CAUSE OF AND ITS COUNTER

WHAT IS TERRORISM ?

• The term TERRORISM come from french terrorisme.

• Terror means ‘great fear’ ‘dread’.• Is an unlawful act of violence• Intimidates governments or societies• Goal is to achieve political, religious or

ideological objectives

• Terrorism seeks to hurt a few people and to scare a lot of people in order to make a point.

• Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious act.

WHAT IS TERRORISM ?

Modern history of terrorism

• Middle 20th century, terrorism became a tool used by both sides of colonial conflicts.

• The last 20 years of the 20th century religious based terrorism became more and more frequent.

• Another format is economic terrorism, which

destructs industry and agriculture system

•Domestic terrorism: It involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example.

•International terrorism: It involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.

Types of Terrorism:

DOMESTIC TERRORISMINTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

BEFORE ATTACKBEFORE ATTACK AFTER ATTACK

PREVENTION OF TERRORISM

• PRIMARY PREVENTION:-– Education!!!– Understand the differences in cultures, religions,

beliefs and human behaviors– Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all

human beings, not just “my group of people”– Eliminate the root of terrorism

Secondary prevention:

• Establish surveillance • Monitoring system on terrorism attack Improve protective system for citizens.

CAUSES OF TERRORISM

• Poverty: There are only a weak and indirect relationships between poverty and terrorism

• State sponsorship of terrorism: Not a root cause to terrorism, but an enabling factor

• Religious fanaticism: Suicidal terrorism is not caused by religion as such, but religion may give shape to and justification of political extremism

• Madness: Terrorists are not insane or irrational actors

How do we counter terrorism?

•Responding to terrorism is any action taken by atargeted interest in reply to a terrorist incident orterrorist environment.

•Counterterrorism refers to proactive policies thatspecifically seek to eliminate terroristenvironments and groups.

•Antiterrorism refers to target hardening,enhanced security, and other defensivemeasure seeking to deter or prevent terrorist attacks.

How do we counter terrorism?

• Use of Force

• Operations other than War

• Repressive Options

• Conciliatory Options

• Legalistic Options

How do we balance security and liberty?.

Diagram taken fromHeymann, Phillip. (2003). Terrorism, Freedom, and Security. Winning Without War. Cambridge: MIT Press.

The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.

Fears are educated into us & can, if we wish, be educated out. — Karl A. Menninger

THANK YOU

PRESENTED BY:ANAM ZAHIDI