Terrenos de Mexico (2004)

765

International Geology Review Vol 46 2004 p 765ndash794Copyright copy 2004 by V H Winston amp Son Inc All rights reserved

0020-681404756765-30 $2500

Terranes of Mexico Revisited A 13 Billion Year OdysseyJ DUNCAN KEPPIE1

Instituto de Geologiacutea Universidad Nacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico 04510 Meacutexico DF Meacutexico

Abstract

During the Precambrian and Paleozoic Mexican terranes were either part of or proximal toLaurentia and Middle America (basements of Mesozoic Maya Oaxaquia and Chortis terranes thatbordered Amazonia) Obduction of the Sierra Madre proximal terrane in the Late Ordovician wasfollowed by Permo-Carboniferous amalgamation of all proximal terranes into Pangea Middle Juras-sic breakup of Pangea resulted in two continental terranes Maya and Chortis which weresurrounded by small ocean-basinarc terranes Gulf of Meacutexico Caribbean Sea Juarez Motaguaterranes and the Guerrero composite terrane All of these terranes were obducted onto North Amer-ica during the Late CretaceousndashEarly Cenozoic Laramide orogeny Neogene propagation of the EastPacific Rise into the North American margin has led to separation and northwest translation of theBaja California terrane

Introduction

TERRANE MAPPING was first applied to Mexico byCampa and Coney (1983) and Coney and Campa(1984) as part of projects in the North AmericanCordillera (Silberling et al 1992) and aroundthe Pacific Ocean (Howell 1985) with its primarypurpose being an understanding of the plate tectonicevolution (Coney 1983) and metallic mineral andenergy resource distributions Applying the princi-ples of terrane analysis (Jones and Silberling 1979Howell et al 1985) Campa and Coney (1983) rec-ognized 12 terranes (Fig 1A) of which 7 were con-sidered to be composite (C) because existinggeological maps did not allow subdivision Theygrouped the terranes into three categories depend-ing on their provenance (1) North American prove-nancemdashtwo PrecambrianndashMesozoic terranes(Chihuahua and Caborca [C]) (2) Gondwanan prov-enancemdashthree Paleozoic terranes accreted to NorthAmerica during the latest Paleozoic Ouachita-Mara-thon orogeny (Coahuila Maya and Sierra Madre allcomposite) and (3) Pacific provenancemdashsevenMesozoic (ndashPrecambrian) terranes accreted to west-ern Mexico in the Late Cretaceous (AlisitosVizcaino [C] Guerrero [C] Juarez Mixteca [C]Oaxaca and Xolapa)

The next comprehensive terrane analysis of thewhole of Meacutexico appeared 10 years later by Sedlocket al (1993) who outlined 16 terranes (Fig 1B) 2 ofNorth American provenance 7 of Gondwanan prov-

enance and 7 of Pacific provenance named afterthe various indigenous cultures of Mexico Althoughthe basic outlines of the terranes are similar to thoseof Campa and Coney (1983) the following changesoccurred (a) in the Gondwanan terranes theCoahuila terrane and Sierra Madre terranes wereeach split into two and the Mixteca and Oaxaca ter-rane were recognized as being of Gondwanan (ratherthan Pacific) provenance (b) the Alisitos and Guer-rero terranes were each split into two and (c) theVizcaino terrane was subdivided into four sub-terranes Sedlock et al (1993) went on to propose atectonic evolution for Mexico

Since 1993 further studies have allowed many ofthe composite terranes to be subdivided Thus theGuerrero composite terrane on mainland Mexico hasbeen subdivided into five terranes (Centeno-Garciacuteaet al 1993 2000 2003 Talavera-Mendoza andSuastegui 2000 Freydier et al 2000) The ~1 Gabasement of the Oaxaca terrane has been traced intothe Sierra Madre terrane thereby giving rise to theOaxaquia microcontinent (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al1995) Subsequently Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al (1999)subdivided the Mixteca terrane into ophiolitic andsedimentary units that were inferred to have beenjuxtaposed in the Late OrdovicianndashEarly SilurianIn 2001 Dickinson and Lawton classified the Mexi-can terranes in terms of eight internally coherentPermianndashCretaceous crustal blocks with a detailedexplanation of how they relate to previously definedterranes (Table 1 and Fig 1 of Dickinson andLawton 2001) which they used to develop a Car-boniferousndashCretaceous plate tectonic model Again1Email duncanservidorunammx

766 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

these crustal blocks generally build on earlier ter-rane analyses after the amalgamation of Pangea Themain changes are (a) the amalgamation of Gond-wanan terranes in the Coahuila Tampico and DelSur blocks (b) the elevation of the Guerrero terrane

to an undivided superterrane and (c) the recogni-tion of two collisional zonesmdasha PermianndashJurassicsubduction complex on the western margin of theGondwanan terranes and a middle Cretaceoussuture zone (closed ocean basin) between the

FIG 1 Terrane maps of (A) Campa and Coney (1983) (B) Sedlock et al (1993) and (C) this paper (facing page)

TERRANES OF MEXICO 767

Guerrero superterrane and North AmericaGond-wana terranes Several new terranes have beenintroduced in abstracts however the lack ofpublished maps and tectonostratigraphy makesevaluation difficult

The present analysis has allowed the followingadvances (1) subdivision of the composite terranes(2) delimitation of the terranes in time (3) tectonicinterpretation of the terrane geological records (4)provision of better constraints on the provenanceand (5) reconstruction of actualistic palinspasticmaps from the Mesoproterozoic to the present Thepresent analysis (Fig 1C) also builds on the earlierterrane analyses in (a) accepting the subdivision ofthe Guerrero composite terrane (Centeno-Garciacutea etal 2000) (b) introducing the Cretaceous Motaguaoceanic terrane between the Maya and Chortis ter-ranes (c) acquitting four terranes (i) the Caborcaterrane because it is merely an offset part of NorthAmerica (Dickinson and Lawton 2001) (ii) the LasDelicias terrane (McKee et al 1999) as it appearsto have been an arc developed on Pangea (iii) theXolapa terrane because it has been shown to be aMesozoic overstep sequence passing from conti-nental on the Acatlaacuten Complex to shallow marinetowards the coast (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez and Eliacuteas-Her-rera 2003) and (iv) the Juchatengo terrane as newdata shows the lavas rather than of oceanic affinityare continental tholeiites probably similar to thosein the Acatlaacuten Complex (Grahales-Nishimura et al1999) (d) accepting terrane subdivisions of the

Coahuila composite terrane (Sedlock et al 1993)(e) recognizing peri-North American and peri-Gondwanan elements as terranes in their own rightthat originated as continental rise trench com-plexes or suture zones eg eugeoclinal rocks of theCortez terrane bordering the North American cra-ton and Sierra Madre and Mixteca terranes border-ing Middle America (Dickinson and Lawton 2001)and (f) more clearly defining the birth life anddeath of individual terranes Given the extensivedescriptions of the geological records of the variousterranes in earlier works their geological recordsare only briefly summarized in the Appendix Inorder to provide a stepping stone toward tectonicmodels these geological records are interpreted interms of tectonic settings in three time-and-spacediagrams Figure 2 summarizes terrane evolutionwhereas Figures 3 and 4 show transects acrossnorthern and southern Mexico

Terminology

Terrane terminology requires their definition inspace and time Although the geographical extent ofthe Mexican terranes has been relatively clearlydefined time constraints on their existence weregenerally loosely defined For example terranesin an oceanic realm may amalgamate to forma composite terrane before being accreted to acratonmdasheg individual Mesozoic terranes origi-nating in the paleo-Pacific Ocean appear to have

768 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

been amalgamated into the Guerrero composite ter-rane before being accreted to the North Americancraton in the latest MesozoicndashEarly Tertiary (egCenteno-Garciacutea et al 1993) and these distinctionsneed to be reflected in the terminology A more com-plex example is the Maya terrane which has a com-plex history (a) during the Precambrian andPaleozoic it appear to have formed part of a singleMiddle America terrane on the margin of Amazonia(eg Keppie and Ramos 1999) (b) in the Permo-Triassic it formed part of Pangea (c) in the Meso-zoic opening of the Gulf of Mexico separated theYucatan block from Permo-Triassic Pangea formingthe Maya terrane (eg Marton and Buffler 1994)and (d) during the latest CretaceousndashEarly Ceno-zoic it was reamalgamated with mainland Mexicoby the Laramide orogeny (eg Sedlock et al 1993)However only the term Maya terrane has beenapplied to this block and applies only to Mesozoictime A partial solution to this problem was the

application of the term Oaxaquia to the ~1 Ga Pre-cambrian rocks of nuclear Mexico (Ortega-Gutieacuterrezet al 1995) however this included the inferredsubsurface extent and the term has gradually beenexpanded to include all or parts of the MixtecaMaya or Chortis terranes (eg Cameron et al2004) In as much as a terrane map shows their sur-face distribution the term Oaxaquia as originallyused must be redefined for use on a terrane map Inthis synthesis the term is restricted to the OaxacaHuiznopala and Novillo complexes the latterextracted from the original Sierra Madre terranebecause it is in tectonic contact with ophioliticmeacutelange of the Granjeno Schist (Carrillo-Bravo1991) The ~1 Ga basement of Oaxaquia is generallycorrelated with that in the Maya and Chortis forwhich the term Middle America terrane is intro-duced in this synthesis Should this correlationprove robust the term Oaxaquia would be acquittedas it would be part of Middle America in the

FIG 2 Time-space summary diagram of terranes identified in this paper Abbreviations C = Cambrian O = Ordov-ician S = Silurian D = Devonian C = Carboniferous P = Permian T = Traissic J = Jurassic K = Cretaceous P =Paleocene N = Neogene


Precambrian and Paleozoic and part of NorthAmerica in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic IndividualMexican terranes have received different names

(Campa and Coney 1983 Sedlock et al 1993Dickinson and Lawton 2001) leading to confusionandor double-barreled names In order to simplify

FIG 3 Time-space diagram for northern Mexico Abbreviations are the same as in Figure 2 plus X = plutons E =Early M = Middle L = Late N = North NE = northeast W = West E = east AMCG = anorthosite-mangerite-charnoc-kite-granite blues = blueschist Cont = continental Cx = complex Ext = extensional Lith = lithosphere Meta = Meta-morphic OL = oceanic lithosphere

770 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

FIG 4 Time-space diagram for southern Mexico For abbreviations see Figures 2 and 3


the nomenclature previous names are retainedgiving priority to the earliest terms and only intro-ducing new names where absolutely required (Figs2ndash4)

Cratons Cratonic Blocks and Their Edges

A first-order analysis requires recognition of theedges of the North and Middle AmericandashAmazoncratons beyond which lie the accreted terranes TheOaxaquia Maya and Chortis terranes form thebasement of Middle America and are inferred tohave formed a belt along the northwestern margin ofthe Amazon craton of South America (Keppie andRamos 1999) In practice the continent-oceanboundary is covered by a passive margin sequencethat may be subdivided into continental shelf andcontinental rise prism and the boundary betweenthem is generally close to the oceanic-continentallithospheric transition This buried boundary may

also be identified using Sr Nd and Pb isotopes incross-cutting igneous rocks (Keppie and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez 1995) However this boundary may besignificantly offset at the surface by subsequentthrusting

North American cratonPrecambrian terranes in the Laurentian carton

are beyond the scope of this paper The shelf-risetransition in latest ProterozoicndashPaleozoic rocksaround the southwestern margin of North Americaand the Caborca terrane was documented by Stewart(1988) however the contact is either a Late Per-mianndashMiddle Triassic north-vergent thrust or ahigh-angle Cenozoic normal fault (Stewart et al1990) The 700ndash950 km intracratonic sinistraldisplacement of the Caborca block relative to NorthAmerica has been interpreted in terms of trans-current and transform movements (Anderson et al1991 Dickinson and Lawton 2001) thus the

FIG 5 1350ndash1100 Ma reconstruction showing the distribution of juvenile and cratonic 12 Ga basement (modifiedafter Dostal et al 2004) Barbed line is a subduction zone with teeth oriented toward the overriding slab

772 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Caborca terrane is acquitted The ocean-cratonboundary off southwestern North America in main-land Mexico is covered in general by Mesozoic andTertiary rocks In Baja California and southern Cal-ifornia although the boundary is obscured by intru-sion of the Peninsular Ranges batholith andassociated high-grade metamorphism it may betraced in the following changes in its geochemistry(west to east) (i) increasing initial 87Sr86Sr ratios(ii) increasing δ18O values (iii) increasing fraction-ation of rare-earth elements (REEs) (iv) increasingradiogenic Pb isotopes and (iv) decreasing εNd val-ues of +79 to ndash25 (Silver et al 1979 Hill et al1986 Silver and Chappell 1988)

The southeastern cratonic boundary is inferredbeneath allochthonous rocks of the Ouachitan oro-gen (Thomas 1989) These rocks have been tracedinto Mexico in the Tarahumara terrane (Sedlock etal 1993) however it is not known whether theserocks represent the continental rise prism borderingeither North or Middle America or an interveningoceanic assemblage

Middle America terrane (ie Oaxaquia-Maya-Chortis prior to Jurassic dispersion)

In contrast the edge of the Middle America ter-rane has not been so clearly established partly dueto extensive MesozoicndashCenozoic cover the similar-ity of craton and craton-derived sediment isotopicsignatures metamorphic overprint and a lack ofgeochronology Lower Paleozoic rocks restingunconformably upon ~1 Ga Oaxaquia are inter-preted as shelf sequences with Gondwanan faunalaffinities (Robison and Pantoja-Alor 1968 Sher-gold 1975 Boucot et al 1997) The ubiquitouspresence in all the ~1 Ga basement inliers in Mex-ico of ~1008 Ma anorthosite-mangerite-charnock-ite-granite association (Keppie et al 2003a) and1000ndash980 Ma granulite-facies polyphase deforma-tion (Solari et al 2003) implies that they are part ofone terrane However pre-1100 Ma rocks representeither a rift-shelf sequence (northern Oaxacan Com-plex Ortega-Gutieacuterrez 1984) or an arc sequence(Lawlor et al 1999 Keppie et al 2001 Cameron et

FIG 6 ~1 Ga reconstruction of Rodinia (modified after Keppie et al 2003a)


al 2004 Dostal et al 2004) that may or may notindicate more than one terrane On the other handthe presence of similar metasedimentary rocks in allMexican ~1 Ga inliers suggests that the arc mayhave been developed on one terrane

During the Paleozoic the western border of Mid-dle America is best exposed in southern Mexicowhere Eliacuteas-Herrera and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez (2002)have documented that it is a Permian dextral flowerstructure To the west of this boundary psammiticand pelitic rocks of the Paleozoic Acatlaacuten Complexare inferred to represent either trench-forearcdeposits (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al 1999) or a conti-nental rise prism bordering Middle America(Ramiacuterez-Espinoza et al 2002) the latter is a con-clusion consistent with its comparable Nd signature(Yantildeez et al 1991)

The western boundary of Middle America is alsoexposed near Ciudad Victoria where Paleozoicophiolitic meacutelange (Granjeno Formation interpretedas trench complex) is juxtaposed against ~1 Garocks (Novillo Complex) along a dextral fault a min-imum age for the Granjeno is given by 320ndash260 Ma

K-Ar ages on metamorphic mica (references in Sed-lock et al 1993) However Ordovician obduction isindicated by the presence of Granjeno pebbles inthe Wenlockian sediments unconformably overlyingthe ~1 Ga Novillo Complex (Fries et al 1962 DeCserna et al 1977 De Cserna and Ortega-Gutieacuter-rez 1978) In this region the Granjeno and Novillobelts crop out in NNW-trending horsts and grabensGranulite-facies xenoliths of presumed MiddleAmerican provenance have been recorded as farwest as the edge of the Guerrero composite terrane(references in Sedlock et al 1993 Ortega-Gutieacuterrezet al 1995) This implies a west-dipping thrust con-tact between oceanic and cratonic rocks that wassubsequently displaced by NNW-trending verticalfaults

The southern margin of Pangea is separatedfrom the amphibolite-greenschistndashfacies rocks ofthe Xolapa terrane by a sinistral-normal fault withrelatively little lateral displacement (Ratchbacheret al 1991 Meschede et al 1997 Tolson-Jones1998) (Fig 1) The Xolapa Complex consists ofquartzo-feldspathic schists and gneisses migma-

FIG 7 1012ndash900 Ma reconstruction showing ~1 Ga juvenile and cratonic basement surrounding Amazonia (modifiedafter Ortega-Obregoacuten et al 2003 Solari et al 2003 and Keppie et al 2004d)

774 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

tized at ~132 plusmn 2 Ma (nearly concordant U-Pbzircon lower intercept Herrmann et al 1994)intruded by 35 to 27 Ma calcalkaline plutons (Her-rmann et al 1994) Ortega-Gutieacuterrez and Eliacuteas-Herrera (2003) have traced the Xolapa Complex intothe Jurassic rocks overstepping the Acatlaacuten Com-plex a discovery that acquits the Xolapa terrane

The Terranes and Constraintson Amalgamation

The geological record and the tectonic interpre-tation of each terrane are briefly summarized in theAppendix Constraints on the time of amalgamationinclude overstep (or overlap) sequences stitchingplutons exotic pebbles deformation and metamor-phism (Howell 1985 Keppie 1989) They providea younger limit on the life of a terrane and will nowbe outlined in historical order

Paleozoic terranes Most of Gondwanarsquos provenance

Paleozoic Mixteca terrane This terrane wasdefined by Campa and Coney (1983) and subse-quently renamed the Mixteco terrane by Sedlock etal (1993) It consists of two sequences that aretectonically juxtaposed against one another the low-grade Petlalcingo Group and the eclogitic PiaxtlaGroup The Petlalcingo Group consists of a polyde-formed sequence of graywackes (Chazumba Forma-tion) variably metamorphosed to psammitic andpelitic schists and migmatized in the Jurassic (Kep-pie et al 2004b) overlain by slates and phyllites(Cosoltepec Formation) that are interpreted to repre-sent either trench and forearc deposits (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al 1999) or a continental rise prismadjacent to Middle America (Ramiacuterez-Espinoza2001) The Cosoltepec Formation is tectonicallyinterleaved with the eclogitic Piaxtla Group (Meza-Figueroa et al 2003) containing mafic rocks of

FIG 8 600 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b) Abbreviations Ca =Carolina Cd = Cadomia Ch = Chortis D = Dalradia EA = East Avalonia F = Florida I = Iberia O = Oaxaquia R =Rockall WA = West Avalonia Y = Yucatan Barbed line is a subduction zone with teeth oriented toward the overridingslab double line is a mid-ocean ridge and single line is a transform fault


inferred oceanic affinity that have yielded Sm-Ndgarnet-whole rock ages of 388 plusmn 44 Ma (Yantildeez et al1991) These units are unconformably overlain bythe Tecomate Formation

The general lack of well-constrained fossils inthese units has led to inferences based on geochro-nology namely that syntectonic granitoid intrusionoccurred during the Late Ordovician Acatecan orog-eny and the Devonian Mixtecan orogeny (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al 1999) By extension this provideda younger age limit of Late Ordovician on the Pet-lalcingo and Piaxtla groups and Late Devonian onthe Tecomate Formation However new data ispointing to significant revisions The Esperanzagranitoid part of the Piaxtla Group has yieldedOrdovicianndashSilurian protolith ages (concordant U-Pb age of 478 plusmn 5 Ma Campa-Uranga et al 2002and concordant U-Pb ages of 480ndash460 Ma Keppieet al 2004a) ~1 Ga upper intercept U-Pb zirconages in the Esperanza granitoid indicate the pres-ence of such a basement beneath the Acatlaacuten Com-plex during granite genesis this is consistent with

the similar Nd model ages in these granitoids (Yantildeezet al 1991) Granulite-facies xenoliths probablyderived from buried Oaxacan Complex have beenrecorded as far west as the eastern Guerrero com-posite terrane (Eliacuteas-Herrera and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez1997) indicating that the Lower Paleozoic conti-nent-ocean boundary is a west-dipping thrust thatwas subsequently displaced by a Permian dextralshear zone The eclogite-facies tectonothermalevent has been dated at 346 plusmn 3 Ma followed bymigmatization at ~350ndash330 Ma (Keppie et al2004a) Emerging geochemical data indicate thatparts of the Piaxtla Group consist of craton-derivedmetasediments and continental rift tholeiites ratherthan oceanic lithosphere (Keppie et al 2003c)Furthermore new U-Pb geochronology and well-dated fossils in the Tecomate Formation indicate aPennsylvanianndashMiddle Permian age which there-fore is a facies equivalent of both the Matzitzi andPatlanoaya formations (Malone et al 2002 Keppieet al 2004c) Deposition of these units appears tohave been synchronous with both an EarlyndashMiddle

FIG 9 545 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b) Abbreviations andsymbols are the same as those in Figure 8 plus M = Meguma

776 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Permian tectonothermal event and the arc magma-tism along the margin of Pangea (Torres et al1999)

The presence of similar shallow marinendashconti-nental Permo-Carboniferous rocks on top of both theOaxacan and Acatlaacuten complexes (Keppie et al2003c) implies that the Mixteca and Oaxaquia ter-ranes were close if not adjacent at this time This isconsistent with the observation that the dextral tran-scurrent boundary between the Acatlaacuten and Oax-acan complexes is overstepped by the Leonardian(Early Permian) Matzitzi Formation (Eliacuteas-Herreraand Ortega-Gutieacuterrez 2002 Malone et al 2002)

During Mesozoic time the continent-oceanboundary on the western side of the Mixteca terranemay be placed at the eastern margin of the oceanicEarly Cretaceous Arperos terrane (Freydier et al2000) and on the eastern side of the TriassicZacatecas Formation (interpreted as continental riseon oceanic crust by Centeno-Garciacutea and Silva-Romo 1997)

Paleozoic Sierra Madre terrane This terrane for-merly included both the ~1 Ga basement (NovilloComplex) and the Paleozoic Granjeno Formation

with an unconformity separating the units (Campaand Coney 1983) However all such contacts aretectonic and so the ~1 Ga basement is included inthe Oaxaquia terrane (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al1995) and the Sierra Madre terrane is restricted tothe Granjeno Formation and equivalents Thrustingof the Sierra Madre terrane which consists of anophiolitic meacutelange (Granjeno Formation) over the~1 Ga Novillo Complex in the OrdovicianndashEarly Sil-urian is documented by the presence of Granjenopebbles in Wenlockian sediments unconformablyoverlying the Novillo Complex (Fries et al 1962)In the Permian this thrust boundary was cut by asteeply dipping dextral shear zone (Garrison et al1980) The Granjeno Formation is inferred to repre-sent a Paleozoic trench complex Triassic rocksoverstep the boundary between these two terranes

()Paleozoic Tarahumara and Coahuila terranesThe Tarahumara terrane consists of low-grademetasedimentary rocks metamorphosed in the latePaleozoic (Sedlock et al 1993 and referencestherein) The adjacent Coahuila terrane is similarexcept that it also contains Permo-Carboniferousflysch with synchronous calc-alkaline volcanic

FIG 10 520 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b) Abbreviationsand symbols are the same as in Figures 8ndash9 plus E = Exploits G = Gander Mx = Mixteca SM = Sierra Madre


detritus and Neoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic andPaleoproterozoic boulders deposited in a periarcbasin (Loacutepez et al 2001) The paleogeographiclocation of these two terranes is uncertainmdashadja-cent to either North or Middle America or in theintervening ocean basin

Permo-Triassic PangeaAll of the above terranes were involved in the

collision between North and MiddleSouth Amer-ica during the assembly of Pangea The collisionalzone is represented by the Ouachita orogen whichterminates in northeastern Mexico against thepaleo-Pacific Ocean (Fig 1C) Proximity of Middleand North America by Missisippian times is indi-cated by the presence of Midcontinent bachiopodfauna in both regions (Navarro-Santillaacuten et al2002)

The Pangea-Pacific boundary appears to havebeen an active margin at this time as documentedby the presence of a Permo-Triassic arc that may betraced from California through Mexico (McKee etal 1999 Torres et al 1999) and Permo-Triassic

folding and N-vergent thrusting in the Caborcablock (Stewart et al 1990) A Late TriassicndashJuras-sic overstep sequence is present in many parts ofMexico and the adjacent United States which isgenerally synchronous with the breakup of Pangea

Mesozoic terranes of Pangean provenanceThe fragmentation of Pangea spalled off two large

cratonic terranes Maya and Chortis which appearto have separated sequentially the Chortis terraneseparating from southern Mexico before mid-lateJurassic times followed by separation of the Mayaterrane from the southern margin of North Americain the CallovianndashLate Jurassic (see below) NuclearMexico (Oaxaquia) remained attached to the NorthAmerican craton The Maya terrane is surroundedby rhombochasmic-shaped oceanic lithospheremdashthe Gulf of Mexico the proto-Caribbean and Juarezand Motagua terranes Paleomagnetic data indicatethat the Chortis terrane rotated ge100deg clockwiseduring the Mesozoic (Gose 1985) and was alsosurrounded by oceanic lithospheremdashMotaguaproto-Caribbean and Pacific

FIG 11 480 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b) Abbreviationsand symbols are the same as in Figures 8ndash10

778 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Chortis terrane Many authors have placed theChortis terrane adjacent to southern Mexico andnorthwestern South America in pre-Tertiary recon-structions (eg Anderson and Schmidt 1983 Pin-dell et al 1988 Ross and Scotese 1988 Schaaf etal 1995 Keppie and Ramos 1999) However analternative reconstruction using the Cayman trans-form results in back-rotation of the Chortis terraneinto the Pacific Ocean so that in the Eocene thesouthern Mexican coast would have faced an openocean (Keppie and Moran-Zenteno 2004) The lat-ter is consistent with the proposals that part of thesouthern margin of Mexico has been removed bysubduction erosion (Moran-Zenteno et al 1996)On the other hand there appear to be pre-Cenozoicconnections between southern Mexico and theChortis terrane Thus a Precambrian connectionbetween the Chortis and Oaxaquia terranes is sug-gested by the presence of a ~1 Ga granitoid in north-eastern Honduras (Manton 1996) that issynchronous with similar plutons in Oaxaquia (Kep-pie et al 2003a) However in Honduras the coun-try rocks are amphibolite facies whereas they are

granulite facies in Mexico possibly reflecting ametamorphic facies change Such a change in P-Tconditions is also suggested by the presence oflower-greenschist facies Mesoproterozoic bouldersin a Carboniferous conglomerate in the Coahuila ter-rane (Loacutepez et al 2001) A Permo-Carboniferoustectonomagmatic event has been recorded in thebasement rocks of northern Honduras (305 plusmn 12 MaRb-Sr isochron on orthogneisses Horne et al1990) and may be correlated with a similar event inthe Acatlaacuten Complex of southern Mexico Subse-quent separation of the Chortis terrane is possiblyrecorded in southern Mexico if the Xolapa Complexrepresents a continental rise prism of mid-Jurassicage as suggested by Ortega-Gutieacuterrez and Eliacuteas-Herrera (2003) Such a separation is consistent withthe apparent absence in the Chortis terrane of thehigh-grade Early Cretaceous tectonothermal eventin the Xolapa Complex of southern Mexico Thenorthern edge of the Chortis terrane is the steeplydipping Jocotan-Chamelecon fault zone whichforms the southern border of the Motagua ophioliticterrane (Guinta et al 2001) These ophiolitic



massifs are not thrust over the Chortis terrane anobservation consistent with the absence of foredeepdeposits

Given the existence of the oceanic MiddleJurassicndashLate Cretaceous Motagua terrane betweenthe Chortis and Maya terranes direct continuity ofMesozoic strata between the latter is improbable aconclusion similar to that reached by Horne et al(1990) This ocean was probably relatively narrowbecause paleomagnetic data indicate that the Chor-tis terrane lay at a similar paleolatitude relative tosouthern Mexico during the Mesozoic (Gose 1985)Final closure of the Motagua ocean during the LateCretaceousndashPaleogene Laramide orogeny isrecorded by the latest CretaceousndashEarly Eoceneflysch on the Maya terrane The western edge of theChortis terrane is covered by the Cenozoic arc thesouthern margin is inferred to be a continuation ofthe Hess Escarpment and the eastern part includesthe Nicaragua Rise that is submerged beneath theCaribbean Sea

Maya terrane Paleomagnetic data indicate ~42deganticlockwise rotation of the Maya terrane about an

Euler pole near the present northeast corner of theYucatan Peninsula in the CallovianndashLate Jurassic(Molina-Garza et al 1992) to which Dickinson andLawton (2001) add a further 18deg anticlockwise rota-tion in Late TriassicndashMiddle Jurassic times2 Thisplaces the southern side of the Maya terrane (Guate-mala-Chiapas massif) on the eastern side of theCoahuila terrane along the northern continuation ofthe Granjeno-Novillo fault boundary Recent workin the Chiapas massif indicates a significant event at260ndash250 Ma involving intrusion of the Chiapasbatholith and high-grade deformation (Weber andCameron 2003) indicating that it was part of themagmatic event along the border of Middle-SouthAmerica This appears to be approximately synchro-nous with Permo-Carboniferous migmatization inthe Chaucus Formation in Guatemala (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al 2004)

2The Maya terrane is here regarded as one block rather thansplitting it into two pieces as done by Dickinson and Lawton(2001)

FIG 13 350 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b) Abbreviationsand symbols are the same as in Figures 8ndash10 Asterisk indicates location of the Acadian plume

780 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Schouten and Klitgord (1994) suggested that theMaya terrane acted as an independently rotatingmicroplate during the separation of North and SouthAmerica Given its rectangular shape rhombo-chasms opened along its sides whereas the cornersbecame compressive zones This is consistent withthe wedge shape of the Gulf of Mexico (Marton andBuffler 1994) and with the triangular shape of boththe eastern Maya margin (Dickinson and Lawton2001) and the Juarez terrane (Fig 1) Such a recon-struction provides a proximal source in the southernMaya terrane for the Mesoproterozoic and Neoprot-erozoic boulders found in a Carboniferous conglom-erate in the Coahuila terrane (Loacutepez et al 2001)This reconstruction also suggests that prior to theMesozoic the Maya terrane was continuous withOaxaquia

Juarez terrane The Juarez terrane is a south-ward-widening terrane consisting of poorly dated(Jurassic-) Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks (gabbro ser-pentinite mafic lava tuff greywacke quartziteslate limestone conglomerate containing pebbles ofgranulite and phyllite) metamorphosed under green-schist-facies metamorphic conditions at or before

~82 Ma (K-Ar on phyllite Carfantan 1983) Itswestern boundary is a major mylonite zone that hasa complex history involving (1) E-vergent thrusting(2) Jurassic dextral shear and (3) Cenozoic listricnormal faulting (Alaniz-Alvarez et al 1996) Theeastern boundary is an E-vergent thrust of Late Cre-taceousndashEarly Paleogene age a younger limit beingprovided by the presence of undeformed OligocenendashMiocene rocks that form an overstep sequence (ref-erences in Sedlock et al 1993) The triangularshape of the terrane suggests that it opened south-wards whereas it pinches out northwards into atranscurrent shear zone

Motagua terrane The Motagua terrane consistsof JurassicndashCretaceous ophiolites of arc and MORBaffinities (Guinta et al 2001) and both high- andlow-grade metasedimentary and meta-igneousrocks that include eclogites It is inferred that thisassemblage represents oceanic lithosphere oceanicarc associated sediments and subducted oceaniclithosphere The southern edge of the Motagua ter-rane is the steeply dipping Jocotan-Chameleconfault zone Eclogite-facies metamorphism in ophi-olitic bodies along this southern margin of the

FIG 14 300 Ma reconstruction modified after Keppie and Ramos (1999) and Keppie et al (2003b)


Motagua terrane formed at 161 plusmn 20 Ma (Nd modelage Sisson et al 2003) cooling through ~350degC at125ndash113 Ma (40Ar39Ar age on phengite Harlow etal 2004) On the other hand north of the Motaguafault phengites yielded 40Ar39Ar ages of 77ndash65 Ma(Harlow et al 2004) which are similar to the ~72ndash48 Ma K-Ar cooling ages on hornblende and micarecorded by Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al (2004) along thenorthern margin of the Motagua fault zone Thesedata imply (1) separation of the Maya and Chortisterranes with the formation of oceanic lithosphere inthe Motagua terrane prior to the mid-Late Jurassic(2) subduction of the southern margin of the Mot-agua terrane in the mid-Late Jurassic followed byobduction and exhumation during the Early Creta-ceous and (3) obduction of the Sierra Santa Martaophiolitic massif onto the southern margin of theMaya terrane during the latest CretaceousndashPaleo-cene as recorded by the ophiolitic detritus in theSepur Formation (interpreted as a foredeep depositby Guinta et al 2001) Note that the Jurassic sub-duction is synchronous with the opening of the Gulfof Mexico suggesting that the two events may beconnected Cenozoic dextral movements on the Mot-agua fault zone totals ~170 km (Donnelly et al

1990 and references therein) Tertiary arc volcanicrocks represent an overstep sequence

Mesozoic terranes of Pacific provenanceGuerrero composite terrane Much has been writ-

ten about the Guerrero composite terrane (Sedlocket al 1993 Centeno-Garciacutea et al 2000 2003 andreferences therein) and will not be repeated hereSuffice it to say that south of the Trans-Mexican Vol-canic Belt it has been subdivided into five subter-ranes (elevated to terranes herein) From west toeast these are the (1) Las Ollas () Lower Creta-ceous blueschist meacutelange (2) Zhihuatanejo mid-Tri-assic to mid-Jurassic oceanic lithosphere (ArteagaComplex) overlain unconformably by a mid-Jurassicto mid-Cretaceous arc-periarc sequence (3) Arcelialate Lower Cretaceous oceanic periarc assemblage(4) Teloloapan Lower Cretaceous oceanic arc over-lain by Albian-Cenomanian flysch (Talavera-Men-doza and Suastegui 2000) and (5) Arperos LowerCretaceous oceanic lithosphere (Figs 1C and 3)Mid-Cretaceous thrusting of the Zihuatenajo andArcelia terranes over the Teloloapan terrane isrecorded by the AlbianndashCenomanian flysch sug-gesting intra-oceanic amalgamation that predates by

FIG 15 225 plusmn 50 Ma reconstruction of Pangea modified after Dickinson and Lawton (2001) showing magmatic arc(triangles) and Ouachita and Andean thrust fronts

782 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

ge20 my accretion of the Guerrero composite ter-rane to North America recorded by the late UpperCretaceous Mexcala flysch

These terranes have been traced through isolatedinliers north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belthowever their connection with those recorded inBaja California is not clear Prior to opening of theGulf of California (Dickinson and Butler 1998Keppie and Dostal 2001) it appears that the mid-Cretaceous blueschist meacutelanges of Las Ollas and theWestern Baja terrane line up Similarly the easternboundary of the Guerrero composite terrane may betraced directly across the future Gulf of Californiahowever several differences are apparent in passingfrom Baja California to the mainland (compare Figs3 and 4) (1) the age of the ocean floor is ~25 myolder in the north (2) the eastern Guerrero arcbegan ~20 my earlier in the north (3) the arc strad-dles the ocean-continent boundary in the northpassing southward into a predominantly oceanic arcand (5) beneath the western Guerrero arc theoceanic lithosphere is ~30 my younger in the northThe first three observations may be explained interms of either a southward-migrating triple point(Dickinson and Lawton 2001) or the existence of

two subparallel arcs (Moores 1998) It is significantthat the western arc terranes (Zihuatenajo andChoyal) contain continent-derived detritus (Bolesand Landis 1984 Centeno-Garciacutea et al 1993) Inthe case of the Choyal terrane Boles and Landis(1984) suggested that the continental detritus wasderived from North America a conclusion consis-tent with deposition of mid-Jurassic arc volcanicrocks upon and intrusion of mid-Jurassic parts ofthe Peninsular Ranges batholith into eugeoclinalrocks of the Cortez terrane bordering the Caborcablock (Sedlock et al 1993) Correlation of the con-tinentally derived Upper TriassicndashLower Jurassicsediments of the Arteaga Complex at the base of theZihuatenajo terrane with the Zacatecas sandstonealong the periphery of North-Middle America sup-ports the idea that the Arteaga Complex was riftedoff western North America (Centeno-Garciacutea andSilva-Romo 1997)

Accretion of the Guerrero composite terrane ontowestern North America is recorded by the upper-most CretaceousndashLower Cenozoic Mexcala flysch inthe foreland basin in front of the advancing Lara-mide nappes which eventually advanced within 100km of the present coast of the Gulf of Mexico The

FIG 16 160 Ma reconstruction showing the separation of the Chortis terrane Abbreviations CO = Coahuila Mx =Mixteca OX = Oaxaquia SM = Sierra Madre T = Tarahumara


eastward migration of the Laramide deformationfront is synchronous with eastward migration of themagmatic arc and both have been related to flatten-ing of the subducting slab in response to increasedconvergence rates andor subduction of progres-sively younger oceanic lithosphere (Clark et al1982 Coney 1983) Subsequently these Laramidestructures were overstepped by Cenozoic rocks(Figs 3 and 4) that define the present extent ofNorth America

Baja California terrane Impingement of the EastPacific Rise with the trench off western North Amer-ica produced a T-R-F triple point that migratedsouthwards (Lonsdale 1989 Atwater and Stock1998) At ~13 Ma the triple point reached the mouthof the Gulf of California following which the EastPacific Rise extended inland leading to the separa-tion of Baja California at ~6 Ma which now ridesnorthwestward on the Pacific plate Thus Baja Cali-fornia has become a terrane

Plate Tectonic Reconstructions

Advances in terrane mapping in Mexico havegenerally gone hand-in-hand with development ofplate tectonic models Thus Coney (1983) modeledthe Mesozoic and Cenozoic using the terrane subdi-vision of Campa and Coney (1983) Sedlock et al(1993) combined their terrane map of Mexico with aseries of paleogeographic maps from 600 Ma to thepresent Dickinson and Lawton (2001) subdividedMexico into a series of Permian-Cretaceous blocks(terranes) as the basis for palinspastic plate tec-tonic maps Based on the terrane map of Mexico pre-sented in this paper a series of paleogeographicmaps for the MesoproterozoicndashPresent tectonic evo-lution of Mexico is constructed (Figs 5ndash19) Thesedraw heavily upon previous maps modified whereneeded by data presented in the present terraneanalysis This is a two-stage process involving deter-mining the provenance of a terrane followed by

FIG 17 140 Ma reconstruction showing rotation of the Maya terrane Abbreviations are the same as in Figure 16plus J = Juarez Mo = Motagua

784 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

devising a plate tectonic model for its history Thereader is also referred to more detailed palinspasticmodels for (1) the Mesozoic evolution of the Guer-rero composite terrane presented by Dickinson andLawton (2001) and (2) the Cenozoic locations of theChortis terrane (Keppie and Moran-Zenteno 2004)

PrecambrianndashPaleozoicThe Gondwanan provenance of the Middle

America terrane was initially based upon its Ordov-ician and Silurian fauna (Robison and Pantoja-Alor1968 Boucot et al 1997) however its location onthis margin has varied from Venezuela to BoliviaCocks and Fortey (1988) identified two Ordovicianfacies zones surrounding Gondwana However a gapopposite Venezuela and Colombia is neatly filled bythe Middle America terrane (combined Maya-Oax-aquia-Chortis) represented by the shelf facies of theTremadocian Tintildeu Formation (lying unconformablyupon the Oaxacan Complex cf Cocks and Torsvik2002 Fortey and Cocks 2003) This location is con-sistent with the correlation between the Silurian

rocks at Ciudad Victoria and Venezuela (Boucot etal 1997)

The presence of ~1 Ga basement throughoutMiddle America (Maya-Oaxaquia-Chortis) is alsoconsistent with an origin off Venezuela-Colombia aspart of the circum-Amazonian ~1 Ga orogens whichincludes the Sunsas orogen the Andean massifsand the Tocantins Province (Figs 5ndash7 Restrepo-Pace et al 1997 Ramos and Aleman 2000 Pimen-tel et al 2000 Keppie et al 2001 2003a) In thislocation Middle America experienced severalstages

1 At ~13ndash12 Ga development arc magmatismin a primitive island-arc system (Fig 5 Lawlor etal 1999 Keppie et al 2001 Dostal et al 2004)

2 At ~116ndash113 Ga intrusion of rift-relatedplutons followed at ~11 Ga by migmatization andat ~1012 Ma by renewed AMCG rift-related plu-tons all possibly occurring in a backarc setting asthe trench migrated seaward leading to the birthof the Avalonian primitive island arc outboard ofMiddle America (Figs 5ndash7 Keppie et al 2003a)

FIG 18 80 Ma reconstruction showing obduction of the Guerrero composite terrane during the Laramide OrogenyAbbreviations are the same as in Figure 16


3 At ~1005ndash980 Ma polyphase deformation atgranulite facies followed by rapid exhumationbetween 980 and 945 Ma possibly related to flat-slab subduction as a result of collision of a ridge aplume or an oceanic plateau with the trench (Fig 7Ortega-Obregoacuten et al 2003 Solari et al 2003Keppie et al 2004c)

4 At ~917 Ma intrusion of an arc-related plutonaccompanied by extensive hydration possibly dueto steepening of the subduction zone (Fig 7 Keppieet al 2001 Ortega-Obregoacuten et al 2003) The main~1 Ga juvenile arc may be represented by theAvalonian basement which is inferred to have lainoutboard of Middle America and appears to passlaterally into similar juvenile basement in the 900ndash850 Ma Goiaacutes magmatic arc (Arenoacutepolis and MaraRosa arcs Pimentel et al 2000) on the eastern sideof the Amazon craton

5 Between 700 and 600ndash550 Ma subductionbeneath Avalonia and the Yucatan producedvoluminous arc magmatism (Keppie et al 2003b)synchronous with a tectonothermal event that hasalso been recorded in the southern Oaxacan Com-plex (Krogh et al 1993a 1993b Schulze et al2004) diachronous switching of arc to rift magma-

tism in Avalonia has been related to ridge-trenchcollision (Figs 8ndash9 Nance et al 2002 Keppie etal 2003b)

6 Separation of Avalonia from Middle Americais inferred to have been a two-stage process in thelatest Precambrianndashearliest Cambrian rifting isinferred to have taken place by a mechanism analo-gous with separation of Baja California or Baja Brit-ish Columbia (ie extension of the ridge into thecontinental margin) and this was followed in latestCambrianndashearliest Ordovician by a rift-drift transi-tion (Figs 10ndash11 Keppie et al 2003b) As a conse-quence continental rise prisms developed onthe margins of Avalonia and Middle AmericamdashtheGander and Mixteca terranes respectively Theintervening Rheic Ocean is represented by theExploits oceanic terrane The Tarahumara andCoahuila terranes also represent parts of the inter-vening area between North and Middle America

7 During the Late Ordovician Avalonia and theGander terrane were accreted to North America(Fig 12 Keppie et al 2003b) At the same time theSierra Madre terrane was obducted onto Oaxaquia

8 During the Mississippian the Mixteca terranewas subducted followed by EarlyndashMiddle Permian

FIG 19 45 Ma to Present reconstruction showing rotation of the Chortis terrane to its present position contempora-neous with NE migration of the subduction zone and tectonic erosion of the southern coast of Mexico (modified afterKeppie and Moran-Zenteno 2004)

786 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

tectonic imbrication (Figs 12ndash14) This appears tohave been synchronous with amalgamation of Pan-gea and subduction along the western margin ofPangea (Fig 15)

Throughout the Paleozoic the Middle Americaterrane is inferred to have traveled passively withSouth America until it collided with the southernmargin of Laurentia during the Carboniferous andPermian to form Pangea (Keppie and Ramos 1999)

MesozoicndashCenozoic

The breakup of Pangea led to the birth of severalterranes that were subsequently accreted to NorthAmerica

1 Prior to the mid-Jurassic the Chortis terraneseparated from southern Mexico as recorded by thesouthward-thickening passive margin sequence(Tecocoyunca GroupndashXolapa Complex Ortega-Gutieacuterrez and Eliacuteas-Herrera 2003) passing into theHuatulco Ocean (Figs 15ndash16)

2 CallovianndashLate Jurassic separation of theMaya terrane led to opening of the Gulf of Mexicoand the Juarez and Motagua terranes all floored byoceanic lithosphere it is inferred that a plume mayhave formed at the R-R-R triple point at the junc-tion of the Juarez and Huatulco oceans (Fig 17)This was synchronous with backarc rifting that sep-arated the Zihuatanejo terrane (Guerrero compositeterrane) from Pangea (Centeno-Garciacutea and Silva-Romo 1997)

3 Late JurassicndashEarly Cretaceous developmentof the Guerrero composite arc terrane (Centeno-Garciacutea et al 1993 2000 2003) and subductionalong the margin of the Chortis block At ~130 Mathe southern margin of Mexico overrode a plumeproducing high-temperaturelow-pressure metamor-phism in the Xolapa Complex (Fig 17)

4 In the mid-Cretaceous (~90 Ma) Baja BritishColumbia collided with the Guerrero composite ter-rane (Keppie and Dostal 2001) which initiatedamalgamation of the Guerrero composite terrane(Fig 18) This was followed by birth of the Kulaplate which led to northward transport of Baja Brit-ish Columbia

5 Late CretaceousndashPaleocene flattening of thesubducting slab possibly the result of Kula ridgetrench collision andor increased convergencerates led to accretion of the Guerrero compositeterrane to North America during the Laramide orog-eny and obduction of the Juarez and Motagua ter-ranes onto the Maya terrane (Fig 18)

6 Sinistral Cenozoic rotation of the Chortis ter-rane ~1100 km along the Cayman tranform faultoccurred concurrently with subduction erosion of atriangular area south of Mexico and flattening of thesubduction zone possibly due to collision of theTehuantepec Ridge with the subduction zone anti-clockwise rotation of the volcanic arc to its presentposition along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt anddevelopment of the Chiapas foldbelt (Fig 19 Kep-pie and Moran-Zenteno 2004)

7 In the Late Neogene propagation of the EastPacific Rise into the continental margin led to thetransfer of Baja California from the North Americanplate to the Pacific plate

Acknowledgments

I thank Dr Zoltan de Cserna for reviewing themanuscript and Dr Fernando Ortega-Gutieacuterrez forextensive discussion of terranes in Mexico Fundingfor this project was provided by PAPIIT project IN103003 This paper represents a contribution toIGCP projects 453 and 497

REFERENCES

Alaniz-Alvarez S A van der Heyden P Nieto-Samaniego A F and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1996Radiometric and kinematic evidence for Middle Juras-sic strike-slip faulting in southern Mexico related tothe opening of the Gulf of Mexico Geology v 24 p443ndash446

Anderson T H McKee J W and Jones N W 1991 Anorthwest trending Jurassic fold nappe northernmostZacatecas Mexico Tectonics v 10 p 383ndash401

Anderson T H and Schmidt V A 1983 The evolutionof Middle America and the Gulf of Mexico-CaribbeanSea region during Mesozoic time Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin v 94 p 941ndash966

Atwater T and Stock J 1998 Pacific-North Americaplate tectonics of the Neogene southwestern UnitedStatesmdashan update International Geology Review v40 p 375ndash402

Blum J D Chamberlain C P Hingston M P KoeberlC Marin L E Schuraytz B C and Sharpton V L1993 Isotopic comparison of KT boundary impactglass with melt rocks from the Chicxulub and Mansonimpact structures Nature v 364 p 325ndash327

Boles J R and Landis C A 1984 Jurassic sedimen-tary meacutelange and associated facies Baja CaliforniaMexico Geological Society of America Bulletin v 95p 513ndash521

Boucot A J Blodgett R B and Stewart J H 1997European Province Late Silurian bachiopods from the


Ciudad Victoria area Tamaulipas northeastern Mex-ico in Klapper G Murphy M A and Talent J Aeds Paloeozoic sequence stratigraphy biostratigra-phy and biogeography Studies in honour of JGranville (ldquoJessrdquo) Johnson Geological Society ofAmerica Special Paper 321 p 273ndash293

Cameron K L Loacutepez R Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Solari LKeppie J D and Schulze C 2004 U-Pb geochro-nology and common Pb isotope compositions of theGrenvillian rocks of eastern and southern Mexico inTollo R P Corriveau L McLelland J B and Bart-holemew G eds Proterozoic tectonic evolution of theGrenville Orogen in North America Geological Soci-ety of America Memoir in press

Campa M F and Coney P J 1983 Tectono-strati-graphic terranes and mineral resource distributions inMexico Canadian Journal of Earth Science v 20 p1040ndash1051

Campa-Uranga M F Gehrels G and Torres de Leon R2002 Nuevas edades de granitoides metamorfizadosdel Complejo Acatlaacuten en el Estado de Guerrero ActasInstituto Nacional de Geoquiacutemica v 8 No 1 p 248

Carfantan J-C 1983 Les ensembles geacuteologiques duMexique meridional Evolution geacuteodynamique durantele Meacutesozoiumlque et le Ceacutenozoique Geofisica Internacio-nal v 22 p 9ndash37

Carrillo-Bravo J 1991 Geologiacutea del anticlinorio deHuizachal-Peregrina al N-W de Ciudad VictoriaTamaulipas Asociacioacuten Mexicana de Geoacutelogos Petrol-leros Boletiacuten v 13 p 1ndash98

Castillo-Rodriacuteguez H 1988 Zur des kristallinenGrundgebirges der Sierra Madre Oriental-insbeson-dere des Granjero-Schiefer-Komplexes-im Sudteil desHuizchal-Peregrina-Antiklinoriums (Raum CiudadVictoria Bundestaat Tamaulipas Mexiko) UnpublPhD thesis Unversitaumlt Muumlnster Germany 138 p

Centeno-Garciacutea E Corona-Chaacutevez P Talavera-Men-doza O and Iriondo A 2003 Geology and evolutionof the western Guerrero terranemdasha transect fromPuerto Vallarta to Zihuatanejo Mexico Guidebook forfield trips of the 99th Annual Meeting of the Cordille-ran Section of the Geological Society of America PublEsp 1 Instituto de Geologiacutea Universidad NacionalAutoacutenoma de Meacutexico p 201ndash228

Centeno-Garciacutea E Lomnitz C and Ramiacuterez-EspinosaJ eds 2000 Geologic evolution of the Guerrero Ter-rane western Mexico Journal of South AmericanEarth Science (special issue) v 13 p 293ndash476

Centeno-Garciacutea E Ruiz K Coney P J Patchett P Jand Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1993 Guerrero terrane ofMexico Its role in the Southern Cordillera from newgeochemical data Geology v 21 p 419ndash422

Centeno-Garciacutea E and Silva-Romo G 1997Petrogeacutenesis and tectonic evolution of central Mexicoduring Triassic-Jurassic time Revista Mexicana deCiencias Geologicos v 14 p 244ndash260

Clark K F Foster C T and Damon P E 1982 Ceno-zoic mineral deposits and subducted-related magmaticarcs in Mexico Geological Society of America Bulle-tin v 93 p 533ndash544

Cocks L R M and Fortey R A 1988 Lower Paleozoicfacies and faunas around Gondwana in Audley-Charles M G and Hallam A eds Gondwana andTethys Geological Society of London Special Publica-tion no 37 p 183ndash200

Cocks L R M and Torsvik T H 2002 Earth geographyfrom 500 to 400 million years ago a faunal and palaeo-magnetic review Journal of the Geological Society ofLondon v 159 p 631ndash644

Coney P J 1983 Un modelo tectoacutenico de Mexico y susrelaciones con Ameacuterica del Norte Ameacuterica del Sur yel Caribe Revista del Instituto Mexicano del Petroleov 15 p 6ndash15

Coney P J and Campa M F 1984 Lithotectonic terranemap of Mexico (west of the 91st meridian) US Geo-logical Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1874-D scale 12500000

de Cserna Z 1989 An outline of the geology of Mexicoin Bally A W and Palmer A R eds The geology ofNorth Americamdashan overview The Geology of NorthAmerica v A Boulder CO Geological Society ofAmerica p 233ndash264

de Cserna Z Graf J L Jr and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F1977 Aloacutectono paleozoico inferior en al regioacuten deCiudad Victoira Estado de Tamaulipas Revista Insti-tuto de Geologiacutea Universidad Nacional Autoacutenoma deMeacutexico v 1 p 33ndash43

de Cserna Z and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1978 Reinterpre-tation of isotopic age data from the Granjeno SchistCiudad Victoria Tamaulipas y reinterpretacioacutentectoacutenica del Esquisto Granjeno Tamaulipas Contest-acioacuten Revista Instituto de Geologiacutea UniversidadNacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico v 2 p 212ndash215

Dickinson W R and Butler R F 1998 Coastal andBaja California paleomagnetism reconsidered Geolog-ical Society of America Bulletin v 110 p 1268ndash1280

Dickinson W R and Lawton T F 2001 Carboniferousto Cretaceous assembly and fragmentation of MexicoGeological Society of America Bulletin v 113 p1142ndash1160

Donnelly T W Horne G S Finch R C and Loacutepez-Ramos E 1990 Northern Central America TheMaya and Chortis blocks in Dengo G and CaseJ E eds Decade of North American geology v Hthe Caribbean region Boulder CO Geological Societyof America p 37ndash76

Dostal J Keppie J D Macdonald H and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 2004 Sedimentary origin of calcareousintrusions in the ~ 1 Ga Oaxacan Complex SouthernMexico Tectonic implications International GeologyReview v 46 p 528ndash541

788 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Eliacuteas-Herrera M and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1997 Petrol-ogy of high-grade xenoliths in an Oligocene rhyodaciteplugmdashPrecambrian crust beneath the southern Guer-rero Terrane Mexico Revista Mexicana de CienciasGeologicas v 14 p 101ndash109

______ 2002 Caltepec fault zone An Early Permiandextral transpressional boundary between the Protero-zoic Oaxacan and Paleozoic Acatlaacuten complexes south-ern Mexico and regional implications Tectonics v21 No 3 [101029200TC001278]

Eliacuteas-Herrera M Saacutenchez-Zavala J L and Maciacuteas-Romo C 2000 Geologic and geochronologic datafrom the Guerrero terrane in the Tejupilco area south-ern Mexico New constraints on its tectonic interpreta-tion Journal of South American Earth Science v 13p 355ndash376

Fortey R A and Cocks L R M 2003 Palaeontologicalevidence bearing on global OrdovicianndashSilurian conti-nental reconstructions Earth Science Review v 61 p245ndash307

Freydier C LaPierre H Ruiz J Tardy M Martiacutenez-R J and Coulon C 2000 The Early CretaceousArperos basin An oceanic domain dividing the Guer-rero arc from nuclear Mexico evidenced by thegeochemistry of the lavas and sediments Journal ofSouth American Earth Science v 13 p 325ndash336

Fries C Jr Schmitter E Damon P E LivingstonD E and Erickson R 1962 Edad de las rocasmetamoacuterficas en los Cantildeones de La Peregrina y deCaballeros parte centro-occidental de TamaulipasUniversidad Nacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico Institutode Geologiacutea Bolletin v 64 p 55ndash69

Garrison J R Jr Ramiacuterez-Ramiacuterez C and Long L E1980 Rb-Sr isotopic study of the ages and provenanceof Precambrian granulite and Paleozoic greenschistnear Ciudad Victoira Mexico in Pilger R H Jr edThe origin of the Gulf of Mexico and the early openingof the central North Atlantic Ocean Baton Rouge LALouisiana State University p 37ndash49

Gose W A 1985 Paleomagnetic results from Hondurasand their bearing on Caribbean tectonics Tectonics v4 p 565ndash585

Grahales-Nishimura J M Centeno-Garciacutea E KeppieJ D and Dostal J 1999 Geochemistry of Lower Per-mian or older basalts from the Juchatengo complex ofsouthern Mexico Tectonic implications Journal ofSouth American Earth Science v 12 p 537ndash544

Guinta G Beccaluva L Coltorti M Sienna F Mortel-laro D and Cutrupia D 2001 The peri-Caribbeanophiolites Structure tectono-magmatic significanceand geodynamic implications Caribbean Journal ofEarth Science v 34 p 12ndash27

Harlow G E Hemming S R Aveacute Lallemant H GSisson V B and Sorensen S A 2004 Two high-pressurelow-temperature serpentine-matrix meacutelangebelts Motagua fault zone Guatemala A record of

Aptian and Maastrichtian collisions Geology v 32 p17ndash20

Herrmann U R Nelson B K and Ratschbacher L1994 The origin of a terrane UPb geochronology andtectonic evolution of the Xolapa complex (southernMexico) Tectonics v 13 p 455ndash474

Hill R I Silver L T and Taylor H P Jr 1986 Cou-pled Sr-O isotope variations as an indicator of sourceheterogeneity for the northern Peninsular Rangesbatholith Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrologyv 92 p 351ndash361

Horne G S Finch R C and Donnelly T W 1990 TheChortis block in Dengo G and Case J E eds TheCaribbean region Boulder CO Geological Society ofAmerica Geology of North America v H p 55ndash76

Howell D G ed 1985 Tectonostratigraphic terranes ofthe Circum-Pacific region Circum-Pacific Council forEnergy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Seriesno 1

Howell D G Jones D L and Schermer E R 1985Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Circum-Pacificregion in Howell DG ed Tectonostratigraphic ter-ranes of the Circum-Pacific region Circum-PacificCouncil for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Sci-ence Series no 1 p 3ndash30

Jones D L and Silberling N J 1979 Mesozoic stratig-raphymdashthe key to tectonic analysis of southern andcentral Alaska US Geological Survey Open FileReport 81-792 20 p

Kamo S L and Krogh T E 1995 Chicxulub cratersource for shocked zircon crystals from the Creta-ceousndashTertiary boundary layer Saskatchewan Evi-dence from new U-Pb data Geology v 23 p 281ndash284

Keppie J D 1989 Northern Appalachian terranes andtheir accretionary history Geological Society of Amer-ica Special Paper 230 p 159ndash192

Keppie J D and Dostal J 2001 Evaluation of the Bajacontroversy using paleomagnetic and faunal dataplume magmatism and piercing points Tectonophys-ics v 339 nos 3-4 p 427ndash442

Keppie J D Dostal J Cameron K L Solari L AOrtega-Gutieacuterrez F and Loacutepez R 2003a Geochro-nology and geochemistry of Grenvillian igneous suitesin the northern Oaxacan Complex southern MexicoTectonic implications Precambrian Research v 120p 365ndash389

Keppie J D Dostal J Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F and LoacutepezR 2001 A Grenvillian arc on the margin of Amazo-nia evidence from the southern Oaxacan Complexsouthern Mexico Precambrian Research v 112 nos3ndash4 p 165ndash181

Keppie J D Miller B V Nance R D Murphy J Band Dostal J 2004a New U-Pb zircon dates from theAcatlaacuten Complex Mexico Implications for the ages oftectonostratigraphic units and orogenic events [abs]Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program


Keppie J D and Moran-Zenteno D 2004 Tectonicimplications of alternative Cenozoic reconstructionsfor southern Mexico and the Chortis block Interna-tional Geology Review v 46 in press

Keppie J D Nance R D Murphy J B and Dostal J2003b Tethyan Mediterranean and Pacific analoguesfor the NeoproterozoicndashPaleozoic birth and develop-ment of peri-Gondwanan terranes and their transfer toLaurentia and Laurussia Tectonophysics v 365 nos1ndash4 p 195ndash219

Keppie J D Nance R D Powell J T Mumma S ADostal J Fox D Muise J Ortega-Rivera AMiller B V and Lee J W K 2004b Mid-Jurassictectonothermal event superposed on a Paleozoic geo-logical record in the Acatlaacuten Complex of southernMexico Hotspot activity during the breakup of Pan-gea Gondwana Research v 7 no1 p 239ndash260

Keppie J D and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1995 Provenanceof Mexican terranes Isotopic constraints InternationalGeology Review v 37 p 813ndash824

Keppie J D and Ramos V S 1999 Odyssey of terranesin the Iapetus and Rheic Oceans during the Paleozoicin Ramos V S and Keppie J D eds Laurentia-Gondwana connections before Pangea Boulder COGeological Society of America Special Paper 336 p267ndash276

Keppie J D Sandberg C A Miller B V Saacutenchez-Zav-ala J L Nance R D and Poole F G 2004c Impli-cations of latest Pennsylvanian to Middle Permianpaleontological and U-Pb SHRIMP data from theTecomate Formation to re-dating tectonothermalevents in the Acatlaacuten Complex southern MexicoInternational Geology Review v 46 in press

Keppie J D Solari L A Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Eliacuteas-Herrera M and Nance R D 2003c Paleozoic andPrecambrian rocks of southern MexicomdashAcatlaacuten andOaxacan complexes in Geologic transects across Cor-dilleran Mexico Guidebook for the field trip of the99th Geological Society of America Cordilleran Sec-tion Annual Meeting Puerto Vallarta Jalisco MexicoApril 4ndash10 2003 Mexico DF Instituto de GeologiacuteaUniversidad Nacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico Publica-cion Especial 1 Field trip 12 p 281ndash314

Keppie J D Solari L A Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Ortega-Rivera A Lee J W K and Hames W E 2004d U-Pb and 40Ar39Ar constraints on the cooling history ofthe northern Oaxacan Complex southern Mexico Tec-tonic implications in Tollo R P Corriveau LMcLelland J B and Bartholemew G eds Protero-zoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville Orogen inNorth America Geological Society of America Mem-oir in press

Kettrup B Deutsch A Ostermann M and Agrinier P2000 Chicxulub impactites Geochemical clues to theprecursor rocks Meteorites and Planetary Science v35 p 1229ndash1238

Krogh T E Kamo S L and Bohor B F 1993a Finger-printing the KT impact site and determining the timeof impact by UPb dating of single shocked zirconsfrom distal ejecta Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters v 119 p 425ndash429

Krogh T E Kamo S L Sharpton B Marin L andHildebrand A R 1993b U-Pb ages of singleshocked zircons linking distal KT ejecta to the Chicx-ulub crater Nature v 366 p 232ndash236

Lawlor P J Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Cameron K L Ochoa-Camarillo H Loacutepez R and Sampson D E 1999U-Pb geochronology geochemistry and provenance ofthe Grenvillian Huiznopala gneiss of eastern MexicoPrecambrian Research v 94 p 73ndash99

Lonsdale P 1989 Geology and tectonic history of theGulf of California in Winterer E L Hussong D Mand Decker R W eds The eastern Pacific Oceanand Hawaii Boulder CO Geological Society of Amer-ica The geology of North America v N p 499ndash521

Loacutepez R L Cameron K L and Jones N W 2001 Evi-dence for Paleoporterozoic Grenvillian and Pan-Afri-can age crust beneath northeastern MexicoPrecambrian Research v 107 p 195ndash214

Malone J W Nance R D Keppie J D and Dostal J2002 Deformational history of part of the AcatlaacutenComplex Late OrdovicianndashEarly Silurian and EarlyPermian orogenesis in southern Mexico Journal ofSouth American Earth Science v 15 p 511ndash524

Manton W L 1996 The Grenville in Honduras [abs]Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programv 28 no 7 p A493

Marton G and Buffler R T 1994 Jurassic rconstruc-tion of the Gulf of Mexico basin International GeologyReview v 36 p 545ndash586

McKee J W Jones N W and Anderson T H 1999Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic history of the LasDelicias terrane Coahuila Mexico in Bartolini CWilson J L and Lawton T F eds Mesozoic sedi-mentary and tectonic history of north-central MexicoGeological Society of America Special Paper 340 p161ndash189

Meschede M Frisch W Herrmann U R and Ratsch-bacher L 1997 Stress transmission across an activeplate boundary An example from southern MexicoTectonophysics v 266 p 81ndash100

Meza-Figueroa D Ruiz J Talavera-Mendoza O andOrtega-Gutieacuterrez F 2003 Tectonometamorphic evo-lution of the Acatlaacuten Complex eclogites (southernMexico) Canadian Journal of Earth Science v 40 p27ndash44

Molina-Garza R S van der Voo R and Urrutia-Fuca-gauchi J 1992 Paleomagnetism of the Chiapas mas-sif southern Mexico Evidence for rotation of the Mayablock and implications for the opening of the Gulf ofMexico Geological Society of America Bulletin v104 p 1156ndash1168

790 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Moores E M 1998 Ophiolites the Sierra Nevada ldquoCor-dilleriardquo and orogeny along the Pacific and Caribbeanof North and South America International GeologyReview v 40 p 40ndash54

Moraacuten-Zenteno D J Corona-Chaacutevez P and Tolson G1996 Uplift and subduction erosion in southwesternMexico since the Oligocene Pluton geobarometry con-straints Earth and Planetary Science Letters v 141p 51ndash65

Nance R D Murphy J B and Keppie J D 2002 ACordilleran model for the evolution of Avalonia Tec-tonophysics v 352 p 11ndash31

Navarro-Santillaacuten D Sour-Tovar F and Centeno-GarciacuteaE 2002 Lower Mississippian (Osagean) brachiopodsfrom the Santiago Formation Oaxaca Mexico Strati-graphic and tectonic implications Journal of SouthAmerican Earth Science v 15 p 327ndash336

Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1984 Evidence of Precambrianevaporites in the Oaxacan granulite complex of south-ern Mexico Precambrian Research v 23 p 377ndash393

Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F and Eliacuteas-Herrera M 2003 Whole-sale melting of the southern Mixteco terrane and originof the Xolapa Complex [abs] Geological Society ofAmerica Abstracts with Program v 35 No 4 p 66

Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Eliacuteas-Herrera M Reyes-Salas MMaciacuteas-Romo C and Loacutepez R 1999 Late Ordovi-cianndashEarly Silurian continental collision orogeny insouthern Mexico and its bearing on Gondwana-Lau-rentia connections Geology v 27 p 719ndash722

Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Ruiz J and Centeno-Garciacutea E1995 Oaxaquia a Proterozoic microcontinentaccreted to North America during the late PaleozoicGeology v 23 p 1127ndash1130

Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Solari L A Soleacute J Martens UGoacutemez-Tuena A Moraacuten-Ical S Reyes-Salas Mand Ortega-Obregoacuten C 2004 Polyphase high tem-perature eclogite-facies metamorphism in the ChuacuacutesComplex central Guatemala Petrology geochronol-ogy and tectonic implications International GeologyReview v 46 p 445ndash470

Ortega-Obregoacuten C Keppie J D Solari L A Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F Dostal J Loacutepez R Ortega-Rivera Aand Lee J W K 2003 Geochronology and geochem-istry of the ~917 Ma calc-alkaline Etla granitoid plu-ton (Oaxaca southern Mexico) Evidence of post-Grenvillian subduction along the northern margin ofAmazonia International Geology Review v 45 p596ndash610

Pimentel M M Fuck R A Jost H Ferreira FilhoC F and de Arauacutejo S M 2000 The basement of theBrasilia fold belt and the Goiaacutes magmatic arc in Cor-dani U G Thomaz Filho A and Campos D Aeds Tectonic evolution of South America 31st Inter-national Geological Congress Rio de Janeiro Brasilp 195ndash230

Pindell J L Cande S C Pitman W C III RowleyD B Dewey J F Labreque J and Haxby W 1988

A plate-kinematic framework for models of Caribbeanevolution Tectonophysics v 155 p 121ndash138

Ramiacuterez-Espinosa J 2001 Tectono-magmatic evolutionof the Paleozoic Acatlaacuten Complex in southern Mexicoand its correlation with the Appalachian systemUnpubl PhD thesis University of Arizona 170 p

Ramiacuterez-Espinoza J Ruiz J and Gehrels G 2002Procedencia Pan-Africana en la sedimentacioacuten de laFormacioacuten Cosoltepec del Complejo Acatlaacuten Eviden-cia del margen pasivo oriental del Iapetus en el sur deMexico Actas Instituto Nacional de Geoquiacutemica v 8no 1 p 181ndash182

Ramos V A and Aleman A 2000 Tectonic evolution ofthe Andes in Cordani U G Milani E J ThomazFilo A and Campos D A eds Tectonic evolution ofSouth America 31st International Geological Con-gress Rio de Janeiro Brasil p 635ndash685

Ratschbacher L Riller U Meschede M Herrmann Uand Frisch W 1991 Second look at suspect terranesin southern Mexico Geology v 19 p 1233ndash1236

Restrepo-Pace P A Ruiz J Gehrels G E and CoscaM 1997 Geochronology and Nd isotopic data ofGrenville-age rocks in the Colombian Andes Newconstraints for Late ProterozoicndashEarly Paleozoic pale-ocontinental reconstructions of the Americas Earthand Planetary Science Letters v 150 p 437ndash441

Robison R and Pantoja-Alor J 1968 Tremadocian tri-lobites from Nochixtlan region Oaxaca Mexico Jour-nal of Paleontology v 42 p 767ndash800

Ross M I and Scotese C R 1988 A hierarchical tec-tonic model of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbeanregion Tectonophysics v 155 p 139ndash168

Ruiz J Tosdal R M Restrepo P A and Marillo-Muntildee-ton G 1999 Pb isotope evidence for Colombia-south-ern Mexico connections in the Proterozoic in RamosV A and Keppie J D eds Laurentia-Gondwanaconnections before Pangea Geological Society ofAmerica Special Paper 336 p 183ndash198

Saacutenchez-Zavala J L Centeno-Garciacutea E and Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F 1999 Review of Paleozoic stratigraphyof Mexico and its role in the Gondwana-Laurentia con-nections in Ramos V S and Keppie J D eds Lau-rentia-Gondwana connections before PangeaGeological Society of America Special Paper 336 p211ndash226

Schaaf P Moraacuten-Zenteno D del Sol Hernaacutendez-BernalM Soliacutes-Pichardo G Tolson G and Koumlhler H1995 Paleogene continental margin truncation insouthwestern Mexico Geochemical evidence Tecton-ics v 14 p 1339ndash1350

Schouten H and Klitgord K D 1994 Mechanisticsolution to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico Geologyv 22 p 507ndash510

Schulze C H Keppie J D Ortega-Rivera A Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F and Lee J K W 2004 Mid-Tertiarycooling ages in the Precambrian Oaxacan Complex ofsouthern Mexico Indication of exhumation and inland


arc migration Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologi-cos in press

Sedlock R L Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F and Speed R C1993 Tectonostratigraphic terranes and tectonic evo-lution of Mexico Geological Society of America Spe-cial Paper 278 153 p

Shergold J H 1975 Late Cambrian and Early Ordovi-cian trilobites from the Burke River structural beltwestern Queensland Australia Department of Miner-als and Energy Bureau of Mineral Resources Geologyand Geophysics Bulletin 153 221 p

Silberling N J Jones D L Monger J M and ConeyP J 1992 Lithotectonic terrane map of the NorthAmerican Cordillera US Geological Survey Miscel-laneous Investigation Series Map I-2176 scale15000000

Silver L T and Chappell B W 1988 The PeninsularRanges Batholith An insight into the evolution of theCordilleran batholiths of southwestern North AmericaTransactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh EarthScience v 79 p 105ndash121

Silver L T Taylor H P Jr and Chappell B W 1979Peninsular Ranges Batholith San Diego and Imperialcounties in Mesozoic crystalline rocks Guidebook forGeological Society of America Meeting San DiegoCA Department of Geological Science San DiegoState University p 83ndash110

Sisson V B Harlow G E Sorensen S S BruecknerH K Sahn E Hemming S R and Ave LallemantH G 2003 Lawsonite eclogite and other high-pres-sure assemblages in the southern Motagua fault zoneGuatemala Implications for Chortis collision and sub-duction zones [abs] Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Program

Solari L A Keppie J D Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F CameronK L Loacutepez R and Hames W E 2003 990 Ma and1100 Ma Grenvillian tectonothermal events in thenorthern Oaxacan Complex southern Mexico Roots ofan orogen Tectonophysics v 365 p 257ndash282

Steiner J B and Walker J D 1996 Late Silurian plu-tons in Yucatan Journal of Geophysical Research v101 no B8 p 17727ndash17735

Stewart J H 1988 Latest Proterozoic and Paleozoic con-tinental margin of North America and the accretion ofMexico Geology v 16 p 186ndash189

Stewart J H Poole F G Ketner K B Madrid R JRoldaacuten-Quintana J and Amaya-Martiacutenez R 1990Tectonics and stratigraphy of the Paleozoic and Trias-sic southern margin of North America Sonora Mexicoin Gehrels G E and Spencer J E eds Geologicexcursions through the Sonoran Desert region Arizonaand Sonora Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper7 p 183ndash202

Talavera-Mendoza O and Suastegui M G 2000Geochemistry and isotopic composition of the Guer-rero terrane (western Mexico) Implications for the tec-

tono-magmatic evolution of southwestern NorthAmerica during the late Mesozoic Journal of SouthAmerican Earth Science v 13 p 297ndash324

Thomas W A 1989 The Appalachian-Ouachitan beltbeneath the Gulf Coastal Plain between the outcrops inthe Appalachian and Ouachita Mountains in HatcherR D Jr Thomas W A and Viele G W edsDecade of North American geology v F-2 The Appa-lachian and Ouachitan orogen in the United StatesBoulder CO Geological Society of America p 537ndash553

Tolson-Jones G 1998 Deformacioacuten exhumacioacuten y neo-tectoacutenica de la margen continental de Oaxaca Datosestructurales petroloacutegicos y geotermobaromeacutetricasUnpubl PhD thesis Universidad NacionalAutoacutenoma de Meacutexico 98 p

Torres R Ruiz J Patchett P J and Grajales J M1999 A Permo-Triassic continental arc in easternMexico Tectonic implications for reconstructions ofsouthern North America in Bartolini C et al edsMesozoic sedimentary and tectonic history of north-central Mexico Geological Society of America SpecialPaper 340 p 191ndash196

Vachard D and Flores de Dios A 2002 Discovery oflatest Devonianearliest Mississippian microfossils inSan Salvador Patlanoaya (Puebla Mexico) biogeo-graphic and geodynamic consequences CompteRendu Geoscience v 334 (2002) p 1095ndash1101

Vachard D Flores de Dios A Buitron B E and Gra-hales M 2000 Biostratigraphie par fusulines des cal-caires Carboniferes et Permienes de San SalvadorPatlanoaya (Puebla Mexique) Geobios v 33 p 5ndash33

Vera-Saacutenchez P 2000 Caracterizacioacuten geoquiacutemica delas unidades basales del bloque de Yucatan y suafinidad con unidades similares en el Golfo de MexicoUnpubl MSc thesis Instituto Geofisica UniversidadNacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico 105 p

Weber B and Cameron K L 2003 U-Pb dating ofmetamorphic rocks from the Chiapas massif Evidencefor Grenville crust and a Late Permian orogeny in thesouthern Maya terrane [abs] Geological Society ofAmerica Abstracts with Program v 35 no 4 p 65

Weber B and Hecht L 2003 Petrology and geochemis-try of metaigneous rocks from a Grenvillian basementfragment in the Maya block the Guichicovi complexOaxaca southern Mexico Precambrian Research v124 p 41ndash67

Weber B and Koumlhler H 1999 SmNd RbSr and U-Pbgeochronology of a Grenville terrane in southern Mex-ico Origin and geologic history of the Guichicovi com-plex Precambrian Research v 96 p 245ndash262

Yantildeez P Ruiz J Patchett P J Ortega-Gutieacuterrez F andGehrels G 1991 Isotopic studies of the AcatlaacutenComplex southern Mexico Implications for PaleozoicNorth American tectonics Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin v 103 p 817ndash828

792 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

Appendix Terrane Descriptions

Chortis terrane (A) Mesoproterozoic amphib-olite facies para- and ortho-gneisses yielded concor-dant U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages of 1074 plusmn 10 Ma(magmatic age) and 1017 plusmn 20 Ma (metamorphicage Manton pers comm) (B) greenschistndashloweramphibolite facies metasediments and metavolca-nics of unknown age intruded by (C) deformedgranitoid plutons with early Mesozoic Rb-Sr ages(D) nonconformably overlain by Mesozoic sedimen-tary and volcanic rocks (Middle JurassicndashLowerCretaceous siliciclastic rocks and volcanic rocksLowerndashUpper Cretaceous carbonates and andesiticvolcanic rocks and Upper CretaceousndashPaleogeneredbeds) that were folded and eroded before deposi-tion of (E) overstepping mid-Tertiary to Recent vol-canic arc rocks (Donnelly et al 1990)

Motagua terrane (A) Mantle peridotites(metamorphosed to eclogites jadeitites amphibo-lites and serpentinized peridotites) (B) UpperJurassicndashLower Cretaceous gabbro amphibolitepillow basalt (MORB OIB and island-arc tholeiitic[IAT] affinities) and radiolarian chert (C) Mid-Cretaceous eclogite-facies metamorphism andobduction in the southern Motagua terrane (Harlowet al 2004) (D) Upper Cretaceous calc-alkalineisland-arc basalt-andesite radiolarian chert lime-stone and phyllite synchronous with eclogite-faciesmetamorphism and exhumation in the northernMotgua terrane (Harlow et al 2004) unconform-ably overlain by (D) overstepping Eocene molassesand volcanicalstics unconformably overlain by (E)Miocene-Quaternary sediments (Guinta et al2001)

Maya terrane (A) metasedimentary rocks and~1238 Ma AMCG suite metamorphosed to granulitefacies at ~990-975 Ma (Weber and Koumlhler 1997Ruiz et al 1999 Weber and Hecht 2003) (B)Basement clasts in the Chicxulub crater includequartzite quartz-mica schist felsic-intermediategranitic gneiss volcanic arc granitoids (quartz dior-ite granodiorite and tonalite with a SiO2 range of48ndash68) and mafic arc volcanic rocks (basalticandesite and olivine tholeiite Vera-Saacutenchez 2000)granitic gneiss clasts yielded a depleted mantlemodel Nd age of 12ndash14 Ga (Kettrup et al 2000)melt rocks have yielded depleted mantle Nd modelages of 1060 plusmn 20 Ma (Blum et al 1993) to 11ndash12Ga (Kettrup et al 2000) U-Pb analyses from Chicx-ulub breccia have yielded ages of 2725 plusmn 57 Ma(one zircon) 550 plusmn 15 Ma (predominant 6 zircons)

286 plusmn 14 Ma (1 titanite) and from distal ejecta of544 plusmn 5 Ma and 559 plusmn 5 Ma (Colorado) 418 plusmn 6 Ma(Haiti and Chicxulubmdash3 zircons) 320 plusmn 31 Ma(Colorado Krogh et al 1993a 1993b Kamo andKrogh 1995) Magmatic arc diorite-granodiorite-granite in the Maya Mountains of Belize yielded anintrusive age of 418 plusmn 4 Ma (upper intercept U-Pbzircon data) and an inheritance age of 1210 plusmn 136Ma (upper intercept U-Pb zircon data Steiner andWalker 1996) (C) Upper Pennsylvanianndashmid Per-mian (late Leonardian) shelf clastic carbonate andvolcanic rocks displaying folds accompanied bylower greenschist-facies metamorphism (Steinerand Walker 1996) and migmatization of the Chau-cus Group (Ortega-Gutieacuterrez et al 2004) uncon-formably overlain by (D) overstepping UpperJurassicndashlowermost Cretaceous continental sedi-ments overlain by Cretaceous and Lower Tertiarymarine carbonates upper Campanianndashlower Eoceneturbiditic flysch records thrusting of Motagua ophio-lites onto the southern margin of the Maya terrane(Guinta et al 2001) followed by Miocene folds andSW-vergent thrusts in the Chiapas foldbelt (deCserna 1989) that are unconformably overlain by(E) Plio-Pleistocene clastic and volcanic rocks

Juaacuterez terrane (A) metamorphosed serpen-tinite gabbro mafic volcanics felsic tuffgreywacke (B) Lower Cretaceous andesite volcani-clastic rocks tuff flysch and schist and Berria-sianndashValanginian (Lower Cretaceous) flysch slateand limestone deformed and metamorphosed at~131ndash137 Ma (40Ar39Ar hornblende plateau agesSedlock et al 1993) unconformably overlain by (C)overstepping CampanianndashMaastrichtian flyschdeformed in latest CretaceousndashPaleogene LaramideOrogeny unconformably overlain by Cenozoic clas-tic and volcanic rocks (Sedlock et al 1993 and ref-erences therein)

Oaxaquia terrane (A) paragneisses arc volca-nic rocks intruded by within-plate rift-relatedge1140 Ma orthogneisses (B) deformed during the~1100 Ma Olmecan migmatitic tectonothermalevent (C) intruded by 1012 plusmn 12 Ma anorthosite-charnockite- granite suite (D) deformed by 1004 plusmn3 to 979 plusmn 3 Ma Zapotecan orogeny under granulite-facies metamorphic conditions (Keppie et al2003a Solari et al 2003) (E) intrusion of 917 plusmn 6Ma arc-related granitoid pluton (Ortega-Obregoacutenet al 2003) (F) unconformably overlain by Trema-docian clastic and carbonate rocks containing a


Gondwanan faunal assemblage in the south and Sil-urian shallow-marine clastic rocks with Gond-wanan fauna in the north (Robison and Pantoja-Alor 1968 Boucot et al 1997) (G) unconformablyoverlain by CarboniferousndashPermian clastic and car-bonate rocks (H) overstepped by Upper Jurassicand Cretaceous continental-shallow marine clasticand carbonate rocks (I) Cenozoic red beds and vol-canic arc rocks

Mixteca terrane (A) metamorphosed psam-mites and pelites of uncertain age containing detri-tal zircons as young as Ordovician (Ramiacuterez-Espinoza et al 2002) (B) thrust slices of psammiticand pelitic metasediments intruded by mafic-felsicigneous rocks (~478ndash440 Ma U-Pb zircon agesOrtega-Gutieacuterrez et al 1999 Campa et al 2002Keppie et al 2004a) (C) Mississippian eclogite-facies metamorphism and exhumation (346 plusmn 3 MaU-Pb zircon age Keppie et al 2004a) (D) deposi-tion of Upper DevonianndashMiddle Permian shallow-marine clastic and carbonate rocks and arc-backarcvolcanic rocks (Vachard et al 2000 Vachardand Flores de Dios 2002 Keppie et al 2004c)(F) deformed and metamorphosed at greenschist(-amphibolite) facies during the EarlyndashMiddle Per-mian with synchronous intrusion of arc plutonsoverstepped by (G) unconformably overlain LowerJurassicndashCretaceous continental-marine clasticand carbonate rocks (H) deformed by Late Creta-ceousndashEocene Laramide Orogeny (I) unconform-ably overlain by Cenozoic continental clastic andvolcanic-arc rocks

Sierra Madre terrane (redefined to excludethe ~1 Ga Novillo gneiss and overlying Siluro-Devo-nian rocks) (A) pelitic and psammitic schist withlenses of serpentinite metagabbro metabasalt andmetachert of the Granjeno Formation (Carrillo-Bravo 1991 Castillo-Rodriacuteguez 1988) (B)polyphase deformation accompanied by green-schist-facies metamorphism prior to deposition ofpebbles in Wenlockian sediments unconformablyoverlying the Novillo Complex (Fries et al 1962 deCserna et al 1977 de Cserna and Ortega-Gutieacuter-rez 1978) unconformably overlain by (C) overstep-ping TriassicndashLower Jurassic redbeds and shallow-marine clastic rocks with minor volcanic rocks thatwere locally folded before deposition of (D) MiddleJurassicndashCretaceous redbeds evaporites shallow-marine clastic and carbonate rocks felsic volcanicrocks that were deformed by the Laramide orogenybefore deposition of (E) the unconformably overly-ing Cenozoic continental rocks

Coahuila terrane (A) Upper PennsylvanianndashPermian low-grade volcaniclastic flysch calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and clastic and carbonaterocks intruded by Triassic granitoids that weredeformed prior to deposition of (B) overstepping andunconformably overlying Upper JurassicndashCreta-ceous shallow-marine limestone shale evaporitesiltstone sandstone and local coal overlain by (C)PaleocenendashMiocene continental-shallow marineclastic rocks and Oligocene-Quaternary felsic andalkaline volcanic rocks (Sedlock et al 1993 andreferences therein)

Tarahumara terrane (A) basinal sedimentaryrocks similar to those in the Ouachita orogenic beltthat were deformed and metamorphosed at green-schist facies in the Permian before being uncon-formably overlain by (B) overstepping UpperJurassicndashCretaceous clastic carbonate and evapor-itic rocks which were deformed during the Lara-mide orogeny before being unconformably overlainby (C) Cenozoic calcalkaline volcanic rocks (Sed-lock et al 1993 and references therein)

Cortez terrane (A) Upper Ordovician quartz-ite carbonates and chert (B) Devonian Carbonifer-ous and Permian psammitic and pelitic rocks rarechert and limestone overstepped by (C) UpperJurassicndashLower Cretaceous magmatic arc rocks andassociated sedimentary rocks that were affected bythe Laramide orogeny before being unconformablyoverlain by (D) Upper CretaceousndashQuaternaryandesitic-rhyolitic volcanic rocks (associated withplutons) and continental rocks (Sedlock et al 1993Saacutenchez-Zavala et al 1999)

The Guerrero Composite Terrane is charac-terized by Upper Jurassicndashearly Upper Cretaceoussubmarine (-subaerial) volcanic and sedimentaryrocks that were accreted to cratonic Mexico in theLate Cretaceous producing the Turonian-Maas-trichtian foreland basin deposits (Centeno-Garciacutea etal 2000 2003) The terranes are best defined southof the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB)mdashpotential equivalents north of the TMVB are shownin brackets Terranes 6ndash10 occur in Baja Californiaand have been defined by Sedlock et al (1993)

1 Arperos terrane (shown as a suture on Fig1C) (A) Lower Cretaceous basalts produced bymixing of OIB and N-MORB siliceous sedimentspelagic carbonates and turbidites (Freydier et al2000)

2 Teloloapan terrane (A) Lower Jurassicandesitic-dacitic volcanic rocks phyllite andsericitic tuff contemporaneous with granite that

794 J DUNCAN KEPPIE

yielded U-Pb zircon data with intercepts at 186 plusmn 7Ma and 1242 plusmn 126 Ma (Eliacuteas-Herrera et al 2000)(B) NeocomianndashAlbian volcanic-arc rocks lime-sones shale and sandstone that are thrust eastwardover AptianndashTuronian rocks of the Mixteca terraneduring the Laramide orogeny

3 Arcelia(-Guanajuato) terrane (A)AlbianndashCenomanian primitive island arc back-arcbasin OIB and MORB basalts ultramafic rockspelagic limestone radiolarian chert and blackshales that are thrust eastward over the Teloloapanterrane during the Laramide orogeny

4 Zihuatenejo(-San Joseacute de Gracia) ter-rane (A) Triassic siliceous continentndashderived sed-iments with εNdi = ndash6 to ndash7 and TDM ages = 13ndash14Ga and basalts that were deformed and metamor-phosed in the EarlyndashMiddle Jurassic and intrudedby Middle Jurassic granitoids before being uncon-formably overlain by (B) Lower Cretaceous (Neoco-mianndashAlbian) arc-volcanic rocks (andesitic-daciticflows) and associated sedimentary rocks that arethrust westward over the Las Ollas terrane duringthe Laramide orogeny and overstepped on the eastby (C) mid-Tertiary ignimbrites Paleozoic rocksappear to underlie the Cretaceous arc rocks in theSan Jose de Gracia terrane

5 Las Ollas terrane (A) probable Lower Cre-taceous ophiolitic meacutelange consisting of blocks ofultramafic rocks immature island-arc tholeiiticgabbro basalt amphibolite dolerite limestonequartzite and chert in a matrix of flysch and serpen-tine with blueschist metamorphic minerals

6 Alisitos terrane (A) Upper JurassicndashlateLower Cretaceous calc-alkaline arc-volcanic andvolcanogenic rocks and limestone that are coevalwith older parts of the Peninsular Ranges batholiththat apparently straddled the continent-oceanboundary the arc passes east and west into periarc

sandstones unconformably overlain by (B) UpperCretaceousndashEocene marine clastic rocks and minortuff overlain by mid-Miocene marine clastic rocksand calc-alkaline volcanic rocks passing upwardsinto upper MiocenendashCenozoic alkalic-tholeiitic vol-canic and sedimentary rocks

7 Vizcaino Sur terrane (A) Upper Triassicophiolite chert limestone breccia and sandstone(B) Lower Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclasticrocks

8 Vizcaino Norte terrane (A) Upper Triassicophiolite and tuffaceous sediments (B) UpperJurassicndashUpper Cretaceous volcanogenic rocks con-taining granitoid clasts with discordia intercepts of1340 plusmn 3 Ma and 150 plusmn 3 Ma

9 Choyal terrane (A) Middle Jurassic mafic-felsic volcanic volcaniclastic clastic and ophioliticrocks intruded by granitoids (B) Middle and UpperJurassic clastic rocks of continental derivation(including Pennsylvanian limestone and quartziteclasts) Terranes 7 8 and 9 are overstepped byAlbianndashCampanian siliclastic turbidites uncon-formably overlain by MiocenendashPliocene shallow-marine strata

10 Western Baja terrane (A) Upper Triassicto mid-Cretaceous ocean-floor basalt siliciclasticmetasedimentary rocks chert and rare limestoneaffected by deformation and blueschist-facies meta-morphism The boundary between this terrane andnos 7ndash9 is a serpentinite-matrix meacutelange contain-ing blocks of orthogneiss eclogite ultramafic rocksblueschist amphibolite and greenschist that haveyielded ages ranging from Middle Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous

Baja California terrane (A) Mesozoic rocksof the Guerrero composite terrane (nos 6ndash10) (B)Middle MiocenendashHolocene riftndashpassive marginvolcanic and associated sedimentary rocks

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these crustal blocks generally build on earlier ter-rane analyses after the amalgamation of Pangea Themain changes are (a) the amalgamation of Gond-wanan terranes in the Coahuila Tampico and DelSur blocks (b) the elevation of the Guerrero terrane

to an undivided superterrane and (c) the recogni-tion of two collisional zonesmdasha PermianndashJurassicsubduction complex on the western margin of theGondwanan terranes and a middle Cretaceoussuture zone (closed ocean basin) between the

FIG 1 Terrane maps of (A) Campa and Coney (1983) (B) Sedlock et al (1993) and (C) this paper (facing page)





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Terrenos de Mexico (2004)

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Transcript of Terrenos de Mexico (2004)