Contents• Meaning Of Terrorism• Terrorists• Cause Of Terrorism• Hiroshima & Nagasaki Attack (1945)• Punjab Terrorism (1980s – 1990s)• World Trade Center, Pentagon and Shanks-ville Incident (2001)• Mumbai Attacks (2008)• Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai• Lahore attack (October, 2009)• Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act• Prevention Of Terrorism

Targeti ng innocent civilians during a war or during peace ti me with the ulti mate goal of creati ng psychological fear on civilians.

All terrorist acts are motivated by two things :

• Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.

• The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change.

Causes Of Terrorism

TYPES OF TERRORISM

• CIVIL DISORDER• POLITICAL TERRORISM• NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM• QUASI TERRORISM• LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM• OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

CIVIL DISORDER

• A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.

POLITICAL TERRORISM

• Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM

• Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”

QUASI TERRORISM

The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce Terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the Modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and Produces similar consequences and reaction. For example,the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuineterrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM

• Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.

OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

• "referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United

States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of

Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the first on August 6,

1945 & the second on August 9, 1945. These two events are the only use of nuclear weapons in

war to date.

Hiroshima And Nagasaki Attack (1945)

1987 Punjab killings are killings of 34 Hindu bus passengers in Haryana state in India in July 1987 by the suspected “Khalistan Commando Force militants”.The militants attacked two buses and killed 34 bus passengers. The militants created roadblock by using a car and a Jeep. They singled out Hindu passengers and dragged them off and shot them to death.

Punjab Terrorism (1980s – 1990s)

The 1991 Punjab killings was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June, 1991 in Ludhiana district, Punjab. The Sikh militants killed at least 80 train passengers travelling in two trains near the city of Ludhiana. The militants attacked two trains about a kilometer from Ludhiana station by having their emergency cords pulled. They opened fire inside the passenger trains and killed at least 80 passengers. The survivors stated that on one of the two trains Hindu passengers were identified before being shot. On the second train the militants fired indiscriminately and many Hindus were killed. Between April, when elections were announced, and the June attack a total of 700 people had died in the state.In the same year in December 1991 the militants further killed 49 passengers, mostly Hindu, travelling on train from Ludhiana to Ferozepur.

The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in New York City and the Washington D.C. area on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group ”Al-Qaeda” hijacked four passenger jets.

• The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours.

• Hijackers crashed another jet into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.

• The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanks-ville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijacker's intended target in Washington, D.C.

Nearly 3,000 died in the attacks

World Trade Center, Pentagon and Shanks-ville Incident

Mumbai Attacks (2008)

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than 10 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai by Islamist attackers who allegedly came from Pakistan. The attackers received reconnaissance assistance before the attacks. Ajmal Kasab later claimed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of Pakistan's ISI. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus• Oberoi Trident• The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower• Leopold Café• Cama Hospital• The Nariman House Jewish community centre• The Metro Cinema• A Lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's

CollegeThere was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port

area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai:

Mumbai Attack

The October 2009 Lahore attacks were simultaneous assaults on three buildings acrossLahore, Punjab, Pakistan, on October 15, 2009, around 9:15 A.M. local time. The attacks killed 38 and wounded at least 20. One group of militants attacked the Regional Headquarters of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), while a second group raided the Manawan

Police Training School. The third team of militants attacked the Elite Police Academy.

Lahore attacks (October, 2009)

Lahore Attack

The Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (POTA) was an anti-

terrorism legislation enacted by the Parliament of India in 2002. The act

replaced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance (POTO) of 2001 and

the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) (1985–95) and

was supported by the governing National Democratic Alliance.

Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act

Prevention Of Terrorism

• BY: ASHWANI YADAV