Teori Bruner
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Transcript of Teori Bruner
LEARNING THEORY
THEORY OF BRUNER
PRESENTED BYMOHD AMIRULALIF BIN MOHD
HISHAMGS 39355
MOHD MAIZON BIN WAHAMGS 39355
Learning OutcomeAt the end of lesson, student will be able to :
- Understand the congnitive development by Burner.- Understand the concept of Constructivsm theory by
Bruner.- Able to relate the theory with the teaching and
learning process in the classroom.- Able to differentiate between Constructivist and Tradisional Classroom.
Introduction of TheoristBorn October 1, 1915Age 94Born in New York, New YorkEducation
PhD, Harvard, 1941 (Psychology)BA, Duke University, 1937
AffiliationsAmerican Psychological AssociationLaw & Society AssociationSociety for Research in Child
DevelopmentPublications
The Culture of Education, 1996Acts of Meaning, 1991Actual Minds, Possible Worlds, 1987The Process of Education, 1960
cognitive psychologist and educational psychologist
Principles of J. Bruner Theory• Instruction must be concerned with the experiences
and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).
• Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).
• Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).
Constructivist by J. Bruner Theory• Bruner's theoretical framework is based on the theme that learning is an active process and learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge.
• The theory basically based on observation and scientific study about how people learn.
• It say that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.
Contd………• It seem learning as a dynamic process in which learners
construct with new ideas or concepts on their current or past knowledge and inresponce to the instructional situation.
• He investigated motivation for learning. He felt that ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning. • Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades or class ranking.
Major concepts in Constructivist Theory
• The major concepts in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge by 3 aspects:-
a) Representation b) Spiral Curriculum c) Discovery Learning
Cont..
A. RepresentationIn representation, there has 3 element:-
•Enactive (birth to age 3)•Iconic (age 3 to 8)•Symbolic (from age 8)
REPRESENTATION
Cont... REPRESENTATION
Enactive Representation
.
The first stage is termed "Enactive", when a person learns about the world through actions on physical objects and the outcomes of these actions. Children represent object interms of their immediate sensation of them.
REPRESENTATION
Iconic Representation
The second stage was called "Iconic" where learning can be obtained through using models and pictures. Allows one to recognize
objects when they are changed in minor ways.
REPRESENTATION
Symbolic Representation
• "Symbolic" in which the learner develops the capacity to think in abstract terms. • Uses symbol system to
encode knowledge. The learner has developed the ability to think in abstract terms.
REPRESENTATION
Activities
By using of 3 elements in Representation, create the suitable activity that help teacher to apply it during teaching and learning process in the classroom. You may present the task in Micro Teaching Approach.
b) SPIRAL CURRICULUM• The spiral approach is a technique often used
in teaching where first the basic facts of a subject are learned, without worrying about details.
• Then as learning progresses, more and more details are introduced, while at the same time they are related to the basics which are reemphasized many times to help enter them into long-term memory.
SPIRAL CURRICULUM• After a mastery of the initial topic, the student
“spirals upwards” as the new knowledge is introduced in next lessons, enabling him/her to reinforce what is already learned. In the end, a rich breadth and depth of knowledge is achieved.
B ) SPIRAL CURRICULUM
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c)Discovery Learning? Discovery learning is a powerful instructional approach that guides and motivates learners to explore information and concepts in order to construct new ideas, identify new relationships, and create new models of thinking and behavior.
Refers to obtaining knowledge for onelself.
Teacher planning the activities in such way, a student search, manipulate, explore and investigate the result.
cont...
4 aspects in Discovery Learning :
i. Pre Disposition to Learn - He introduce the idea of readiness for learning.Bruner believe that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way that fits the children cognitive abilites. ii. Structure of knowledge - Bruner emphasized the role of structure in learning and how it maybe made centrl in teaching. - Structure is refers to relationships among factual elements and techniques.
cont...
iii. Categorization - As fundamental processin structuring of
knowledge. Details are better retained when placed within the context of an ordered and structured pattern.
- Bruner gave much attention to categorization of information in the construction of internal cognitive maps.
- He believed that perception, conceptualization, learning, decision making and making inferens all involved in categorization.
cont...
iv. Reinforcement
- Rewards and punishments should be selected and paced appropriately. He felt ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning.- As a teacher, come out with new idea which is interact the students to involved in the subject matter with something close to them.
Classroom Application / Recommendation
1) Teacher act as a facilitator or guider.2) Think of classroom as a learning lab and organize
activities and lessons accordingly.3) Encourage student-created question to develope
higher - order thinking.4) Develope collaborativework group in which students
explore solutions as a team.5) Provide hands-on activities and promote independent
research using readily available materials.6) Integrate the free use of technology for study and
research.
cont...
Classroom Applications• Provide study materials, activities and tools.
Examples of all three to help children learn about dinosaurs
Construct a model of a dinosaur (enactive)Watch a film about dinosaurs (iconic)Consult reference texts and discuss findings
(symbolic)
.
Technology in Classroom
• Idealy for enactive stage.• Video montage for iconic mode.• Simulations to discover/develop their own approach for symbolic mode• Educators equipment students with basic skills to access information to increase their knowledge and desire to learn.
traditional vs constructivist classroom Traditional Classroom
Student primarily work alone Curriculum is presented part to
whole, with emphasis on basic skills Strict adherence to a fixed curriculum Curricular activities rely heavily on
textbooks of data and manipulative materials
Students are viewed as "blank slates"
Teachers generally behave in a didactic manner,
Teachers seek the correct answers to validate student lessons.
Assessment of student learning is viewed as separate from teaching and occurs almost entirely through testing.
Constructivist Classroom
Students primarily work in groups Curriculum is presented whole to part
with emphasis on the big concept Pursuit of student questions is highly
valued. Students are viewed as thinkers with
emerging theories about the world Teachers generally behave as
facilitators Teachers seek the student's point of
view in order to understand student learning for use later on
Assessment of student learning is interwoven with teaching and occurs through teacher observation of students at work and through exhibitions and protfolios.
Conclusion
For Bruner (1961) the purpose of education is not impart knowledge but instead to facilitate a child's thinking and problem solving skills which can then be tranferred to a range of situations. Specifically, education should also develope symbolic thinking in children.
Group's Task
1. Builds water transportation using Lego with your own idea and creativity.2. Make an origami refering to manual given.3. Do an experiment. Explain what and why the situation happened.
ReferencesBruner, Jerome. Retrieved June 3, 2008. NYU Department of Psychology
Web site: http://www.psych.nyu.edu.
Flores, Nicole. Jerome Bruner’s educational theory. Retrieved June 3, 2008. New Foundation Web site: http://www.newfoundations.com.
Hollyman, David. Retrieved June 3, 2008. Jerome Bruner a web overview. http://au.geocities.com.
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm#ixzz1cK1zDCYm
http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism.htmlhttp://
nicefun.net/learning-theory-of-gestalt-vt2659.html#ixzz2ClBwhC00
http://www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/gestalt_theory.htm
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