TEST NO: 5 - KEY - Sosin Classes · 2019-07-08 · Haddon’s racial classification of Indian...

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TEST NO: 5 - KEY Date: 09.02.2019

Max. Marks: 250 Max. Time 3 Hours

ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES – TEST- 5

Paper 2, Chapters 2, 5, 6

INSTRUCTIONS

• Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory.

• 5 Questions are to be answered in all choosing at least one from each section.

• Answers need be written at the prescribed place, sticking to word limit where indicated.

• Answer the prescribed number of questions only.

• Negative marking is awarded for illegitimate handwriting.

SECTION - A

1. Answer the following in 125 words each. 5x10=50

a. Haddon’s racial classification of Indian population

b. Dravidian linguistic group among tribes of India

c. Impact of culture contact among tribes

d. Modernisation

e. Changing sex ratio among Indian population

2. a. Anthropology and education. 20

b. Bring a critical appraisal of Forest Rights Act . 20

c. TRIFED. 10

3. a. Problems of linguistic minorities and Constitutional safeguards directed towards them. 25

b. Explain the significance and evolution of village studies in India. 25

4. a. Health problems of tribal women in India. 20

b. Critically examine the resettlement and rehabilitation policy of India…. 30

SECTION - B


a. Mongoloid racial stock in India.

b. Great and Little traditions

c. Negrito element in India

d. Mortality rate among Indian population

e. Approaches to Tribals

6. a. Tribal Land Alienation 20

b. Impact of Urbanisation and Industrialisation among Central Indian Tribes. 20

c. Mundari group of languages. 10

7. a. Shifting cultivation, its impact and protective measures by Govt 15

b. Write an essay on the economic elements of Indian tribes. 25

c. Forests and Tribal interaction. 10

8. a. Explain how the concepts of Sanskritisation and Westernisation help explain change in

India.25

b. Compare the concepts of Indigenous populations and Adivasis 25

…….


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1a. Haddon’s racial classification of Indian population

Intro: Huddon presented a scheme based on geographical division modifying Risley’s classification.

Huddon classification of Indian population was seen as a movement away from the focus of biological

elements. He claims that in addition to physical features aspects such as language, customs and

folktales were incorporated.

Huddon’s classification:

1. Himalayan

a. Indo Aryans - Kanets of kullu valley & Na Palis

b. Mangoloid - Lepchas, Garo, Naga, Khasi, Dafla

2. Northern Plains of Hindustan - Jats & Rajputs

3. Deccan

a. Negrito - Kadar, Irula

b. Pre Dravidian - Santhals, Gonds

c. Dravidian - TamilNadu, Maharashtra

d. Western Brachycsphals - Coorgs, Nairs

e. Southern Brachycephals - Parava, Paniyan

Though Huddon claimed that placing Punjab in Mongoloid elements was due to similarity in cultural

and linguistic aspects. He was making mistakes on all the fronts. Later studies in Linguistic

anthropology did not identify any link in the languages in Mongoloid group with Punjab.

b. Dravidian linguistic group among tribes of India

The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as

well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Dravidian languages

with the most speakers are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. Besides the mainstream

population, Dravidian languages are also spoken by small scheduled tribe communities, such as the

Oraon and Gond tribes. Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India, Brahui in

Pakistan and Dhangar, a dialect of Kurukh, in Nepal.

There are also small groups of Dravidian-speaking scheduled tribes, who live outside Dravidian-

speaking areas, such as the Kurukh in Eastern India and Gondi in Central India.

• Dravidian Family: The languages spoken by this family are –

Name of the Language Region Spoken

Dhurwa Chhattisgarh

Gondi

Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Chhattisgarh

Koraga Karnataka, Kerala

Kodagu Karnataka

Kolami Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra


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Koya Andhra Pradesh, Odisha

Kui Odisha

Kuvi Odisha

Kurukh Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh

Maria Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh

Naiki Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra

Parji Madhya Pradesh

Pengo Odisha

Tulu Karnataka, Kerala

Yerukula Andhra Pradesh


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c. Impact of culture contact among tribes

Culture shock: the misleading term "culture contact" doesn't begin to express the dramatic effects of

changes brought by outside

The shock of "contact" has taken many forms, initially, at least, to indigenous people just the physical

presence of outsiders was shocking. Missionaries, slavers, miners, lumbermen, ranchers, agriculturists

- all have "visited" indigenous homeland, literally battering and badgering the inhabitants first into

interaction and then submission

For some indigenous groups, the disastrous effects of contact have been felt before any actual

physical communication. Outsiders' diseases - smallpox, measles influenza - would spread rapidly

from village to village,

The sad fate of the Yabgan and Ona peoples of Tierra del Fuego serves to encapsulates the

devastation that contact with Westerners can bring to a native group

Mining and refining minerals are poisoning lands, rivers, food, and, of course, the people themselves;

Quechua Indians in Bolivia, who mine the country's number I export, tin, generally do not live more

than seven years after going to the mines.

Pesticides, drugs, and radioactive and toxic wastes that are dangerous, severely regulated, or even

banned are deliberately sold or dumped onto the lands of unknowing peoples. Herbicide use in the

Guaporé Valley [Brazil]; A dyestuff industry in Bombay dumps untreated chemical sewage directly

into a river, contaminating the drinking and bath water for downstream residents

Tourists: ethnic tourism in China's southwest region; Andman Jarwas Tourist affect…

Missionaries

Migration: The "new migration," in which people go from lesser developed to more developed

countries or regions, has introduced its own form of culture shock for those who migrate - and those

who are left behind

Development Refugee:

Cash and custom

d. Modernisation

Intro: Modernisation studies typically deal with the effects of economic development on ‘traditional’

social structures and values.

Body:

Modernisation has been a dominant theme after the second world war and a central concept in the

‘sociology of development’, referring to the “interactive process of economic growth and social

change”.

• Some scholars considered modernisation to be the child of Westernisation.

• S.C. Dube (1988) says that “an attractive feature of the concept was that it showed an apparent

concern for the cultural sensitivities of both the elites and the masses of the Third World.

• According to Lerner (1958) three features constitute the core of modernised personality-


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1. Empathy

2. Mobility

3. High Participation

• And the core of modernisation is of course rationality.

One of the most significant features of modernisation is that modernised societies operate through

institutional structures that are capable of continuously absorbing the changes that are inherent in the

process of modernisation.

Conclusion: Adoption of modern science and technology shall go a long way in the achievement of

India’s cultural and technological modernisation.

e. Changing sex ratio among Indian population

STs constitute 8.6% of Indian population and have literacy rates much less than the non tribal , non

SC populations. But they report the highest Sex Ratios among all categories of population

Social group Child Sex Ratio Sex Ratio Female literacy

ST 957 990 49.35%

SC 933 945 56.46

Others 910 937 68.19

India 919 943 64.64%

Better sex ratios are indicative of both positive and negative aspects such as culture of gender parity,

lack of access to pre natal medical diagnosis etc.

But, the recent trend observed is- falling Sex Ratio among STs. This has been a cause of concern.

The other major concern is falling child population.

Best CSR in STs- Chattisgarh- 993, Odissa- 980

Odisha and Jharkhand, two of India’s poorest states with sizeable tribal population, are the best

performing states when it comes to improved sex ratio of STs when compared to states like Rajasthan

(948), Uttar Pradesh (952), Jammu and Kashmir (924) and Bihar (958), which also have tribal people.

Goa tops the list when it comes to sex ratio of tribal population with 1,046 females per 1,000 males; it

is followed by Kerala (1,035), Arunachal Pardesh (1,032), Odisha (1,029) and Chhattisgarh (1,020

2. a. Anthropology and education. 20

ANTHROPOLOGY and education still maintain a tenuous relationship. Communication between the

two fields is more sporadic than between, say, psychology and education.

There is a great range of anthropological literature that is implicitly of immense value to education.

This is especially true in the area of culture and personality

Anthropological and Educational Theory

Bramelďs attempt (1957)—an outgrowth of his essay in the Stanford volume cited above—to utilize

"culture-theory," with lesser utilization of such fields as the philosophy of history, in developing a

systematic philosophy of education


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Brameld has applied his "anthropological philosophy of education" (1959b) to research in an actual

culture. Examined and interpreted the educational policies and programs of Puerto Rican culture by

means of his chief organizing categories, order, process, and goals.

Brameld (1958) tried to show how the concepts of "explicit and implicit culture" can help to explain

the consistencies and inconsistencies of a culture with its political and religious values, and how these

values and value conflicts are reflected in educational experience

Burton: interpretation of education by means of anthropological concepts

Two articles by Mead (1959b, 1960) had significant theoretical implications for schooling. An

anthropologist with vigorous educational interests, Mead sought to redefine education in terms of a

"lateral" as well as a "vertical" transmission of knowledge; she argued that, especially in secondary

education, informed persons should teach the uninformed, regardless of age.

Grinager (1959) coined the term "educanthropology" to denote the interdependence of both fields.

Education as a Cultural Process

Anthropological research concerned with a culture's educational process, as it serves to perpetuate

and/or modify behavior patterns for its members and to internalize appropriate conceptions of

themselves, deserves primary attention from educators.

Through process studies, educators can develop insights helpful in understanding and acting upon

some of the intangible factors always present in educational practices: covert relationships between a

teacher and pupils and between a school and its community; contradictions between declared goals

and real goals in the classroom or in curriculum planning; the effects of powerful cultural forces on

personality development, on traditional ideas about classroom authority, and on vexing problems of

discipline.

Examples:

Spindler (1959a) pointed to an anthropological perspective in learning

Henry (1960) developed an outline of the educational process based upon research on cultural factors

in learning

Eggan (1957) suggested a variety of ways in which cultural anthropologists can help educators: (a)

through studies of the significance of age-grading, of the influence of peer groups, and of the relation

of the school to the larger community; and (b) through studies of teachers—their conceptions of

children, informal leadership in their groups, their community status, and their role in parent-teacher

groups.

Anthropology in the Curriculum….

b. Bring a critical appraisal of Forest Rights Act . 20

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,

better known as the Forest Rights Act, attempt at righting a “historic injustice” and “strengthening the

conservation regime” through recognition of forest dwellers’ right to sustainably use and manage

forests is significant for socioeconomic, political and ecological reasons.

FRA is implemented at both the national and state level within India. At the national level, the

Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) is the central agency responsible for implementation. The

procedure by which the FRA formally awards rights involves three main stages (see Fig. 1).


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Few Points to be included in answer:

1.There has been a time lag associated with efforts to translate the Act into local languages, the high

courts of some states have blocked the distribution of land titles, and many state governments have

been slow to establish all necessary committees

2.In many cases, Forest Departments have obstructed the claim and claim recognition process,

demanding morethan the required amount of evidence of historic use of forestland andvspreading

misinformation about FRA’s provisions

Fig 1.

3. State-level politics in India :This arrangement – where the national government dictates policy,

while state governments and state forest bureaucracies control the infrastructure required for policy

implementation – has consequences for the way forestry policy plays out across states

Greater extent of forest cover is associated with higher claim distribution rates, while presence of left-

wing extremism is associated with higher claim rejection rates. Given the convoluted landscape


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surrounding implementation of this policy, particularly at sub-state levels, other explanations for the

variation in claim outcomes may exist.

References

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/forest-rights-act-under-scrutiny-32957

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837717311705

c. TRIFED. 10

A whole new Organizational concept for sustainable exploitation of nature's bounty through tribal’s.

Government of India set up TRIFED in 1987. In simple terms - what nature provides, TRIFED

supplies.The very concept behind formation of TRIFED may be said as - it is clear from demographic

information about India, about 8% of total population is covered by the tribals. Due to wide variety of

agro-climatic and geographical conditions of India's tribal area, it is sure that an equally wide variety

of natural products are available. Tribals are in harmony with nature and dependent upon forests and

agriculture for their livelihood. Efforts are to improve their living standard. Simultaneously the need

to conserve the nation's ecological heritage of which the tribals are gurdians needs to be given due

importance. An important element in the policy spectrum of the government to bring about a multi-

dimensional transformation of tribal society is generating and establishing proper marketing channels

for tribal produce, the collection of which is the main occupation and source of income for tribals.This

in turn ensures assured off-take of their products and remunerative prices while eliminating

exploitation of tribals by market forces. The combined impact of these initiatives is aimed at bringing

about sustained upgradation of living standards among these indigenous people. To pay specific

attention to the marketing requirements of tribal forest and agriculture produce Govt. of India set the

TRIFED.

ACTIVITIES :

TRIFED has aggressively undertaken procurement and marketing of over 80 items of tribal produce,

which are environment - friendly, fresh, pure and 100% natural. Besides other objectives of TRIFED

are:

• to secure higher earnings and generate employment opportunities for tribal people

• creation of awareness of interplay of market forces among tribals to enable them to optimise their

incomes

• providing assured markets and remunerative prices for tribal produce and also undertake price

support operations wherever required.

• quality upgradation of tribal products with a view to maximise unit value realisation • export of

tribal products

• to provide full range of services, including organisation and collection of tribal produce, scientific

exploration of forest products, storage, transportation, marketing and exports.

3. a. Problems of linguistic minorities and Constitutional safeguards directed towards them. 25

Define- linguistic minorities

The Constitution recognises minorities based on religion, culture, language, or script. Article 29

guarantees to minorities having distinct language, script or culture the right to conserve it, and article

30 confers on the minorities based on religion or language the right to establish and administer

educational institutions of their choice.

The crucial problem areas vis-a-vis linguistic minorities are (i) the right to instruction in their mother-

tongue, (ii) the Use of minority languages for official purposes, and (iii) the recruitment of minorities

to state services.

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/forest-rights-act-under-scrutiny-32957

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837717311705


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Give details of constitutional articles- 14, 15, 16, 29, 30, 347, 350, 350A, 350B

Give details of National Commission on Linguistic Minorities- functions

b. Explain the significance and evolution of village studies in India. 25

Villages occupy a significant place in social and cultural landscape of contemporary India.

A. Demographic Reasons: 6,40,867 Villages in India (2011) as against 6,38,588 Villages in

2001 – An increase of 2279 villages

B. Socio-cultural Reasons

1. Village is an important ideological category through which India has always been

imaged and imagined in modern times.

2. It is an ultimate signifier of authentic native life where one could see real India where

social life and belief systems are still practiced in a pristine way – in 21st century, we call

this “traditional”

3. Andre Beteille – A Village is not merely a place where people lived; it had a design in

which were reflected the basic values of Indian civilization – 1980

Indian Village as a Social System: Diversity, Self Sufficiency, A Source of Identity, Jajmania

System, Inequalities and Cleavages, Social Stratification

Evolutionary stages by L P Vidyarthi: Add details:

4. a. Health problems of tribal women in India. 20

• Anthropological studies on health of tribals give rich ethnographic details about their cultural

practices, perception and behavioural aspects.

• Health of indigenous or tribal people is the perception and conception in their own cultural

system with less awareness of the modern health care and health sources.

• Status of Tribal Women in India: Health, Education and Employment Status can be measured on

the the basis of different issues. The status of any social group is determined importantly by its

levels of health nutrition, literacy-education and employment-income. The tribal women,

constitute as in any other social group, about half of the total population. However, the

importance of women in the tribal society is more important than in other social groups in India,


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because of the fact that the tribal women, more than woman in any other social group, works

harder and the family economy and management depends on her own responsibility

• Health Status of Tribal Women in India:

• Factors responsible: sex ratio, age at marriage, fertility and mortality, life expectancy, nutritional

status, maternal mortality, mother and child health care practices, family welfare programmes and

sexually transmitted diseases.

• The major contributors to the increased disease risk amongst tribal communities include- (i)

poverty and consequent under nutrition; (ii) poor environmental sanitation, poor hygiene and lack

of safe drinking water leading to increased morbidity from water and vector-borne infections; (iii)

lack of access to health care facilities resulting in the increased severity and duration of illnesses;

(iv) social barriers and taboos preventing utilization of available health care services; (v)

vulnerability to specific diseases like G-6 PD deficiency, yaws and other endemic diseases like

malaria etc. Also, the tribal population, being heterogeneous, there are wide variations in their

health status, access to and utilization of health services.

• The common beliefs, customs, traditions, values and practices connected with their health and

disease have been closely associated with the treatment of diseases.

• It has also been noted that among the tribals there is high incidence of communicable diseases,

like: Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Malaria, Filariasis,

Diarrhoea and Dysentery, Jaundice, Parasitic infestation, Viral and Fungal infections,

Conjunctivitis, Yaws, Scabies, Measles, Leprosy, Cough and Cold, HIV/AIDS, etc due to lack of

sanitation and unhygienic living

• Programmes for improving health status of tribal Women

i. Swayamsidha Scheme

ii. Total Sanitation Campaign

iii. Safe Drinking Water

iv. Public Distribution System (PDS)

v. Social Forestry

vi. Deen Dayal Mobile Hospital

b. Critically examine the resettlement and rehabilitation policy of India…. 30

• Resettlement and Rehabilitation are often taken to be synonymous by the authorities concerned,

who fail to understand that the two are different. Resettlement is the process of physical

relocation, while Rehabilitation, involves a longer process of rebuilding people’s physical and

economic livelihood, their assets, their cultural and social links, and psychological acceptance of

the changed situation.

• The displaced populations have no say even in selection of the resettled site, which are often

inaccessible even for the authorities to initially survey

• The Act, Plans or Policies of R&R in India, largely deal with acquisition of land for

developmental projects. The DM Plans and Policies- National, State and Districts, focus more on

short-term relief and rehabilitation, mainly reconstruction activities like durable houses or

embankments and emphasize less on the long-term measures.

• The Sanremo Consultation organized by the UNHCR, the Brookings-LSE Project on Internal

Displacement and Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of International Migration on

“Planned Relocation, Disasters and Climate Change: Consolidating Good Practices and Preparing

for the Future” in 2014, concludes that a well-planned relocation could be both a form of Disaster

Risk Reduction and a form of Climate Change Adaptation.

• Use following to frame answer:


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OBJECTIVES of R&R Policy

Minimize displacement and promote non-displacing or least displacing alternatives;

_ Ensure adequate rehabilitation package and expeditious implementation of rehabilitation process

with active particiption of AFs (Affected Families)

_ Ensure that special care is taken for protecting rights of the weaker sections of society, especially

SCs & STs, and to create obligation on the State for their

treatment with concern and sensitivity;

_ Provide a better standard of living, making concerted efforts for providing sustainable income to

AFs;

_ Integrate rehabilitation concerns into the development planning and implementation process; and

_ Facilitate harmonious relationship between the requiring body and AFs

R&R Procedures

• Social Impact Assessmaent

• R&R Plan-Survey and Census of AFs, draft R&R scheme or plan, wide publicity and

consultations with gram sabhas or panchayats, estimated cost, timeframe, etc;

• Land Acquisition Options: (i) Land earmarked for project;(ii) Govt. land; (iii) Land available

for purchase or acquisition; or (iv) Combination of one or more;

• Compensation award: the market value of the property, including the location-wise minimum

price per unit area fixed (or to be fixed); as per the intended land use category and its

conversion in advance; and

GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

MONITORING MECHANISM


a. Mongoloid racial stock in India.

The Mongoloid Type

• Skin Colour - Dark with Yellowish tinge;

• Hair - Dark Colour and Straight form;

• Head Form - Generally Broad (Brachycephalic);

• Eyes-Oblique eye showing Epicanthic Fold;

• Face - Broad Mongolian face;

• Nose Form- Fine to Broad;

• Stature-Short to Below Medium height.

Inhabitants of the people of Himalayas, Nepal, Assam and Burma represented by the Kannets of

Lahul, Kulu, Lepchas, Limbus, Murmis and Gurangs of Nepal and Bodos of Assam and Burmese.

b. Great and Little traditions

Intro – explain the concepts as introduced by Robert Redfield in his mexican studies

Body – Interplay between GT and LT as described by Milton Singer through the process of

Universalisation and Parochialisation based on their studies conducted in Kishangarhi village in UP.

GIVE PICTURE SHOWING THE INTERPLAY

Criticism – SC Dube – Indian culture is too complex to be explained with the help of these bipolar

model. Concept is ethnocentric

c. Negrito element in India

Negritoes are broad headed population from Africa and were the earliest people to inhabit India. They

are survived in their original habitat in Andaman and Nicobar Islands with some traces in South India.

Most important categories include the Jarawas, the Onge, Sentenalese on Andaman Islands and on

mainland India, the hill tribes of Irula, Paniyan and Kurumba possess Negrito elements.


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Physical Features: Short stature, Dark skin, frisky hair, long to medium or broad head, thick and

elevated lips.

The Negritoes, according to Guha are still inhabiting in their unadulterated form in Melanasia and

Australia. Genetic studies are currently underway to find the association of Andaman tribes with the

Negrito elements of Africa and those in Oceania. This was indicated by Guha long time before such

genetic studies came into existence. Sarkar was critical of both existence of Negrito and the question

of their arrival into the country.

d. Mortality rate among Indian population

Measures of mortality.

1. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

2. Age Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

3. IMR Infant Mortality Rate

4. Cause specific Death Rate (CSDR)

5. Life Expectancy at Birth

Give formulae for the above

Cite Indian examples and statistics

e. Approaches to Tribals

• Approaches to tribal development in India are based on three models, to conserve, assimilate and

integrate.

• First, there was a school of thought which favoured isolation. Hutton, who was a Commissioner

for Census of 1931, gave a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He

suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination.

• Verrier Elwin suggested the creation of’ National Parks” where the tribal people could live safely

without being victims of what Elwin calls an” “over-hasty and unregulated process of belief and

civilization”. But later on Elwin discarded the idea of a national park. Both Hutton and Elwin

were severely criticised for recommending this policy of isolation which was looked upon as a

proposal to create a museum or zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilise the resources of

modern knowledge and improve their condition of life.

• According to G.S. Ghurye, the tribals are backward Hindus and they should be completely

assimilated into Hindu culture. D.N. Majumdar has put forward a philosophy and programme of

tribal welfare.

• Therefore, a gradual transformation of the tribal population is the best policy. The Christian

missionaries and some social reformers like Thakkar Bapa have recommended and have worked

for the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or into Hinduism.

• The third view, which is followed in the recent years, is that of integration. The policy of

integration, as against isolation and assimilation, was laid down in five principles by Nehru

• The tribal ‘Panchasheel’


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6. a. Tribal Land Alienation 20

• Different tribes have their own cultures-dialects, life styles, social structures, rituals, values, etc.

The forest occupies a central position in tribal culture and economy. The tribal way of life is very

much dictated by the forest right from birth to death.

• Land as a prime resource has been a source of problem in tribal life because of two related

reasons, first, Dependency, i.e. tribal dependency on land and second, improper planning from

government agencies.

• Tribal people in India can be classified on the basis of their economic pursuits in the following

way: Foragers, Pastoral, Handicraft makers, Agriculturists, Shifting hill cultivators, Labourers and

Business pursuits. All of these occupations involve direct or indirect dependency on land

• Tribal are unaware or are made unaware about the rules which governs India’s land rights. The

tribal’s do not have access to land records, not even the Record of Rights.

• The factors responsible for land alienation is: (a) Economic poverty of tribals (b) Simplicity and

honesty of tribals. (c) Unawareness of forest act, illiteracy, poverty, (d) Absence of banking

facilities in tribal areas are the other reasons of land alienation

• Examples may be cited to substantiate the answer. Few examples may be found in following

article

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/tag/tribal-land-alienation

b. Impact of Urbanisation and Industrialisation among Central Indian Tribes. 20

Intro: The concepts of Urbanisation and Industrialisation are very much part of today’s academic

jargon. These were seen as an important tools to bring tribals into mainstream society. But these

processes led to

• Loss of land through private transactions

• Land alienation through displacement

• Loss of land through survey and settlements

• Landlessness

• Forced to adopt Industrial labour jobs

• Emergence of inferiority complex and ill treatment on the tribals

On the other hand some tribal areas had a positive impact due to access to Western Education and

conversion to Christianity. For them, culture contact resulted in high paying jobs, establishment of

industries, access to health care and technologies of mainstream society. Highest literacy levels are

reported from North Eastern India in the sub continent.

Give names of tribes, who are distributed throughout India and forces to take other occupations and

also mention the advantages of Urbanisation and Industrialisation among them.

c. Mundari group of languages. 10

Mundari (Muɳɖa) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda

people in eastern India (primarily Assam and Jharkhand), Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is closely related

to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.

It has also been written in Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha

from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following

dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/tag/tribal-land-alienation


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Hasada :east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road

Naguri : west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road

Tamaria or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)

Kera : ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

Mundari, an Austroasiatic language of India (Munda family), has often been cited as an example of a

language without word classes, where a single word can function as noun, verb, adjective, etc.

according to the context

7. a. Shifting cultivation, its impact and protective measures by Govt 15

• Swidden agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, refers to a technique of rotational

farming in which land is cleared for cultivation (normally by fire) and then left to regenerate after

a few years. Governments worldwide have long sought to eradicate swidden agriculture, which is

often pejoratively called ‘slash-and-burn’, due to a mistaken belief that it is a driver of

deforestation.

• Mining company, Vedanta Resources, for example has claimed that the ‘Dongria Kondh

tribe’s agricultural practice of shifting cultivation results in large-scale destruction of forest and

thereby bio-diversity’ – not only incorrect but also somewhat ironic coming from the company

that seeks to dig a vast mine in this biodiverse hill range.

• At the field level, promotion of home gardens (and extended home gardens) by the North

Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project (NERCORMP) has resulted in

positive outcomes, improving food and nutritional security and incomes for women, while

gradually reducing dependency on shifting cultivation.

• The promotion and expansion of settled agriculture such as terrace farming and

plantations have come at the cost of regenerating fallows, which would otherwise have regrown

into secondary forests.

• Shifting cultivation fallows must be legally perceived and categorized as ‘regenerating

fallows’, which may, if given sufficient time, regenerate into secondary forests.

• some of the key elements of the road map to manage transformation in shifting cultivation

are:

• Update and authenticate data/information on shifting cultivation

• Achievements of programmes and projects on shifting cultivation

1. Department of Forest and Environment

2. Department of Agriculture and allied departments

3. Socio-economic and infrastructure development

4. Crop diversity and food availability

5. Access to programmes and schemes

6. Credit and market

b. Write an essay on the economic elements of Indian tribes. 25

Intro: Tribal populations generally are understood to follow simple or primitive modes of economic

subsistence. The traditional theories of evolution of

economic subsistence believe that human societies moved from food collecting economies to food

production economies.

Hunting Gathering —> Hunting and Fishing —> Pastoral —> Horticultural —> Intensive agriculture

—> Industrial.

According to L P Vidyarthi’s “Tribal Cultures in India”


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• Forest Hunting Type

• Hill Cultivation Type

• Plain Agriculture Type

• Simple Artisan Type

• Pastoral Cattle Herders Type

• Folk Artist Type

• Agricultural And Non Agricultural Labourers

• Skilled, White collor jobs and traders.

Add note on tribes who are practicing particular economic activities in region wise.

c. Forests and Tribal interaction. 10

Civilised man vs forest man

NMS Complex

Example/case study

Ecosystems and indigenous populations have evolved in symbiosis for thousands of years. The

Santals living inside the forest possess marginal amount of cultivated land within forest. They practice

subsistence level of mono-cropping cultivation. They are highly dependent on forest as the other

sources of income from agriculture and daily wage labours are limited.

8. a. Explain how the concepts of Sanskritisation and Westernisation help explain change in

India.25

A few facts worth noting in the process of sanskritisation are:

(1) The process of sanskritisation has been integrated with economic and political domination, i.e.,

role of local dominant caste in the process of cultural domination has been stressed. Thus, though

initially the lower castes imitated Brahmins but soon the local dominant caste, i.e., a non-Brahmin

caste, came to be imitated.

(2) Sanskritisation occurred in those castes which enjoyed political and economic power but were not

rated high in ritual ranking, i.e., there was a gap between their ritual and politico-economic positions.

(3) Economic betterment is not a necessary precondition to sanskritisation.

(4) Sanskritisation is a two-way process. Not only a caste ‘took’ from the caste higher to it but in turn

it ‘gave’ something to the caste.

(5) Unit of mobility is group and not individual or family.

(6) After independence, the process of sanskritisation has been weakened. The emphasis is now on

vertical mobility and not on horizontal mobility.

(7) Sanskritisation explains social change primarily in cultural and not in structural terms.

(8) Sanskritisation does not automatically result in the achievement of a higher status for the group.

The group has to wait for an indefinite period to get higher status.

(9) Changing polluting occupation, stopping the use of alcohol and beef and adopting sanskritic

customs, beliefs and deities by the lower castes does not necessarily lead to mobility. Mobility may

not be a goal for these activities.


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K.L. Sharma has pointed out three approaches to social mobility: structural-historical, Marxist, and

culturological or indological. A.R. Kamat has used first approach in explaining caste mobility in

Maharashtra by referring to the displacement of the old urban- dominated political leadership by a

new set of leaders drawn from the advanced rural elements, widespread political consciousness and

democratisation of politics.

Criticisms

b. Compare the concepts of Indigenous populations and Adivasis 25

• . Indigenous communities and organizations consider themselves not simply as "populations"

but as "peoples".

• There has been opposition by various tribal groups and ‘first nations’ peoples to the terms

‘Indigenous’ and ‘Aborigine’

• Accordingly, some scholars argue that the collective nouns used to name the world’s tribal

groups have become increasing problematic and that at source the terms have often been

derogatory

• The term ‘indigenous’derives from the late Latin ‘indigenus’ and ‘indigena’ (native). The

word ‘indigenous’ was first used officially by the United Nations in 2002 in its political

declaration of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.

• Generalisation of such diverse people and their culture is opposed by many. it is estimated

that there are more than 370 million indigenous people spread across 70 countries worldwide.

Practicing unique traditions, they retain social, cultural, economic and political characteristics

that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live.

• Article 366 (25) of the Constitution defines scheduled tribes as “such tribes or tribal

communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed

under Article 342 to the Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution”. The criteria

for classification being geographical isolation, backwardness and having distinctive culture,

language, religion and “shyness of contact”.

• The word adivasi carries the specific meaning of being the original inhabitants of a given

region and was specifically coined for that purpose in the 1930s. Clearly then, all scheduled

tribes are not adivasis.

• Unlike the adivasis, the other two broad tribal groupings have fared better in the post-

independence dispensation. Within them, some – such as the Meenas and Gujjars of

Rajasthan, and the Khasis, Mizos, Angami and Tangkhul Nagas, and the Meiteis in the North

East – have done exceptionally well, which should make us wonder if they should be eligible

to claim benefits as scheduled tribes anymore? Unlike the North Eastern tribes, the Meenas

and Gujjars don’t even meet the stipulated criteria of geographical isolation, backwardness,

distinctive culture, language and religion. Forget “shyness of contact”.

• Whether Scheduled Tribes in India are Indigenous People? This has been a debated topic

among scholars. Accordingly to Majumdar, a tribe is "a collection of families or group of

families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the

same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and

have developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation

……

TEST NO: 5 - KEY - Sosin Classes · 2019-07-08 · Haddon’s racial classification of Indian...

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