Texas: The 28Texas: The 28thth State State

Republic to a StateRepublic to a State

Resolution to annex Texas was signed into law Resolution to annex Texas was signed into law on on March 1, 1845March 1, 1845, making Texas the 28, making Texas the 28thth state.state.

Constitutional Convention of 1845Constitutional Convention of 1845

Texas needed a new Texas needed a new constitutionconstitution to become part of to become part of the United States. the United States.

Texas congress adopted a constitution that was Texas congress adopted a constitution that was closely closely modeledmodeled after other states. after other states.

July 4, 1845July 4, 1845 Delegates met in Austin to discuss the new constitutionDelegates met in Austin to discuss the new constitution Jose Antonio Navarro was the only Texas-born Jose Antonio Navarro was the only Texas-born delegatedelegate.. 5 5 delegates were signers of the TX Declaration of delegates were signers of the TX Declaration of

IndependenceIndependence Thomas J. Rusk was elected the President of the Thomas J. Rusk was elected the President of the

conventionconvention

The State Constitution of 1845The State Constitution of 1845

Modeled after the state of Modeled after the state of LouisianaLouisiana and the U.S. and the U.S. Constitution.Constitution.

Also decided to keep some Also decided to keep some elementselements of the Republic of the Republic of Texas. of Texas.

For example:For example: Protected Protected homesteadshomesteads from being taken to pay from being taken to pay debtsdebts Did not allow Did not allow ministersministers and and priestspriests to serve in the to serve in the

legislaturelegislature Did not allow Did not allow settlerssettlers from other states to continue from other states to continue

bringing slaves with them to Texas.bringing slaves with them to Texas. Protected the Protected the rightsrights of women to own land, one of the first of women to own land, one of the first

states to give women such a right.states to give women such a right.

Constitution of 1845Constitution of 1845

Established Established threethree branches of government: branches of government: LegislativeLegislative: creates the laws: creates the laws ExecutiveExecutive: enforces the laws: enforces the laws JudicialJudicial: interprets the laws: interprets the laws

Created the executive offices of Created the executive offices of governorgovernor and and lieutenantlieutenant governor, replacing the Republic’s governor, replacing the Republic’s President and Vice-President.President and Vice-President. These two officers would hold These two officers would hold 22 year terms year terms

Constitution of 1845Constitution of 1845

Created a legislature made up of the House of Created a legislature made up of the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives and the and the SenateSenate..

House of Representative members:House of Representative members: Serve Serve 2 2 year termsyear terms

Senators:Senators: Serve Serve 4 4 year termsyear terms

Constitution of 1845Constitution of 1845

Set up a Set up a judicialjudicial, or court, system, or court, system Established the Texas Established the Texas SupremeSupreme Court as the Court as the

highest court in the state. highest court in the state. Established Established lowerlower courts to hear other types of courts to hear other types of

court cases.court cases. The citizens of Texas The citizens of Texas electelect their judges, unlike their judges, unlike

the United States were they are the United States were they are chosenchosen by the by the President.President.

Election of 1845Election of 1845

ElectionElection took place on December 15, 1845 took place on December 15, 1845 ResultsResults

James Pinckney HendersonJames Pinckney Henderson – 1 – 1stst Governor of TX Governor of TX Albert C. Horton – Lieutenant GovernorAlbert C. Horton – Lieutenant Governor Thomas J. RuskThomas J. Rusk – U.S. Senator – U.S. Senator Sam HoustonSam Houston – U.S. Senator – U.S. Senator David Kaufman – U.S. RepresentativeDavid Kaufman – U.S. Representative Timothy Pillsbury – U.S. RepresentativeTimothy Pillsbury – U.S. Representative John HemphillJohn Hemphill – Chief Justice of the TX Supreme – Chief Justice of the TX Supreme

CourtCourt

Mexico and the U.S. at Mexico and the U.S. at War War

Mexican and U.S. Policy on TexasMexican and U.S. Policy on Texas

The admission of Texas to the U.S. created The admission of Texas to the U.S. created hardhard feelings in Mexico. feelings in Mexico.

Mexico did not Mexico did not recognizerecognize the Treaties of the Treaties of Velasco once Texas was admitted into the Velasco once Texas was admitted into the Union.Union.

Mexico warned that is the U.S. admitted Mexico warned that is the U.S. admitted Texas, it would mean Texas, it would mean warwar!!

Tensions Between Mexico and the Tensions Between Mexico and the U.S.U.S.

The international border The international border between the U.S. and between the U.S. and Mexico was set at the Mexico was set at the Rio Rio Grande. Grande.

Mexico did not recognize Mexico did not recognize this border. They believed this border. They believed the border was the the border was the Nueces Nueces River.River.

The U.S. also wanted to The U.S. also wanted to acquire the land that is acquire the land that is present-day California and present-day California and the land between TX and the land between TX and the the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean..

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny The The beliefbelief that the U.S. should expand from “sea to shining that the U.S. should expand from “sea to shining

sea.”sea.” The U.S. wanted to claim all the land between the The U.S. wanted to claim all the land between the AtlanticAtlantic

and and PacificPacific Oceans. Oceans. MexicanMexican territory stood in their way! territory stood in their way! James K. PolkJames K. Polk was the President of the U.S. in 1845. was the President of the U.S. in 1845. John SlidellJohn Slidell was sent by President Polk to Mexico to speak was sent by President Polk to Mexico to speak

with Santa Anna.with Santa Anna. Slidell offered Mexico money to Slidell offered Mexico money to repayrepay property damage that Mexico property damage that Mexico

had inflicted upon innocent Texans during the Revolution.had inflicted upon innocent Texans during the Revolution. In return, Mexico would recognize Texas as part of the U.S. and In return, Mexico would recognize Texas as part of the U.S. and

transfertransfer California and the land between Texas and California to the California and the land between Texas and California to the U.S. U.S.

Mexican officials Mexican officials refusedrefused to see Slidell and were extremely to see Slidell and were extremely offendedoffended by this offer. by this offer.

Dispute in the Northern StatesDispute in the Northern States

Many Many northernnorthern states believed the United states believed the United States only wanted to expand so States only wanted to expand so slaveryslavery would expand as well.would expand as well.

They were They were againstagainst the annexation of Texas the annexation of Texas and was with Mexico because of their and was with Mexico because of their objection to slavery.objection to slavery.

Fighting Breaks OutFighting Breaks Out

President Polk ordered President Polk ordered General General Zachary Zachary TaylorTaylor to place troops to place troops along the Nueces River along the Nueces River (disputed territory).(disputed territory).

In response, Mexican In response, Mexican General General Mariano Mariano AristaArista led his troops to led his troops to a location just south of a location just south of the Rio Grande. the Rio Grande.

Fighting Breaks OutFighting Breaks Out

When Mexico refused to discuss matters with John When Mexico refused to discuss matters with John Slidell, President Polk order Taylor to move his Slidell, President Polk order Taylor to move his troops into the troops into the disputeddisputed territory, what Mexico territory, what Mexico believed was theirs!believed was theirs!

FightingFighting broke out just north of the Rio Grande and broke out just north of the Rio Grande and just south of the Nueces River. just south of the Nueces River.

On April 24, 1846, more than On April 24, 1846, more than 6060 U.S. soldiers U.S. soldiers clashed with Mexican troops. clashed with Mexican troops.

Both commanders sent letters to their governments Both commanders sent letters to their governments claiming they had been fired upon on their claiming they had been fired upon on their own soilown soil!!

The War with MexicoThe War with Mexico General Arista moved his troops north of the Rio General Arista moved his troops north of the Rio

Grande and battles took place at Grande and battles took place at Palo AltoPalo Alto and and Resaca de la Palma.Resaca de la Palma. U.S. claimed U.S. claimed victoryvictory in both battles. in both battles.

After these two victories, the U.S. Congress After these two victories, the U.S. Congress declareddeclared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846.war on Mexico on May 13, 1846.

General Taylor marched his troops into Mexico and General Taylor marched his troops into Mexico and wonwon battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista. battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista.

Commander of the U.S. Army was General Commander of the U.S. Army was General Winfield Winfield ScottScott. He took command of Taylor’s regular troops . He took command of Taylor’s regular troops and led them even and led them even furtherfurther into Mexico. into Mexico.

Took an Took an overover water route to Mexico City and landed water route to Mexico City and landed at Molino Del Rey in September.at Molino Del Rey in September.

War with MexicoWar with Mexico

General Scott’s troops held off heavy fire General Scott’s troops held off heavy fire outside of outside of Mexico CityMexico City at Chapultepec. at Chapultepec.

The U.S. eventually took over Mexico City The U.S. eventually took over Mexico City and the Mexican troops fought until the last and the Mexican troops fought until the last man was man was standingstanding!!

Texans in the War with MexicoTexans in the War with Mexico

Texans Texans eagerlyeagerly took part in the war. took part in the war. About About 5,0005,000 Texans served in the U.S. Army Texans served in the U.S. Army

during the war.during the war. Many of the men who fought were Many of the men who fought were Texas Texas

RangersRangers. . Served as Served as scoutsscouts because they knew the land so because they knew the land so

well. well. Became known as Became known as los diablos Tejanoslos diablos Tejanos, the , the Devil Devil

TexansTexans

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 13,00013,000 of the 80,000 that of the 80,000 that

fought during the war died. fought during the war died. The Treaty of The Treaty of Guadalupe Guadalupe

HidalgoHidalgo was signed on was signed on February 2, 1848, officially February 2, 1848, officially ending the Mexican-ending the Mexican-American War. American War. Mexico Mexico agreedagreed that TX was that TX was

part of the U.S.part of the U.S. Surrendered Surrendered allall land between land between

TX and the PacificTX and the Pacific Mexican Mexican cession cession included included

California, New Mexico, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.Utah, and Colorado.

The U.S. paid The U.S. paid $15$15 million in million in return for Mexico’s land.return for Mexico’s land.

A New Western BorderA New Western Border

1845-18511845-1851

The Texas-New Mexico Border The Texas-New Mexico Border DisputeDispute

Treaty of GuadalupeTreaty of Guadalupe HidalgoHidalgo established the established the Rio Grande River as Rio Grande River as Texas’s southern Texas’s southern border.border.

Texans claimed that the Texans claimed that the Texas border should Texas border should extend as far north as extend as far north as the river. the river. New MexicoNew Mexico said otherwise.said otherwise.

Uh Oh…Dispute!Uh Oh…Dispute!

Texas Tries to Gain Control of New Texas Tries to Gain Control of New MexicoMexico

Texas tried to gain control of New Mexico Texas tried to gain control of New Mexico through through diplomacydiplomacy and by and by threatthreat, but those , but those efforts failed.efforts failed.

The state The state legislaturelegislature created new counties to created new counties to occupy some of the area of dispute. occupy some of the area of dispute. El PasoEl Paso was one of those counties, which eventually was one of those counties, which eventually became our became our westernwestern-most county.-most county.

The dispute continues…The dispute continues…

Disagreements Over Slavery and Disagreements Over Slavery and TerritoriesTerritories

The United States was dealing The United States was dealing with the issue of with the issue of slaveryslavery at this at this time in history.time in history.

The states in the union for slavery The states in the union for slavery equaled those that were against it.equaled those that were against it.

Many Americans Many Americans fearedfeared that if that if Texas were to be admitted as the Texas were to be admitted as the larger territory, it would tip the larger territory, it would tip the balancebalance of states for slavery. of states for slavery.

If Texas were If Texas were splitsplit into two into two states, Texas and New Mexico, states, Texas and New Mexico, then New Mexico would be then New Mexico would be againstagainst slavery, and the balance slavery, and the balance would remain.would remain.

WHAT SHOULD THE U.S. WHAT SHOULD THE U.S. DO????DO????

+

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

As a result of the As a result of the Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850, Texas gave , Texas gave up some its territory for up some its territory for $10$10 million. million.

The The Texas and New Mexico ActTexas and New Mexico Act established the established the boundaries between Texas and New Mexico where boundaries between Texas and New Mexico where they are today. In fact, this they are today. In fact, this ActAct determined the determined the boundaries of all of Texas as they are today.boundaries of all of Texas as they are today.

Texans eventually Texans eventually acceptedaccepted this agreement because this agreement because Texas needed the money to settle its Texas needed the money to settle its debtdebt with the with the U.S., and to fund other programs for the new state.U.S., and to fund other programs for the new state.

Dispute settled…for now…Dispute settled…for now…