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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY&
BODY SYSTEMS
Test scores indicate that students who learn a foreign language have a much stronger grasp of English language skills. Tests also indicate that studying a foreign language sharpens the mind.
Classical languages may prove the most profitable foreign languages for a student to learn. Consider LATIN. Everywhere we turn, we read English words which originally came from Latin words. Over 60% of English words have Latin roots. There is so much Latin in English that learning Latin will help you to better understand English.
GREEK is also useful. While legal vocabulary is all Latin, most medical and scientific words come from Greek. Knowing Greek will give the student a head-start on the terminology of these professions. A large part of the study of these professions is the terminology.
Why learn Classical Languages? For centuries, classical languages have been recognized as an essential part of a good education. The primary benefits are the mental discipline and the usefulness for all other studies
Look for Relationships between new words and words that you already know
SUICIDE Fungicide Herbicide Genocide Algacide
Laryngitis Appendicitis Arthritis Arthropod Pseudopod Pseudonym Cardiologist Podiatrist
Erythrocyte Leukocyte Leukemia Anemia Cytology Hematology Hemophilia Hemolysis
ANY IDEAS ???
HEPATITIS
HEPATIC VEIN
PSYCHOPATH ?
PATHOLOGIST
PATHOGENIC (Hint GENerate)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Try These Words Out For Relationship
PTERODACTYL
PTERIDOPHYTE
ASYMMETRICALHAIRCUTAPTERYGOTA
PHYTOPLANKTON
Try This!!Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
[noo-muh-noh-uhl-truh-mahy-kruh-skop-ik-sil-i-koh-vol-key-noh-koh-nee-oh-sis,]
Breakdown• Pneumono
• lungs
• Ultramicroscopic• Really small
• Silico• Silicon
• Volcano• Coniosis
• Condition
A respiratory disorder caused by microscopic volcanic silicone dust
Other BIG WORDS!!!• otorhinolaryngological - 22 letters
• immunoelectrophoretically - 25 letters
• radioimmunoelectrophoresis - 26 letters
• psychoneuroendocrinological - 27 letters
• hepaticocholangiogastrostomy - 28 letters
• pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism - 30 letters
Anatomical Planes and Directional Terms
All right class…first things first!
Anterio
Pos
caudal
cephalic
Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Body Planes:
• Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Body Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies
on the midline• Frontal or coronal – divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts• Transverse or horizontal (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Median (Midsagittal) Plane
Divides body into equal right & left halves.
Frontal (Coronal)
Plane
Frontal (Coronal)
Plane
Divides body into front & back portions.
Transverse Plane
Transverse Plane
Divides body into upper & lower portions.
Superior(cephalic)
Inferior
(caudal)
Towards the head
Towards the feet
Transverse Plane:
Horizontal plane dividing the body into a top and bottom half1. Superior = body parts above other parts2. Inferior = body parts below other parts
3. Cranial = body parts near the head4. Caudal = body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (or near the tail bone)
Medial
Moving towards the midline of the body
Lateral
Lateral
Moving towards the side of the body
Median Plane:
Divides the body into right and left sides1. Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body2. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body
Anterior (Ventral)
Front part of body
anterior
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Back part of the body
posterior
Frontal Plane:
Divides the body into front and back section.1. Anterior = body parts on the front of the body2. Posterior = body parts on the back of the body
• Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference
• Distal = body parts away from the point of reference
Body Cavities:
Spaces within the body which contain vital organs
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Body Cavities• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions– Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain– Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral
column and encases the spinal cord• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),
and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
– Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body Cavities• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from
the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
• It is composed of two subdivisions– Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs– Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and
contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
• Orbital – house the eyes• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations• Synovial – joint cavities
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/bio/tortora366927/resources/student/anatomydrill/ch1.html