

con

ceiv

e hi

s de

ath

poff

ible

any

w

here

el

fe,

fupp

ofes

oth

er c

ircu

m­

fianc

e5

prec

edin

g hi

s de

ath

than

did

pr

eced

e hi

s de

ath.

W

here

as l

ec t

bem

fu

ppof

e al

l th

e fa

me

circ

umft

ance

s JO

('''m

e to

paf

s th

at d

id p

rece

de h

is

deat

h; a

nd

then

it

will

be

im

poff

i-bl

e to

con

ceiv

e (i

f th

ey t

hink

ju

ft·

Jy)

his

deat

h co

uld

have

CO

Ole

to

pa

rs a

ny

whe

re e

lfe,

as t

hey

con-

ceiv

e it

im

poff

ible

for

tw

o an

d tw

o

to

0-1

:I:

tfj

'"Cj

:I: .... t"" o "" o '"Cj

:I: .... ('

) >

t"" .... Z

/:) c:: .... :;c

0( - S

108

An

Inqu

iry c

Dnce

rnin

g to

m

ake

fix.

I ob

ferv

e al

ro,

that

to

fu

ppof

c ot

her

circ

umA

:anc

es

of

any

aaio

n p

ombl

e,

than

tbo

re t

hat

do p

rece

de i

t,

is t

o fu

ppof

e a

con·

tr

adit

lion

or

impo

ffib

ilit

y:

for,

as

al1 a

aion

s ha

ve t

heir

par

ticu

lar

cir.

cu

mA

:anc

cs,

fo

ever

y ci

rcum

A:a

nce

prec

edin

g an

aai

on,

is a

s im

poff

ible

D

Ot

to h

ave

com

e to

paf

s, by

vir

tue

of

the

cauf

es p

recc

ding

tba

t ci

rcum

· aa

nee,

as

th

at t

wo

and

two

1110

uld

mak

e fix

.

The

Opi

. H

avin

g,

as I

ho

pe,

prov

'd

the

:--.:

. tru

th o

f w

hat

I ha

ve a

dvan

c'd,

and

..

~

anfw

er'd

th

e m

ofr

mat

eria

l ob

je8i

­;.

a,;~

on

s th

at c

an

be u

rg'd

aga

inft

me;

ch

. it

wil1

, pe

rhap

s, n

ot b

e im

prop

er t

o gi

ve f

ome

acco

unt

of

the

fent

imen

ts

of

the

lear

ned

in r

elat

ion

to m

y fu

b­je

a, a

nd c

onfi

rm

by .

tho

rit]

w

hat

I ha

ve

faid

, fo

r th

e fa

ke

of t

hofC

w

ith

who

m

•• ,h

or#J

has

wei

ght

in

mat

ters

of

fpec

ulat

ion.

Th

e

Hum

:jn L

iber

ty.

• Of

The

queA

:ions

o

f lib

t,'J,

-,,

/lit],

and

,h.1

Jtt,

have

be

en

fubj

e8s

of

difp

ute

amon

g Ph

ilofo

phcr

s at

aD

ti

mes

; an

d m

oA:

of

thof

c P

hiJo

fo.

p.hc

rs

have

cl

earl

y al

fert

ed

IIttt8

itJ,

and

deny

'd l

i""f

J an

d fh

.IIU

.

Th

e qu

eftio

ns o

f Ii""

" and

-aF

fif

J,

have

al

fo

been

deb

ated

am

oag

Div

ines

in

th

e fe

venl

ag

es o

f th

e C

hrif

tian

Chu

rch,

un

der

the

term

s o

f [r

et-w

iD

and

!,tt

ltjli1

l4liD

II:

and

the

Div

ines

who

hav

e de

ny'd

fiw

­w

i' a

nd

afTe

rred

Imu

jlillA

liIJI

I,

have

in

forc

'd

tile

argu

men

ts o

f th

e Ph

i­lo

fopb

ers,

by

th

e co

nfid

erat

ion

of

fom

e de

Xlri

nes

pecu

liar

to t

he C

hri­

fria

n R

elig

ion.

And

as

to ,

h .. "

, •

url

l,

or !

ort

lillt

, I

thin

k,

Div

ioa

unan

imou

Oy

agre

e, t

hat

thof

e w

ords

ha

ve n

o m

eani

ng.

Som

c C

hrif

tian

com

mun

ions

hav

e ev

en

proc

eede

d fa

fa

r in

re

lati

oa

to t

hefe

m

atte

rs,

as t

o co

ndem

n in

C

ounc

ils a

nd

Syno

ds

the

doEt

rinc fI

-o 00

.-j :I:

r!I

"Ij :I: - t"' o {

Il o "I

j :I: -(') >

t"' - Z 10 c: -:;.:I -<

11

0

An

Inqu

iry c

once

rnin

g o

f fm

-",iU

as

here

tica

l;

and

the

de­

nial

the

reof

is b

ecom

e a

part

or

the

Con

ffflio

ns o

f FAi

th, a

nd .

Art

ides

of R

e-lig

ion

of

feve

ral

Chu

rche

s.

86

Fro

m

this

fta

te o

f th

e fa

El,

it i

s m

anif

eft,

th

at

who

ever

em

brac

es

the

opin

ion

I ha

ve m

aint

ain'

d, c

an­

no

t w

ant

the

AIIlh

oriJ

) o

f as

m

any

lear

ned

and

piou

s m

en,

as i

n em

­br

acin

g th

e co

ntra

ry.

But

co

nfid

erin

g ho

w

litt

le

men

ar

e m

ov'd

by

th

e At

llhor

ilJ o

f th

ofe

wll

o p(

ofet

TedI

y m

aint

ain

opin

ions

co

ntra

ry t

o th

eirs

, tM

at

the

fam

e ti

me

they

th

emfe

lves

.em

brac

e no

op

inio

n bu

t on

th

e 4N

lbor

a) o

f fom

e­bo

d}';

I fh

all

wav

e aD

the

adv

anta

ges

that

I

mig

ht d

raw

fro

m

the

Aflth

o­,.

;" o

f w

ch P

hilo

foph

ers

and

Div

ines

as

are

und

oubt

edly

on

my

fide

: an

d lo

r th

at

reaf

on {

hall

not

ente

r in

to

a m

ore

part

icul

ar

deta

il of

th

em;

but

1hal

l of

fer

the

ANlh

ority

of

fuch

m

en,

who

pro

fers

to

mai

ntai

n lib

er".

T

here

Hum

an

Libe

rty.

J

11

T

here

are

ind

eed

very

few

rea

l ad

­ve

rfar

iel

so t

he o

pini

on I

de

fend

a­

mon

g th

ofe

who

pre

tend

to

be f

o;

and

upon

due

inqu

iry

it w

ill b

e (O

UQ

d"

that

mof

t o

f th

ok

wllO

aff

ert

li""

'l

in w

ords

. de

ny t

he t

hing

, w

hen

the

quel

liQJl

is t

ight

ly f

tate

d.

For

pro

of

whe

reof

; le

t an

y m

an e

xanU

o th

e de

areL

l an

d ac

ute(

l au

thor

s w

ho

bave

wri

tten

for

lib

erlJ

, o

r cl

ifco

uri:

with

thof

e w

ho t

hink

-lik

rl]

a m

at-

ter

of e~

peri

eocc

, aJ

ld

he

wil

l fe

e,

that

the

y an

ow,

that

the

"iO

, I'&

"'s

,he

j.Jgl

lmll

of t

he .

1Idt

rjlA

1IJi

llg;

and

#IA

I, "'.

"

''''0

ob

jel1s

Art

I'tf

tllt

t4 1

0

" 1

IIA

II'S

cho

ice,

0111

",

here

of A

!!tA

rs b

tl-le

r tb

AII

tht

orht

r, IJt

C41

1110

1 ch

ooft

the

'II1Dr

jl ;

that

is,

cann

ot c

hoof

e t1

lil a

s ru

il.

And

{iD

ee

they

ac

know

ledg

e th

efe

thin

gs t

o be

tru

e,

they

y:e

ld

up

the

qucf

tion

of

JjblJr

lJ to

th

eir

advc

rfar

ies,

who

onl

y co

nte

nd

,tb

at

the

will

or

choi

ce

is a

lway

s de

ter­

mio

'd b

y w

hat

feem

s be

ft.

I w

ill

givo

.., :I:

ttl

"d

:I: .... t"' o '" o "d

:I: .... ("

) >

t"' .... Z

t:) c: .... ::=

-< ~

II 2

.A

n In

quir

y cD

ncer

ning

gi

ve

my

read

er o

ne e

xam

ple

ther

e­o

f in

th

e m

oll

acut

e an

d in

geni

ous

Dr.

CU

.IlK

E,

who

fe a

utho

rity

is

e­

qual

to

th

at

of

man

y ot

hers

pu

t to

geth

er,

and

mak

es

it n

eedl

efs

to

o-aa

a. c

ite

othe

rs a

fter

hi

m.

He

afi'e

rts,

87

i!.c:.JI

e,. tha

t th

t ";

0 is

de

term

in'd

by

",o

~ ~J::--

rJ "

,otW

tS,

and

caU

s th

e ",

u/lit

" by

,. 1

0f·

;" w

hich

a

man

cho

ofes

in

vi

rtue

o

f . , .. U

iJ.

thof

e m

otiv

es,

1II(1I

'AI 1

Iml/i

t,_

And

he

·71 f

. ex

plai

ns h

imfe

lf w

ith

his

ufua

l ca

ndor

an

d pe

rfpi

cuity

by

the

foU

owin

g in

~ fta

nce.

.A

",

1111

, fa

ys h

e, i

ntir

tly

fm

from

MJ

p.;

. o

f bo

J,

Alld

. Ji

fort

ltr

of

",i1

l', j

llag

tl i

t lI"

,.tA[

o1lA

b't f

or h

i",

to

hll,

t or

tie

jl,O

} hi

mfi

lf;

A1Ia

, be

ing

111I~

tie,

110

t''

''lt.

,i01

l or

ezt

"lIA

I 'V

iolt1

Jet,

he

CA

NN

OT

P

OS

SIB

LY

",

1 eO

llt'A

'} to

thi

s jtl

tlg11

ltnt;

1101

b"4

l1ft

he J

IIAnt

s "

.Atl

l,AI 0

' p~

fteA

l ~ /0

to J

o, b

itl

_ufo

it

is

Abj

it,J

An

J

mift

hiw

Olls

, a

J 1

11(1

1' Al

l] i"

'po/

/Wlt

for

hi",

10

ehD

tft

to d

o it

. W

hieh

Alfo

is

Iht v",

I";'

e "'';

-DII,

11111

] th

e mo

Jl pw

flll r

A(io

IlJ l

rt'A

.

'IIrts,

Hum

an L

ibe,

tJ.

I r i

fl

ll"i

or

to .

tll,

e4

111lo

t do

w

il; ..

1M, .. fo

thtJ

",A

nt A

1IAt

llrAl

pow

er It

l JI

n'''

for.

tbl

",

A,"

i.1

.Oio

1l,

b.t

lM

,uft

;t

;s

",0,.1

!J ;"'

po/li

b/t,

tbllt

",;

t" .

. JW

" fiO

l"o

",le

age

of IV

!,.'

;s b

rJ,

uJ.

",;n

,..

OIIt

A")

It

'''f'l

Itio

. to

w

il,

thei

r ",

;u.

/hol

ll;'

tiete

,,,,il

le

it/e

lf t

o eb

ooji

, • .

a

ftlO

/ifbl

.! .n

;' 1

I",e

aJol

l.bl]

. In

thi

s he

pl

ainl

y al

low

s th

e lle

ul­

fit]

, fo

r w

hich

I h

ave

cont

ende

d. F

or­

he a

ffig

ns t

he

fam

e eM

lfis

of

hum

an

a8:io

ns t

hat

I ha

ve d

on

e;

and

ex­

tend

s th

e 1I

fCt/l

ity o

f hum

an a

aioo

s as

fa

r, w

hen

he a

{fer

ts,

that

a m

ane .

..

1I0t

und

er t

hofe

cau

res,

fof

/ibl.!

Jo

,I.

e01l

',A'/

to "

,hAt

he

4oeS

; an

d pa

rtic

o.

larl

y, t

hat

A m

an u

nder

the

cir

cum

. fi

ance

s,

of

juag

ing

it "

nru[

o1lA

lAe

to

hu,t

0'

dejJ

,o}

J)im

fi:Lf

, .. "

d h

ei1lg

11

11

,,"

liD te

mpt

lltio

1l 0

' eZ

lern

at v

iole

.",

eAII·

1I

ot p

oflib

lj ,,

0 ,a

nt, A

T}

to t

hAI

jllag

mel

Jl.

And

as

to a

1I

,uIlT

al or

fhJf

i,.1

/0"'

" ill

man

liJ

.aeo

RI,

.,}

to I

hal j

ildg1

1ltll

f. I

and

o o-l :I:

f'1

'tI

:I: .... t"' o Vol o 'tI :I: .... ('

) >

t"' .... z ,0 c: .... :;.:

I -<:

II +

.A

n In

quiry

con

ctTni

ng

and

to

!ntr

t o

r Je

jl,tIJ

hi

mfe

lf,

whi

ch i

s at

fert

ed

in

the

fore

goin

g pa

tfag

e;

that

is

fo

far

fr

om

bein

g jn

conf

ifi:(

nt w

ith

the

do£l

rine

of

"e­

,eff

i",

that

dle

(ai

d "u

,,,.1

/OJI'

fr to

Jo

tht

,o

"t,.

", o

r to

!n

trt

or

JtjI

,oJ

him

felf

, is

a

conf

eque

nce

of t

he d

o­fi

rine

of

"eee

ffity

. F

or,

if m

an

is

"ece

jJ"r

i!y

dete

rmin

'd

by

part

icul

ar

",or

.l u

ufes

, an

d ,."

"ot

the"

pof

fibI.J

.n

,ollt

rary

to

wha

t he

do

es;

he

mul

l: un

der

oppo

tite

mor

al '''

*.fis

, ha

ve

" pO

Jf1er

to J

o til

t ,o

nlr"

,,_

Man

, as

de

term

in'd

by

mor

.l ca

ufes

, ,a

""ot

po

ffibl

J ch

oofe

ev

il as

ev

il an

d by

co

nfeq

uenc

e ch

oofe

s li

ft b

efor

e d

wh

, w

hile

he

appr

ehen

ds l

ife

to b

e a

good

, an

d de

ath

to b

e an

tV

il;

as,

on t

he

cont

rary

, he

cho

ofes

de.

th b

efor

e li

ft,

whi

le h

e ap

preh

ends

de

lltb

to

be "

go

od,

and

life

to b

e 41

1 ",

i/.

And

thu

s ",

or.l

Wlf

eS

, by

be

ing

diff

eren

t fr

om

one

anot

her

or d

iffe

rent

ly u

nder

ftoo

d,

do

Hz,,

,,,,n

Li

btTt

y.

11 5

do

det

erm

ine

men

di

ffer

entl

y; a

nd

by

conf

eque

nce

fupp

ofe

" II

I11I

1,1I

l

potH

r to

cho

ofe

and

afi

as d

iffe

rent

.. ly

, as

th

ofe

cauf

es d

iffe

rent

ly d

eter

-m

ine

them

. If

ther

efor

e m

en w

ill b

e go

vern

'd

by .

tho

rit]

in

th

e qu

eftio

ns b

efor

e us

, le

t th

em f

um u

p th

e re

al

aife

r­te

rs o

f th

e Ii/

JerI]

of

man

, an

d th

ey

wilJ

fin

d th

em n

ot t

o be

ver

y nu

me­

rous

; bu

t on

the

con

trar

y, tb

ey w

iD

find

far

the

gre

ater

pa

rt o

f th

e pr

e­te

nded

aif

erte

rs o

f lil

lerl

],

to b

e re

al

aife

rter

s o

f II

t,e.

/PJJ

~

I Jh

all

conc

lude

th

is D

ifco

urfe

The

A ..

.

.,it

h

obfe

lvin

g; t

hat

tho'

I

have

~~.:

"::r

co

nteD

ded,

tha

t U

itrt

) frO

lll N

"t/l

il}

Lihn

z.

is c

ontr

ary

to e

xper

ienc

e; t

hat

it is

im

pofl

ible

; an

d if

pom

ble,

th

at i

t ~

aa

impe

ri£l

ioo;

th

at i

c is

in­

conf

ifte

nt w

ith

the

divi

ne

perf

elli

-O

DS;

and

tha

t it

is fu

bver

five

of l

aws

I 2

aad

>-l :z::

trj

"d

:z:: .... t'" o til o "d

:z:: .... ("

) >

t'" .... z I:) c:: .... ,a

0< - -

II'

.An

lnf/u

iry

cDnc

erni

ng

and

mor

alit

y:

yet,

to

pr

even

t al

l obje~Hons

to

me,

fo

unde

d on

th

e eq

uivo

cal

ufe

of

the

wor

d Li

{,er

lj,

whi

ch li

ke a

ll w

ords

em

ploy

'd i

n de

­ba

tes

of

conf

eque

ncc

has

vari

ous

mea

niD

g$ a

ffix

'd t

o it

, I

thin

k m

yfel

f ob

lig'

d to

dec

lare

my

opin

ion,

tha

t I

take

11'

1'" t

o h

ave

a tr

uly

valu

able

Ii

_I]

of

anot

her

kind

. H

e ha

s •

,.,..

t(}

J(}

.1

In

.. il

ls,

or

pleA.

fes.

TIl

9§, if

he

will

s: o

rp'e

afes

to

fpea

k o

r be

Gle

nt;

to f

it o

r fr

and

; to

rid

e or

wal

k; to

go

this

way

or

that

way

; to

mov

e fa

ft or

flo

w;

or,

in f

ine,

if

his

wil

l ch

ange

s lik

e a

wea

ther

-coc

k,

he

is

able

to

do

as

he

wiD

s o

r pl

cafe

s:

unle

fs

prev

ente

d by

fo

me

rcft

rain

t or

com

puU

ion,

as

by b

eing

g

agg

'd;

bein

& un

der

an a

cute

pai

o;

bein

g fo

rc'd

out

of h

is. p

lace

; be

ing

c:on

fin'

d; h

avin

g co

nvul

tive

mot

ions

; ba

ving

lof

t th

e uf

e o

f hi

s lim

bs;

or

fucb

-lik

e ta

ufes

. H

e

Hum

"n L

iber

t).

II 7

H

e ha

s al

fo t

he fa

me

pow

er in

re­

lati

on

to t

he

aaiO

DS

of

bis

min

d,

IS

to

thor

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NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

1. There is no indication in Collins' life or letters that this name was intended to refer to any particular person.

2. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV, 3, n. 1 and Introduction, n. 8, Fraser's edtition, II, p. 190, I, p. 32, for what Locke meant by the term "idea." Cf. also R. I. Aaron, John Locke, (Oxford, 1955), pp. 99-107 and F. Copleston, A His­tory of Philosophy, (London, 1968), V, pp. 70, 71, for the ambiguity in his use of the term.

3. Cf. Locke, Essay, III, 2, n. 1 sq. Collins' note was added in the second edi­tion of the Inquiry.

4. Cf. Locke, Essay, II, 31, n. 1 sq. for what Locke meant by "adequate" and "inadequate" ideas and II, 23, n. 33 sq. for his description of our idea of God.

5. Bayle, Oeuvres, IV, p. 862. Malebranche held that the ideas ofthings cannot come from the things themselves, but that God, who is intimately present to our souls, reveals to us the Divine Essence insofar as it is imitable in created beings. For a brief critique of the theory cf. Copleston, A History, (London, 1969), IV, p. 193 sq.

6. Cicero, De OfficiiS, I, 20, 70. Cf. Introduction p. 27. 7. J. de la Placette, Eclaircissements sur quelques Difficultes qui naissent de la

Consideration de la Liberte, (Amsterdam, 1709), p. 2. Jean de la Placette (1639-1718), who left France for Holland before the repeal of the Edict of Nantes, was placed in charge of the French church at Copenhagen by the Danish Queen Charlotte Amelia in 1686. He returned to Holland in 1712 and died there in 1718. He was regarded as one of the most outstanding protestant theologians of his time.

8. I. Jaquelot, Dissertations sur l' Existence de Dieu, (The Hague, 1697), p. 381. On p. 385 Jaquelot made it clear that he considered self-determination to be the essence of freewill. Bayle referred to Jaquelot and to this particular definition of freewill, Oeuvres, III, p. 798, Reponse, c. 145. Isaac Jaquelot (1647-1708) was in exile from France after the repeal ofthe Edict of Nantes. He was a preacher at The Hague, 1686-1691. He left The Hague after a quarrel with the extreme Calvinist Pierre Jurieu. In 1702 he became chaplain

116 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

to Frederick I of Prussia and declared himself openly as an Arminian. His Dissertations gave occasion to a protracted controversy with Bayle on freewill, the problem of evil and Pyrrhonism.

9. Alexander of Aphrodisias, De Fato, (London, 1658), p. 57. The De Fato was a defence of freewill against the determinism of the Stoics. Alexander lectured at Athens, A.D. 198-211. He was the most famous commentator on Aristotle but did not adhere rigidly to his doctrines. Cf. Copleston, History, (London, 1966), I, pp. 426, 427. The references to Alexander are in J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, (Hamburg, 1711), IV, c. XXV, p. 62 sq. and J. G. Vossius, De Philosophia et Philosophorum Sectis, (The Hague, 1658), Vol. I, c. XVIII, sect. 8, p. 147.

10. The controversy can perhaps best be followed in the Molesworth edition of Hobbes' English Works, (London, 1839- ). For this definition, cf. Vol. V, p. 361.

11. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 253. 12. Ibid., p. 279 13. Ibid., p. 73 sq. 14. Bibliotheque Choisie, (Amsterdam, 1703-1718), Vol. XII, (1707), p. 102 sq.

Jean Leclerc (1657-1736) was professor of Philosophy and Church History at the Remonstrant College at Amsterdam. His greatest influence was exercised through the literary journals of which he was editor, the Biblio­theque Universelle et Historique (Amsterdam, 1686-1693), the Bibliotheque Choisie (1703-1718) and the Bibliotheque Ancienne et Moderne, (1714-1730). For his connection with England, cf. R. Colie, Light and Enlighten­ment, (Cambridge, 1657), passim, for that with Collins, cf. J. O'Higgins, Anthony Collins, pp. 41, 77, 207, 214, 215. For his life, cf. Annie Barnes, Jean Leclerc et la Republique des Lettres (Paris, 1938).

15. Desiderius Erasmus, Opera Omnia (Leyden, 1706), tom. IX, col. 1215; De Libero Arbitrio Diatribe sive Collatio.

16. Bibliotheque Choisie, Vol. XII, p. 51. 17. Gilbert Burnet (1634-1715), Bishop of Salisbury after the Revolution of

1688. The citations are taken from An Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, (London, 1699), pp. 117 and 27. In the latter passage he writes: "Thus there are such great difficulties on all hands in this matter, that it is much the wisest and safest course to adore what is above our apprehensions, rather than to enquire too curiously or determine too boldly in it." Page 27 is in the section dealing with Article I, on God and the Holy Trinity; page 117 in that on Article X, on man's freewill and the state of man after Adam's fall.

18. Bernadino Ochino (1487-1564), was successively General of the Obser­vantine Franciscans and Vicar General of the Capuchins. However a series of sermons preached at Venice in 1539, which showed Lutheran tendencies, led ultimately to his flight from Italy. He became a Lutheran. From 1547 till 1553 he was in England, where he was made a prebendary of Canter­bury. The Labyrinth, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth, was an attack on the

NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 117

Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Collins' reference to Ochino is taken entirely from Bayle's Dictionary, article "Ochinus," Dictionary, IV, pp. 390--391, note P.

19. King, De Origine Mali, (London, 1702). The page references in Law's translation are respectively 228-229, 324,245-249,266-267 and 284-286. Collins' references are not always the best chosen for making his point.

20. M. S. Episcopius, Opera Theologica, (Amsterdam, 1650), part II, pp. 198-200. For the accuracy of Collins' interpretation of Episcopius cf. Introduc­tion, p. 29. Simon Episcopius (1583-1643), was the systematiser of Armi­nianism. He studied under Arminius at Leyden, where he became professor of theology in 1612. He was the leader of the Arminian (or Remonstrant) representatives at the synod of Dort (1618-1619). After the victory of the Calvinist Counter-Remonstrants at the synod, he was exiled. He returned to Holland in 1626, when he became preacher at the Remonstrant College in Amsterdam.

21. J. Locke, Some Familiar Letters between Mr. Locke and several of his Friends, (London, 1708), p. 521, in a letter to the Arminian Philip van Limborch, of November 19th 1701. Collins' comment is rather more ex­treme than Locke's letters would seem to justify. Locke was asking Lim­borch for clarification on Episcopius' work and on Limborch's remarks on freewill in his last letter to him. Both had plainly left him with unans­wered problems.

22. Again cf. Introduction p. 29 for the accuracy of the quotation. Anaxagoras (500°-428 B.C.), born at Clazomenae, had Pericles as one his of pupils. He is notable for being the first Greek philosopher to introduce the idea of mind as being the original cause of motion in the world, though he does not seem to have had a clear idea of the distinction between spiritual and material, and did not hold that mind is responsible for the order in the world.

23. William Reeves, The Apologies of Justin Martyr, Tertullian and Minutius Felix, (London, 1709), Vol. I, p. 159 (not p. 150. The 1709 edition was that in Collins' library - cf. Manuscript catalogue of the library of Anthony Collins, King's College, Cambridge, Keynes MS. 217, p. 379. This was the only edition printed in time to be used in the Inquiry). Reeves (1667-1726), fellow of King's College, Cambridge, chaplain to Queen Anne and Rector of Craneford in Middlesex, was attacking a sermon ofthe Calvinist divine, John Edwards (1637-1716), in which Edwards had revived the doctrine of predestination "in the rigid sense," which, said Reeves, "is not one jot better than fate in the sense of the Stoics." William Sherlock, in A Discourse concerning the Divine Providence, (London, 1694), p. 66, was also criticising predestination, which, he said, was a worse fate than any dreamed of by the ancient philosophers. Sherlock (1641°-1707), Dean of St. Paul's and Master of the Temple, 1685-1704, was a considerable controversialist. He aroused a good deal of criticism because, after defending passive obedience and opposing the succession of William and Mary, he took the oath of

118 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

allegiance in 1690. His High Anglicanism, therefore, did not lead him to become a non-Juror.

24. Bayle, Dictionary, III, p. 374, article "Helen," note Y. Oeuvres, IV, p. 726. 25. This is the gist of the whole chapter. 26. Leibniz, Theodicy, pp. 432, 434, in Observations on the Book Concerning

the Origin of Evil. 27. Journal des Savants, (Amsterdam, 1705), tom. 33, p. 279. 28. In the edition in Collins' library that of 1706, (London), this passage occurs

on pp. 3 and 4. 29. Cicero, Academicorum Priorum, II, 12, 38. The impression given by Col­

lins is a little misleading. The passage in the dialogue was put in the mouth of Lucullus (110-57 B.C.), the conqueror of Mithridates. Actually it ex­pressed the opinions, not of the Sceptics, but of Cicero's old master, Antiochus of Ascalon (135-68 B.C.), whose philosophy was eclectic and who was responsible for the end of Scepticism in the Academy. In the dialogues Lucullus was attacking the Sceptic position and, for the sake of the dialogue, Cicero (sect. 64 sq.) was defending it. The passage, therefore, can hardly be taken as an expression of the Sceptic point of view.

30. Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum Hypotyposes, bk. I, c. 10, n. 19. There is a misprint in the text. Scepticism and Pyrrhonism (the holding of one's judgement in a state of suspense) became of considerable importance in the 16th and 17th centuries. The frequent combination of fideism and Pyrrhonism is exemplified in Pierre Bayle. The early history of the move­ment is discussed in Professor Popkin's, The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes, (Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1968). Pyrrhonism received its name from Pyrrho of Elis (360°-275° B.C.). The philosophers know as the Middle Academics - who came after Plato - and the New Academics were Sceptics. Cicero (106--43 B.C.) was an eclectic, inclined to Scepticism in natural philosophy but basing moral judgements on innate notions. Sextus Empiricus, in the late second century A.D., in his Hypoty­poses and Adversus Mathematicos gives the fullest account of the doctrines of the Sceptics. Collins gives little sign of Scepticism, but in his Essay on the Use of Reason he wrote (p. 13): "I deny not the distinctions of real and seeming appearances ... yet notwithstanding that we can only govern our­selves by seeming relations and appearances, because real relations and appearances can but seem to be relations and appearances."

31. For this argument, cf. Introduction p. 30 sq. 32. Locke in this passage is not concerned with the question whether we can

will what our judgement tells us is less attractive. What he is saying is that the will is not free - in the libertarian sense - because in the actual moment of choice one cannot be at the same moment willing something else. His argument is based on the idea that freedom in the will, in the libertarian sense, would demand that every volition be preceded by a previous volition and would therefore lead to a progressus in infinitum. A. C. Fraser's com­ment on the argument is that the assumption is unwarranted and an act

NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 119

of will itself a first cause: Essay, Vol. I, p. 328, n. 3. In these passages of his Essay Locke defines freewill as freedom from external obstruction; cf. II, 21, n. 27.

33. John Norris, The Theory and Regulation of Love, (Oxford, 1688), in Letters philosophical and moral between the Author and Dr. Henry More, appended tOTheTheory ... , p. 199. Norris (1659-1711), fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, was the youngest and the only Oxford member of the group known as the Cambridge Platonists. Henry More (1614-1687), fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, was one of the leading members of the group. The Cambridge Platonists were very concerned with the question of freewill and took Thomas Hobbes as their particular opponent. In the passage referred to by Collins, Norris, in a reply to More, in his 4th letter, was defending his theory that the seat of freedom does not lie immediately in the soul as "volent" but "in the soul as intelligent" and in the power "to attend or not attend or to attend more or less" to the possible objects of choice. The "true and ultimate ground of all sin," he said, lies in the fact that "moral corruptions may divert the soul from sufficiently attending to the beauty of holiness," (pp. 201-204). Cf. also Introduction, p. 31.

34. Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 784; Reponse, c. 139. 35. The passage is taken from Plato, Protagoras 345, D and 358, C and D. In

the Protagoras Plato can be interpreted as arguing for a form of hedonistic calculus, the identification of the pleasant and the good. However, it is not certain that this is his own view and it is not consistent with the view ex­pressed in almost every other dialogue in e.g. the Gorgias, 497, A and D, in which he argues that there is a distinction between good and evil plea­sures; cf. J. and A. Adams, Protagoras, (Cambridge, 1928), Introduction, p. XXX. Plato's own opinion on freewill is not completely clear. T. Gom­perz, Greek Thinkers, (London, 1905), III, p. 258, says that "there are isolated phrases which seem to stamp Plato as an indeterminist." However, he says "this impression ... will not bear scrutiny." He holds that Plato held to the intellectual determinisn of Socrates. On the other hand B. Zeller, Plato and the Older Academy, (London, 1888), p. 421, says that we are not justified in disregarding the enunciations on freewill that we find in Plato. He says, (p. 420), that Plato maintains with Socrates that no-one is volun­tarily bad, but he adds that, in Plato's opinion, ignorance of what is truly good is still the man's own fault. He questions Plato's consistency in de­claring all ignorance and wickedness involuntary and at the same time saying that man's will is free and man morally responsible. It may be best, with Zeller, to say that Plato was probably unconscious of the dilemma in which he was involved. In more recent works contrast J. M. Robinson, Plato's Psychology, (University of Toronto Press, 1970), p. 107 sq. and R. Demos, The Philosophy of Plato, (London, 1939), p. 333 sq.

36. Hobbes, English Works, V. pp. 67,73. Cf. Introduction, p. 32. 37. For a comparison with Leibniz, cf. Introduction, pp. 23 sq., 32. 38. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VII, 3, 1147a• Collins was using an older and

120 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

alternative notation that gives the reference as VII, 5. In the passage quoted, Aristotle was dealing with the actions of the incontinent man and asking how it is that he can act contrary to what "right reason," i.e. ethically right reason, demands. In general he rejected the Socratic position that sin is ignorance and he did hold that moral action demands freedom e.g. Eude­mian Ethics, II, 7, 1223a• At the same time he did not completely escape from the influence of Socrates and in the Nicomachean Ethics, bk. VII, in dealing with continence and incontinence he inclined, on one interpreta­tion, to the idea that the incontinent man, doing a wrong act, does not know, when he is acting, that the act is wrong. The question is a controversial one. For a recent discussion, cf. R. D. Milo, Aristotle on Practical Knowl­edge and Weakness of Will, (The Hague, Paris, 1966).

39. Cf. Bayle. Dictionary, IV, p. 908, article "Rorarius," note F; Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 244.

40. Hobbes, English Works, V, pp. 40, 66. 41. For Hobbes' argument on causality, cf. English Works, IV, p. 276. 42. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV, 10, n. 3, in Locke's argument for the existence of God. 43. Bayle, Dictionary, II, p. 790 sq., article "Epicurus," note U. 44. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, II, line 250 sq.; Eusebius, Preparatio Evange­

lica, (Cologne, 1688), lib. VI, c. VII, especially p. 261; Cicero, De Natura Deorum, I, 23. 65 sq. especially 69, 70. Titus Lucretius Carus (94C-55 B.C.) was the best-known member of the Epicurean School. He expounded the physical theory of Epicurus in his De Rerum Natura, aiming at freeing men from fear of the Gods and of the punishment of the soul after death. For the Stoic rejection of freewill, cf. E. Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans and SceptiCS, (London, 1880), p. 173 sq. For the Epicurean position, cf. Ibid., p. 445 sq. and 459 sq. More recent works are J. Rist, Stoic Philosophy, (Cambridge, 1969), and D. J. FurIey, Two Studies in the Greek Atomists, (Princeton, 1967).

45. Collins' references are taken according to the numeration given in Sir Roger L'Estrange's translation of Josephus' works, (London, 1702). In Whiston's translation the references are Antiquities, XVIII, c. 1 and De Bello Judaico, II, c. 8. Cf. Introduction, p. 34.

46. J. Stearne, De Obstinatione, or concerning Firmness and not sinking under Adversities, (Dublin, 1672). Sects. 40, 41 of Dodwell's Prolegomena to the work to deal with Paul, say he had a Pharisaic tendency, even as a Chris­tian and that the Pharisees derived many of their ideas from the Stoics, but, with regard to fate, Dodwell says that both Stoics and Pharisees saved freewill; "Sicut enim Stoici, ita etiam Pharisaei, fatum ita explicabant ut salvum tamen esset liberum arbitrium humanum. Unde etiam de iis non semel testatus est Josephus ex eorum sententia, mixtionem quamdam esse ex consilio divino et arbitrio humano, quaedam etiam ex fato proficisci, quaedam ex libero solo hominum arbitrio." Op. cit., p. 148. John Stearne (1624-1669), a doctor, was the founder of the Irish College of Physicians. His works were mainly theological. He left his De Obstinatione to be

NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 121

published posthumously by his pupil Henry Dodwell, (1641-1711), fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, Camden professor of History at Oxford from 1688 till 1691, when he was deprived for refusing to take the oath of alle­giance.

47. Cf. Introduction, p. 35. 48. In Law's translation, p. 333. 49. G. Cheyne, Philosophical Principles of Religion, Natural and Revealed,

(London, 1715), Part I, c. III, sect. 13. Cf. Introduction, p. 35. Cheyne (1671-1743), like Stearne, was a physician. He studied at Edinburgh, lived in London and finally, for his health's sake, at Bath.

50. The example is given by Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 662; Reponse, c. 81. 51. Hobbes, English Works, V, pp. 59,60. 52. In Law's translation, pp. 279, 280. 53. Ibid., pp. 268-272. 54. Cf. Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 661; Reponse, c. 80. 55. In Law's translation, pp. 375-379. 56. Ibid., pp. 267-268, 275-276. 57. Ibid., pp. 267-268, 279-280, 349-350, 355-362, 373-374. 58. Ibid., p. 286. 177 in the note in the text is a misprint for 117. 59. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy etc., p. 431. 60. Note the enunciation of the principle of causality. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV,

10, n. 3. 61. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy etc., p. 431. 62. In Law's translation, p. 286. 63. Burnet is guilty of theological unorthodoxy, verbally at least, in saying that

the transient acts of God are done in a succession of time. The acts, as Divine acts, cannot be subject to time or succession. It is their external effects that occur in a succession of time. If God is a simple perfect being, his act of creation, for example, is one with his Essence and therefore necessary. It is, however, not subject to necessity, as God freely creates. The word "necessary" is not being used in the same sense in the two cases. His act, as being one with his Essence, is necessary, in that its existence is neces­sary; it is not subject to necessity in that neither external causes nor the internal constitution of the Divine Essence compel him to create. There remains, however, a mystery, as Burnet says, - how an act, which is not necessitated, should necessarily, de facto, exist from all eternity.

64. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 247; cf. also Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 662; Reponse, c. 81.

65. This passage is taken verbatim from Bayle, Oeuvres, II, p. 679; Reponse, c.90.

66. Hobbes, English Works, IV, pp. 270, 271, V, p. 328 sq. 67. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. II, 6, 17 and 7, 18. In book II of De Divinatione

Cicero is ridiculing the idea of divination. The passage as quoted by Collins is not easy to understand, as Collins omits Quintus, Cicero's brother's definition of divination - "The foreknowledge and foretelling of things that happen by chance" - which Cicero is using to reply, in the dialogue,

122 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

to one of Quintus' arguments, based on Stoic principles, that, although omniscience only belongs to God, a man, gifted with the power of divina­tion, can sometimes perceive the future in its causes. Chance is opposed to fate, Cicero says. One can either accept chance and surrender the Stoic doctrine of fate, or reject chance and scrap Quintus' definition of divina­tion. Cicero's own ideas, being those of an eclectic, are not easy to perceive, but it would seem from his very late work, De Fato, XI, 25, that he accepted the idea of freewill - or, at any rate, rejected the idea of choice enforced necessarily by external causes or circumstances. He did not discuss the question of psychic determinism.

68. M. Luther, On the Bondage of the Will, translation by J. I. Packer and O. R. Johnston (London, 1957), pp. 216, 217. Luther's work was not origi­nally divided into chapters. In it he was not concerned primarily with freewill as such but with the theological question of merit. This section, in which he argues from reason, can be taken to have a wider application, and it supports Collins' point of view. Earlier Luther wrote: "The will, be it God's, or man's does what it does, good or bad, under no compulsion, but just as it wants or pleases, as if it were free. Yet the will of God ... is changeless and sure ... and our will, principally because of its corruption, can do not good of itself" (p. 81). He went on (p. 82), "Our original pro­position still stands and remains unshaken: all things happen by necessity." Man's will, therefore, has spontaneity. In this sense it is free from compul­sion. But it is necessitated, by its corruption, to act of itself according to its corrupt nature. As the translators say (p. 48), Luther's denial of freewill had nothing to do with the psychology of action. In spite of this, the passage quoted by Collins could have a general application.

69. R. South, Twelve Sermons upon several Subjects, (London, 1698), Vol. III, p. 487, 488. Robert South (1634-1716), was a notable and salty preacher, public orator at Oxford, 1660-1667, and then Rector ofIslip. He declined the see of Rochester in 1713. In the passage quoted by Collins, taken in its full context, he distinguished between physical and causal necessity, which, he said, certainly caused an event, and what he called "logical" neces­sity, by which an event is with certainty inferred but by which it is not efficiently caused. (This is not the present day sense of the term "logical necessity.") This latter type of necessity, he considered, does not take away freewill and it is to this type, he thought, that God's foreknowledge belongs. Descartes, Principia Philosophiae, I, 41, said that by our self-consciousness we are quite sure that we are free, that we cannot see how this can be recon­ciled with God's foreknowledge, but that it would be absurd to doubt something of which we are so sure, because of a difficulty arising from something else - i.e. God's foreknowledge - which is incomprehensible to us. Tillotson, Sermons, (London, 1700-1706), 2nd. ed., Vol. VI, p. 157, said the problem is "contradictious and impossible to us," but that we have "sufficient assurance" of the thing and would need infinite understanding to unravel it. Stillingfieet, A Discourse concerning the Doctrine of Christ's

NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 123

Satisfaction, (London, 1697), p. 355 sq., said that there is something above our comprehension in the connection between the certainty of Divine prescience and the liberty of human actions. John Tillotson (1630-1694), Archbishop of Canterbury, 1691-1694, and Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699), Bishop of Worcester, 1688-1699, were two of the leading Latitudi­narian Divines, raised to the Episcopacy after the Revolution of 1688. For Locke's opinion, cf. Introduction, p. 11. The quotation is taken from J. Locke, Some Familiar Letters between Mr. Locke and several of his Friends, (London, 1708), p. 27.

70. For Locke's view, cf. Introduction, p. 12. J. Sergeant's Solid Philosophy asserted against the Fancie of the /deists, (London, 1697), was a criticism of Locke, but in this passage (p. 215 sq.), he considered he agreed with him. However, as he said that true morality depends on our choosing wisely, his morality was not subjective. What is truly good, he held, should be and was intended by God to be truly pleasurable. Sergeant (1622-1707), was a noted and rather controversial Catholic priest and controversialist.

71. The Noctes Atticae of the Roman grammarian, Aulus Gellius (A.D. 130-180), were a compilation of notes on a great variety of subjects and are of great use in providing excerpts from the lost texts of earlier writers. In this passage he was giving an objection raised against Chrysippus the Stoic by the defenders offreewill. The passage is in book VII, 2, 5, not book VI.

72. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 253. 73. Ibid. 74. Ibid. The following passage in Collins is taken almost verbatim from

Hobbes. 75. Till the Forfeiture Act of 1870 (33 and 34 Vict. c. 23) a person convicted

of High Treason was held in law to have his blood corrupted. There could be no inheritance claimed through corrupted blood and the Crown became absolutely entitled to the convict's land. Sect. 10 of the Inheritance Act of 1833 (3 and 4 Will. IV, c. 106) provided that, after the death of an attainted person, his descendants might trace their descent through him as though he had not been attainted. It is, therefore, a moot point whether, in Collins' time, the children were regarded, in law, as being punished directly, even though they suffered because of their parents' treason.

76. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 255. Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 160. 77. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 347. 78. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 172. 79. In the common, Paris, edition of 1648, pp. 145-146. Hieronymus Rorarius

(1485-1556), Nuncio of Pope Clement VII at the court of Hungary, pub­lished his work in 1548. He argued that beasts are more intelligent than men. The theory had some favour in his own day. It was taken up by Bayle, who considered it absurd, but who used the examples Rorarius gave of animal intelligence, to the embarrassment of the Cartesians, who con­sidered beasts to be machines. Cf. Bayle, Dictionary, III, p. 900 sq., article "Rorarius." The quotation used by Collins is given in note F, p. 908. a. also Leibniz, Theodicy. p. 160.

124 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

80. a. Hobbes, English Works, IV, pp. 248, 252, 254-256. 81. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy, pp. 317, 318, referring to Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 658

sq.; Reponse, c. 80. 82. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 53. Cicero, Pro Milone, 30, 83 sq. 83. Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana, Lib. II, c. 35. This was a common

example, given by Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 256 and Leibniz, Theo­dicy, p. 318. Velleius Paterculus (19c B.C. - 31 c A.D.), the Roman historian, wrote ofCato, called "of Utica," (95-46 B.C.), a leading opponent ofJulius Caesar, who committed suicide at Utica, after Caesar's victory at the battle ofThapsus, that he never acted with rectitude in order to appearrighteous, but because he could not do otherwise. The statement seems to justify Bram­hall's comment, (Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 172), that "the true meaning is that he was naturally of a good temper, not so prone to some kinds of vice as others were." It does not seem to justify the extreme interpretation put on it by Hobbes, Leibniz and Collins.

84. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 256. It is worth noting how Priestley compared Collins and Hobbes. "The great merit of this piece," - the In­quiry - he wrote, "consists in its conciseness, its clearness, and its being the first regular treatise on the subject. Mr. Hobbes, I am still of opinion, was the first who, in this, or any other country, rightly understood, and clearly stated, the argument; but he wrote nothing systematical, and con­sequently nothing that could be of much use to a student." He added that there were "few topics in the whole compass of the argument, which he" - Collins - "has not touched upon." J. Priestley's edition of the Inquiry, (Birmingham, 1790), Preface, pp. III, IV.

85. For this significant objection, cf. Introduction, p. 41 sq. 86. The Reformed Churches considered that man's will had been corrupted

since the fall of Adam, but they were less concerned with the philosophical question of freewill than with the theological question concerning merito­rious acts. It is hard to see what evidence Collins could have produced for their going so far as to declare the philosophical belief in freewill to be heretical. For an outline of the official protestant declarations that touched on freewill cf. W. A. Curtis, A History of Creeds and ConfeSSions of Faith, (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 146, 159, 174, 186, 210, 216, 245, 271 and 368. Luther's opinion on freewill has already been dealt with, (sup. note 68). For Calvin, cf. F. Wendel, Calvin, (Fontana Library, London, 1965), pp. 188-193. Wendel says Calvin follows Luther in his De Servo Arbitrio. He quotes Calvin as saying that, since the fall, man "has not been deprived of will, but of healthy will" (p. 189), but he also says that "he prefers to follow Luther in denying freewill altogether; and like Luther in De Servo Arbitrio he defends the distinction between necessity and restraint" (p. 190). This doctrine could well fit in with Collins' psychic determinism. But it must be repeated that Luther was dealing with a theological and not a psychological problem.

87. a. Introduction, p. 42 sq.

COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

The edition of the Philosophical Inquiry here reproduced is the second edition, (London, 1717), which is described as "The second edition corrected." However, there are a number of textual variations. These are:

In the "Contents" in the first edition the words "The Introduction . . . all sub­jects" are omitted.

Under "I First Argument," 1.8: "Perceiving" is, in the first edition, "percep­tion."

The word "consider'd" is appended, in the first edition, to each of the first four of "Several objections consider'd," and the word "answer'd" to objec­tions 5 and 6.

p. 1 The title "A Philosophical Inquiry etc." is omitted, in the first edition, before the dedication "To Lucius."

p.2 1.10: All the satisfaction I can. -1st ed. A second Discourse on this sub­ject.

p. 3 The footnote "I do not mean unknown simple ideas ... " is omitted in the first edition. Collins' intention in adding the footnote may have been to distinguish between mysteries and truths of which we are not aware because we have never experienced or heard of them, but which we can fully understand when we experience or are told of them.

p. 11 1.14: hath been - 1st ed., was p. 11 1.20: not unavoidably - ist ed., not ever unavoidably p. 14 1.9: these -lst ed., those p. 18 1.19: Whereas when the mind ... moment of action -lst ed., "Whereas

this indifference is a necessary state of mind, to which the mind is no less determin'd during its deliberation, than it is when it acts, or not acts, after it comes out of that state by the means of deliberation; and not the less necessary, because the mind is not under an actual determination to act, or not to act; which actual determination must ever be subsequent to a stateofindifferency."The version in the second edition gives Collins' opinion in a simpler and, therefore, clearer way, and brings out the fact that he considered the mind to act as a sort of balance, with ideas and

126 COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY

"motives" as the weights. For Bayle's comparing the act of choice to weighing in a balance, and for Leibniz's and Clarke's opinions on the meaning of the word "motive," cf. Introduction, pp. 31,23.

p. 20 1.11: and that therefore he pretends - 1st ed., and therefore pretends p.25 1.15: write obscurely - 1st ed., talk obscurely p.25 1.16: at least, he will see that - 1st ed., at least, that p. 26 1.8: speaks thus: Fate, says he, - 1st ed., tells us, That Fate p. 28 1.8: That the best proofs aI/edged for liberty are, that without it, - 1st ed.,

That liberty cannot be proved from experience: And that the best proofs thereof are, that without liberty,

p. 28 1.11: evil, as well as good thoughts. - 1st ed., evil thoughts, as well as , good

p.29 1.20: The Journalists ... they say, - 1st ed., The Journalists of Paris pass this censure on the aforesaid notion of Liberty. Mr. King say they,

p. 30 1.15: the vulgar experience - 1 st ed., that vulgar experience p. 32 1.17: is the foundation - 1st ed., to be the foundation p. 32 1.19: makes them - 1st ed., to make them p. 35 1.2: adherence to which, - 1st ed., adherence to, p.42 1.4: capable of willing or preferring, -1st ed., capable of willing or pre­

ferring, or chusing p. 45 1.22: for the sake whereof ... absurd - 1st ed., for the sake whereofthere

is so much contest for so absurd p. 52 1.3: preferable - 1 st ed., preferably p. 53 1.3: an action - 1st ed., the action p. 60 1.9: the Jews, I say, who besides - 1st ed., who besides p. 69 1.21: and reason, determine - 1st ed., reason do determine p. 77 1.10: his knowledge and decrees, - 1st ed., his knowledge and his decrees p. 87 1.4: the thing - 1st ed., that thing p. 90 1.8: "Morality ... painful." In the first edition the words "and upon

the whole" are omitted, with regard to both pleasant and painful actions. The inclusion, - perhaps a qualification - in the second edition, in no way alters the hedonism of Collins' theory of morality.

p. 97 1.21: So far is - 1st ed., So far are p. 97 1.23: if men are - 1st ed., if men were p. 97 1.24: that it would be useless - 1st ed., that they would be useless

The passage "to correct ... inflicting punishments)" is omitted in the first edition. Its inclusion in the second emphasises the fact that Collins regarded correction and deterrence as the principal purposes of punish­ment. Elsewhere he said that prevention of certain crimes is its sole purpose (p. 92 and Introduction, p. 38 sq.). "Correction," therefore, seems to be meant to carry the sense of deterring the criminal for the future, if Collins is to be taken as being consistent.

p. 107 1.20: be impossible to conceive - 1st ed., be as impossible to conceive p. 108 1.17: it will, perhaps, not be improper -1st ed., it may be proper p. 109 1.5: clearly -1st ed., "ly", corrected in the errata to "openly"

COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 127

p. 115 1.20: "that it is inconsistent with the divine perfections" is omitted in the first edition.

p. 117 1.4: of this -1st ed., on this

VARIATIONS IN THE MARGINAL NOTES GIVEN BY COLLINS

p. 17 1.3: 1st ed. adds 715. p. 21 King de Orig. Mali p. 91, 127. - 1st ed., King de Orig. Mali 127, 91 p. 27 Dictionnaire etc - 1st edition omits "2d edit." p.29 Remarques etc. p. 76. - 1st ed. Remarques etc., 79 p. 30 Journal des Savans etc. - 1st edition simply has "Mois de Mars, 1705." p. 31 1st edition omits "Perception ofIdeas." p. 33 1st edition omits "Judging of Propositions." p. 36 1st edition omits "Willing." p. 38 1st edition adds to "Locke of Hum. Undo 1.2. c21." "King de Orig.

Mali. 101." p. 42 Theory of Love etc. - 1st edition omits p. 199. p. 43 The first edition, in the reference to Plato, omits "Edit. Serran." and has,

instead of "345, 346," "345, 358." p. 44 Bramhall's works, p. 656 and 658. - 1st ed., Bramhall's works 65,658 p. 52 1st edition omits "Doing as we will" p. 76 pag. 117 - 1st ed., 117 p. 112 of the 4th Edition 1716. - 1st ed., of the Edition 1716

The text of the Philosophical Inquiry is reproduced by the kind permission of the President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

De licentia Superiorum Ordinis.