Tentang Ruang Dalam Bumi Sebagai Bahan

7/23/2019 Tentang Ruang Dalam Bumi Sebagai Bahan

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http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/underground_space/doc/Hong_Kong_Undergound_Space_Study-Executive_Summary.pdf

http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/underground_space/index.htm

Enhanced Use of Underground Space in Hongkong

!n #cto$er %&&'( the )hief Executive presented the %&&'-*& +oicy ,ddress entited reakingew 0round 1ogether2. , new initiative was incuded under )hapter * of the +oicy ,genda 345eveoping the !nfrastructure for Economic 0rowth6 to aunch strategic panning and technicastudies to faciitate panned deveopment of underground space aiming at promoting theenhanced use of rock caverns as part of Hong Kong6s pursuit of sustaina$e deveopment.

#ve ,rup 7 +artners Hong Kong 8td 9,rup were commissioned $y the 0eotechnica

Engineering #ffice 90E# of the )ivi Engineering and 5eveopment 5epartment 9)E55 to

undertake the study on the Enhanced Use of Underground Space in Hong Kong under

,greement o. )E ;;/%&&' 90E. ,rup were supported $y su$-consutants orconsut ,S and

Ur$is 8td and other speciaist su$-consutants.

1he o$hist the emphasis of this study is particuary reated to rock cavern deveopment( the term4underground space6 is used to encompass not ony purpose-$uit rock caverns $ut aso arge

$asement-type excavations formed $y cut and cover methods.

1his Executive Summary outines the ma


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imited in Hong Kong !sand and Kowoon. !n order to esta$ish the opportunities that existed for

this new form of deveopment( whist taking the constraints uniAue to Hong Kong into account(

the Study of the +otentia Use of Underground Space 9S+U was initiated $y 0E# in *'BB

under the aegis of the ?etropan Study focusing on four main issues:

*. 1he physica opportunities provided $y Hong Kong6s topography and geoogy.

%. 1he existence of suita$e sites compati$e with panning needs

C. , ikey range of via$e uses.

D. Environmenta pro$ems and opportunities.

1he S+U study confirmed that the deveopment of underground space in Hong Kong was avia$e aternative to conventiona a$ove-ground deveopment and one which coud offersignificant environmenta $enefits.

#ther @eevant Studies

oowing S+U( )avern +roarehouse in )hai >an

!n parae with the S+U and ),+@# studies( the 0uide to )avern Engineering( the 0uide toire Safety 5esign for )averns and Hong Kong +anning Standards and 0uideines 9HK+S0on rock cavern deveopment were issued to provide designers and reguatory authorities with aguide to good cavern engineering practice.

Severa +reiminary Engineering 0eoogy Studies 9+E0S were carried out $y )E55 $etween*''& and *''C and more recenty to assess the potentia for reocating various existing andpanned faciities to rock caverns( incuding sewage treatment( fue storage( a$attoir 7 servicereservoir faciities.

)avern ,rea Studies 9),S were aso carried out $y )E55 $etween *''% and *''B( to cassifythe suita$iity of and for rock cavern deveopment $ased primariy on genera engineeringgeoogica information.

@eview of ?a


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Gjvik, Norway

!n *'G( the first underground swimming poo tointernationa standards was competed in thecity centre of 0


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>ith the increased needs forsewage treatment and tightercontros on the dischargestandards into the sea( argesewage treatment pants have$een constructed in rock caverns

since the *'G&s. 1he firstunderground treatment pant in#so was the JE,S Sewage1reatment +ant commissioned in*'B%. !t handes residentia(

commercia and industria waste water for a popuation of approximatey ;(&&& peope. 1hepant initiay had a capacity of D&&(&&& mC and adopted a mechanica/chemica process( whichwas ater extended to incude a fixed fim $ioogica remova system. ,n extension for six of itseight caverns commenced in *''* to improve the Auaity of the discharge.

Oset, Norway

0o$ay( water treatment faciities have aso $een deveoped within rock caverns. #ne of theargest faciities for water treatment is the #set >ater 1reatment compex in #so( orway. 1heorigina pant was constructed in *'G* and consisted of parae caverns. 1his was enargedand upgraded in %&&B and now produces over C'*(&&& mC of pota$e water per day whistmeeting EU standards. #set is now Europe6s argest pant ocated within rock caverns andserves a$out '& of #so6s popuation.

ansas !ity, US"

Underground Auarrying of imestone for construction road-$ase materias and aggregates hasproduced more than %.C miion m% of deveoped underground space. Since the *';&s( this has

$een used extensivey for warehousing( manufacturing( offices( retai and service operations.

#t$keskus, %in&and

!tLkeskus Swimming )ompex opened in *''C and is an underground two-storey faciity. !tconsists of a & m swimming poo( a earner6s poo( chidren6s poo( hencircumstances reAuire( it can $e converted into an emergency sheter for C(B&& persons.

@ock )avern +roS5 satwater service reservoirs 9*%(&&& mC capacity within rock caverns to accommodate thedeveopment of their )entennia )ampus. 1he two rock caverns are & m ong( *G.; m wide and*G m high. 1his has set an unprecedented oca exampe of constructing service reservoirs in


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rock caverns. 1he cavern scheme preserved the three historic graded $uidings near$y(minimised tree feing and reduced the amount of construction waste generated.

'he Stan&ey Sewage 'reat(ent )orksserves a popuation of %G(&&& inha$itants. 1he design

capacity of the faciity is **(;&& mC/day. 1he faciity( designed with a process that minimised the

si=e of the sewage treatment faciity( was competed in *''. 1he underground faciitycomprises access tunnes( a *C& m ong service cavern of * m span and *G m high( and two

treatment tunnes a$out '& m ong( * m span and ** m high. 1hese house aeration tanks(

sudge pumps and fina settement $asins. 1he cavern scheme was chosen $ecause no suita$e

surface and was avaia$e.

'he au Shat )an E*p&osives +epot was competed in *''G and has since $een the

principa store of exposives in Hong Kong. 5ue to the arge ur$an deveopment panned on the

>est Kowoon @ecamation cose to the then exposives compex on Stonecutters !sand( a new

exposive storage faciity was panned. 1he seected site at Kau Shat >an offered a remote(

secure site with imited accessi$iity $y and. 1he Kau Shat >an exposives maga=ine faciity

comprises one oop access tunne with *& o. exposive cham$ers that are %* m ong( ;.B mhigh and *C m wide running off the access tunne.

'he #s&and )est 'ransfer Stationinvoved the construction of awaste transfer faciity in a rockcavern in the )entra and >estern 5istrict of Hong Kong !sand. !t was successfuy procuredthrough a $uid( operate and transfer contract with private sector invovement. 1he cavernscheme was adopted $ased on the work undertaken in the S+U 7 ),+@# Studies as therewere pro$ems in identifying a suita$e site for the refuse transfer station within the )entra and>estern 5istrict. 1he cavern ayout and arrangement incude a %G m span cavern that is ;& mong and *% m high. 1his is the argest span rock cavern constructed in Hong Kong to date.

'he '- )est #s&and .ine E*p&osives aga/ine at Victoria -oadwas constructed to storeexposives for the construction activities reating to the >est !sand 8ine. 1he maga=ine isdesigned in a horseshoe shape( with eight sma niches( each to hod a sma amount ofexposives. 1he excavation totas approximatey C% m in ength and the niches are D.% m highand . m wide( and B.; m ong.

Others!t appears to $e possi$e to expand the use of underground space into arge-scae deveopmentwith minima impact to the surrounding communities and genera pu$ic. !ndeed some of thenew ?1@ pro


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1he review of cavern schemes overseas has identified that there are a variety of reasons for the

deveopment of caverns and underground space such as and suppy( economy( environment(

cimate and security. ot ony are the impact eements important to assess $ut aso the poitica

and pu$ic perception in accepting and vauing this type of space.

1here are a variety of uses that have $een deveoped in rock caverns mosty around the !?M9ot !n ?y ack Mard or ad eigh$our type faciities. However( there are more and uses and

faciity types that have $een recognised internationay that coud aso $e considered as $eing

reevant to Hong Kong. 1hese and uses are isted in the ta$e $eow:


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0otensi 0enggunaan .ahan untuk 0enge(1angan -ock !avern

2enis 0enggunaan .ahan0enggunaan .ahan Eksisting di

H0SG3

0enggunaan .ahan 4ang +apat

+ita(1ahkan ke H0SG

Komersia @etai ood / >ine storage

>arehousing

!ndustria !ndustry

8+0 $uk storage#i $uk storage

Storage / >arehousing

5angerous goods

5ata centre@esearch a$oratoriesScience park

+emerintahan( !nstansi( dan

#rganisasi Komunitas

)ivic centre

)oum$arium / ?ausoeum /

?ortuary!ncinerator!ndoor games / Sports ha

@efuse transfer faciitySewage / >ater treatment pantService reservoirSaughterhouse1ransport connections 7 networks

>hoesae market

,rchives

icyce park-and-ride)ar / Jehice parking)rematorium@efuse coection point

?aintenance depot for rai andothersUnderground Auarrying

asiitas Umum +ower station Su$station

NHong Kong +anning Standards and 0uideines

@eview of the inancia and Economic ,spects of

@ock )avern Schemes1he costs of the various rock cavern schemes previousy presented within the S+U and),+@# studies have $een reviewed and updated. 1he costs( excuding the and costs overa(for the cavern options have generay increased $y a arger proportion than the a$ove-groundfaciity costs. 1his is primariy $ecause permanent inings have $een incuded in a assumptionsto meet improved operationa reAuirements. Shotcrete and dowe rock mass support coud $eused in ess critica areas to reduce costs.

or the cavern option( proith a fina concrete ining instaed the tota cost of the construction is ikey to rangefrom around HKO%(&& to C(&& per mC. !t shoud aso $e noted that these costs are forexcavation and support ony and do not incude a the necessary associated preiminaries.


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1he review has identified that underground faciities are generay more costy to run than thea$ove-ground faciities. However( when non-monetary $enefits and and costs are taken intoaccount( the rock cavern schemes $ecome more attractive.

@easons why some of the schemes studied under S+U/),+@# were not impemented coud

$e $roady categorised under four main headings as foows:

Economic / inanciaF easi$iity stage does not incude an accurate comparison of a$ove-ground and

underground options( particuary the and cost savings that are captured $y rock caverndeveopment options. 1he savings in and and the a$iity to use it for some other use that$enefits the community needs to $e incuded in future anaysis.

F +otentia cavern option wi aways appear more costy if and costs are not incuded due topossi$y higher operationa reAuirements 9ventiation( ighting( safety( etc.

F +ro


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1he adhere the framework to $uid( operate and maintain underground space has not $eendeveoped there is potentia for the a$ove-ground $ased egisative and reguatory framework to

hinder the deveopment of underground space.

8egisative and administrative issues concerning cavern deveopment often incude the imits ofsurface property ownership( the right to deveop underground space( appication of surface anduse reguations to underground space( environmenta contros( ma


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impementing this strategy. 5espite the ack of a centra or specific ega and administrativeframework for panning and reguation of underground space( orway has a ong history ofdeveoping a arge num$er and variety of underground faciities.

,ccommodating previous restrictions on underground deveopment( in that surface $uidings inur$an areas were ony aowed to extend to shaow depth may have inadvertenty freed up the

rest of the deeper underground space for other uses. )onstruction of underground deveopment$eneath private ots is aso aowed su$


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F Papan has a ong history of deveoping underground pedestrian and retai space that has $eenmosty promoted $y government incentives. #i storage( hydropower and other and uses haveaso $een paced underground.

F South Korea has deveoped an extensive network of oi and fue storage faciities for strategic

and security reasons.

F 1he etherands has two cities 9,rnhem and Qwoe that have prepared non-$inding =oningpans that divide the su$surface into three ayers that target the types of uses that those ayerswoud $e su$hie the use of underground space is Auite common in Hong Kong in reation to the ?1@ andassociated underground retai compexes( Hong Kong currenty ony has five purpose-$uitcavern deveopments.

!n Hong Kong the drivers for cavern deveopment are high and vaues and imited surface andfor deveopment. 1he hiy( steep terrain and strong granitic and vocanic rocks of Hong Kongprovide exceent conditions to deveop underground space.

,dvantages and opportunities for underground deveopment in Hong Kong incude:

8ack of ,vaia$e 8and

Key sites that are occupied $y government uses can $e considered for reprovisioning in rockcaverns to free up and in densey popuated areas. +rime and areas that have $ecomeverticay constrained are ikey to adopt underground options in the future( particuary ifincentives are avaia$e to the private sector.

Ur$an @edeveopment

,s existing oder ur$an areas deteriorate and new infrastructure or redeveopment is reAuired(underground deveopment provides a method where$y essentia services can $e constructedconcurrenty $eneath new faciities with minimum disruption to the surface and pu$ic.

Environmenta !mpact

Underground deveopments can reduce the impacts on ur$an spraw and provide for thereAuirements of economic growth whist preserving the natura environment.

ad eigh$our Uses


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8ocating a$ove-ground undesira$e or $ad neigh$our2 uses( e.g. refuse transfer stations andsewage treatment works( can $e a contentious aspect within an existing community. ,doption ofunderground faciities for this type of and use coud reduce the impacts on the environment andcommunities iving near$y.

8ow Jisua !mpact

, ma


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C. !dentify existing and parces that coud $e used for underground space deveopment. ,system to reserve them for suita$e and uses without $eing compromised $y futuredeveopment pro


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1hirdy( the statutory panning currenty dictates that and use on the surface aso governs theand uses underground( which coud potentiay $e restrictive to the deveopment of differinguses. However( the current statutory panning system has the fexi$iity to accommodateunderground deveopment.

1o faciitate optima underground deveopment( a revised reguatory framework woud $e

reAuired. )omponents of these amendments woud incude:

F 1he a$iity to create


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http://www.undergroundspace.gov.hk

'erritory6wide Study on Underground Space +eve&op(ent in the

Ur1an "reas of Hong ong

8and is a scarce resource in Hong Kong. Underground space is a via$e source of and suppy.

!n ate %&*C( the )ivi Engineering and 5eveopment 5epartment commenced a territory-wide

study to expore the potentia for deveoping underground space in the ur$an centres and new

towns( with a view to creating ur$an space( enhancing ur$an connectivity and improving

congested ur$an environment.

1he study was highighted in the %&*C and %&*D +oicy ,ddresses.

5enefits

Hong Kong has a ong history of underground space deveopment. 1hese are primariy pro


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!n addition to the a$ove territory-wide study( )ivi Engineering and 5eveopment 5epartment

aso pans to aunch a +iot Study on seected strategic ur$an areas in %&*. 1his study aims to

examine the feasi$iity of deveoping underground space in four strategic ur$an areas

9Admiralty/Wan Chai, Causeway Bay, Happy Valley and Tsim Sha Tsui West in more detai.

1herefore( these four strategic ur$an areas wi not $e covered under the territory-wide study.

Hong ong E*a(p&es of Underground Space +eve&op(ent

0edestrian Su1way Syste( 1etween 'si( Sha 'sui and East 'si( Sha 'sui '-

Stations

- #pened in %&&D

- +rovides a convenient(

comforta$e and

weatherproof underground

pedestrian network totaing

a$out *.D km

- %; ?1@ exits connected to

ma


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- uit in *''G

- , retai space of G* m% foor area

formed underneath a pu$ic road

- ,so served as an aternative ink

$etween the $asement eve of East

+oint )entre and !sand )entre

'- Stations

- % ?1@ stations constructed in rock caverns in *'B - 1ai Koo Station and Sai >an Ho

Station

- 1ai Koo Station is %m wide and *;m high

- Sai >an Ho Station is *;m wide and *Cm high

- more ?1@ stations in rock caverns

- Sai Ming +un Station 9%&*D

- University Station 9%&*D

- 8ei 1ung Station 9%&*

- Ho ?an 1in Station 9%&*

- ,dmiraty Station Extension 9%&%&

Stan&ey Sewage 'reat(ent )orks

- )ommissioned in *''

- )onsists of C rock caverns approximatey *%&m ong( *m wide and *Gm high each

- Serves a popuation of over %G(&&& in Staney( ?a Hang( 1ai 1am( )hung Hom Kok and

@ed Hi areas

- aciities effectivey hidden in caverns

- !ntegrates with the surrounding environment and community

#s&and )est 'ransfer Station

- uit in *''G- +rovide waste transfer service for the )entra and >estern 5istrict and part of the

Southern 5istrict

- 1he tipping ha is housed within a rock cavern measuring a$out ;m ong( *%m high and

%Gm wide

- 1reatment capacity of *(&&& tonnes of refuse per day

- 8ess than %&&m from the nearest residentia $uiding

- aciities effectivey hidden underground


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- ?inima environmenta and visua impact

au Shat )an Govern(ent E*p&osives +epot

- uit in *''G

- or storage of commercia exposives- )omprising *& rock cavern cham$ers( each measuring %*m ong( *Cm wide and Gm high

- #ffered a safe and secure environment for the storage

- @educed visua impact $y housing the storage inside the hiy terrain( whie preserving

the natura green andscape

)estern Sa&t )ater Service -eservoirs

- uit in %&&'

- ?aximum storage of *%(&&&mC sat water

- @eeased surface and for construction of HKU )entennia )ampus- ,voided massive excavation and thus minimi=ed visua and environmenta impacts

- Joted as one of 1he Hong Kong +eope Engineering >onders in the %*st )entury2

organi=ed $y 1he Hong Kong !nstitution of Engineers in %&*C

5oston8s 95ig +ig: 0roject

- oston6s ig 5ig2 pro


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- #pened in %&**( ?a of the >ord2 at Qhu


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#ffer a arge open area for organising cutura and recreationa events( exhi$itions(

etc.

orea

- Exampes of arge scae ur$an underground space deveopment are aso found in Seou(incuding Ewha )ampus )ompex at Ewha >omans Univerisity( ana SAuare at Korea

University and 1he uk Seou ?useum of ,rt

- +rovided a new dimension in ur$an design $y exporing space from a C-5 perspective in

a fexi$e manner

- )reated spacious city andscape and peasant surface environment $y reorganising the

setting of a$ove-ground and $eow-ground faciities

- )ontemporary design with the expoitation of natura ighting and ventiation( making

underground space fee comforta$e and deightfu

%in&andia Ha&& !ar 0ark !averns, %in&and

- +rovides ;& parking ots in *&(&&&mC caverns

- #rigina parking spaces at ground eve were deveoped into a city park for municipa and

cutura faciities

- ,dopted a modern architectura design

- +edestrian wakways provided in the caverns connecting to near$y faciities

#t$keskus Swi((ing Ha&&, %in&and

- )omprises a &m swimming poo( a earner6s poo( a chidren6s poo( a Pacu==i(

watersides( diving towers( saunas and a gymnasium- @eceives D&&(&&& visitors per year

- )an accommodate *(&&& visitors at any one time

Gjvik O&y(pic ountain Ha&&, Norway

- uit in *''C

- 1he word6s argest span rock cavern : ;*m wide( %m high and '*m ong

- Hosted ice hockey matches of the 8iehammer >inter #ympic 0ames in *''D

- , we-used faciity for concerts( exhi$itions and other activities

- )apacity of (&& peope

Nationa& "rchives, Norway

- 1he cavern faciity started to operate in *'GB

- D-storey storage $uiding erected inside rock caverns

- +rovided a consistent humidity and steady temperature contro

- ,owed fexi$iity for phased expansion to meet the growing storage demand


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0ionen +ata !entre, Sweden

- )onstructed $y expanding existing nucear $unkers in rock caverns $uit in the *'G&s

- Simuated dayight and greenhouse( and a %(;&& itre sat water fish tank( to provide a

comforta$e working environment- UniAue for its architecture and interior design

- or detais( pease visit $ahnhof.net

)ine Storage, %rance

- >ine is traditionay stored in specia venues for shetering from UJ( consistent humidity

and steady temperature

- >ine caves with specia architectura design creates an atmosphere for $oth en


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- , muti-purpose private faciity in caverns with a$out ; km network of underground

space( contains materia testing a$oratory( concrete $atching pant( firearm testing

centre( fu-scae mock-up testing ground 9e.g. $asting( rock support( ining( etc.( fire

fighting training faciity( conference/ecture room( exhi$ition room and restaurant

- Successfuy iustrated the versatiity of rock caverns

- 1aior-made caverns can $e formed to suit specific uses upon cients6 reAuests 3 cearydemonstrated fexi$iity of ayout and expansion in underground environment

- )averns constructed underneath a geopark and integrated we with the surrounding

environment

- or detais( pease visit hager$ach.ch/en

Scho&&1erg Underground >uarry, Swit/er&and

- uarrying commenced in *'B

- , privatey operated Auarry in a scenic mountainous area

- ,ows year-round operation( even under adverse weather conditions

- +reserves existing andscape( effectivey minimised environmenta and visua impacts

- Underground space created can $e utiised for other $eneficia uses

"&u* -estaurant, e*ico

- , themed restaurant ocated in rock caves in ?exico

- Speciay decorated to provide a uniAue dining experience

- or detais( pease visit auxrestaurant.com

Springfie&d Underground, issouri, US"

- 8ocated at a$out C& m $eow ground

- 1ota cavern space of a$out %D&(&&& sAuare metres

- ,ccommodates various kinds of faciities( incuding warehousing( ogistics(

manufacturing and cod storage

- @ai-served and accessi$e $y tractor-traiers

- or detais( pease visit www.springfiedunderground.com


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!H"0'E- ?? O% HONG ONG 0."NN#NG S'"N+"-+S "N+ GU#+E.#NES ;H0SGorking 0roup on

Underground @ock )avern 5eveopments. 1he ta$e is not exhaustive and

shoud $e used for genera guidance ony. Each appication has to $e considered

on its own merits.

%.%.% !t must $e recognised that changes in technoogy may hep prevent or aeviate

pro$ems associated with the intended underground deveopment. 1he suita$iity


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of each case shoud therefore $e assessed on the $asis of a pre-feasi$iity study

and panning study descri$ed $eow.

1a$e * : +ossi$e Uses for @ock )avern 5eveopment

8and Use +ossi$e*

Unsuita$e%

* @esidentia 9!nc. residentia institution

% )ommercia

#ffice M

@etai M

Entertainment M

Hote

,nciary +arking M

C )ommercia / @esidentia

)ommercia eements M

@esidentia eements

D !ndustria!ndustry M

Storage/>arehousing M

#i $uk storage M

8+0 $uk storage M

Education

; Jehice +arking M

G #pen Space

B 0overnment/!nstitution/)ommunity

,$attoir M

)ivic centre/)ommunity centre M

Hospita/+oycinic/)inic !ncinerator M

!ndoor games/Sports ha M

?arket 9whoesae and retais M

@efuse transfer faciities M

Sewage/>ater treatment M

Service reservoir M

1ransport connections 7 networks M

)emetery/)rematorium

)oum$arium/?ausoeum/?ortuary M

' Utiities

+ower stations/Eectricity su$-stations M

S+UTs and >orking 0roupTs recommendations

* Uses under this coumn are su$


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%.C +anning +rocess for @ock )avern 5eveopment

%.C.* 1he panning process for handing rock cavern deveopment is iustrated in the

fow chart at igure *. !t indicates the roe of the +anning 5epartment 9+an 5(

the 0eotechnica Engineering #ffice 90E# of the )ivi Engineering 5epartment

9)E5( the uidings and 8ands 5epartment 985 and other reevant

departments/agencies in the panning and deveopment of underground rock

caverns.

Site identification

%.C.% +ossi$e underground rock cavern sites shoud $e identified as soution spaces

mainy in the formuation of the su$-regiona panning strategies. #ther specia

strategic studies may aso identify suita$e cavern sites to meet their o$ 1echnica

)ircuar o. '/BB VEnvironmenta @eview of ?a


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no. %/'& V,ppication of the Environmenta !mpact ,ssessment +rocess to

?a


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the )ode of +ractice on ire Engineering for )averns. oth documents are under

preparation. @eevant issues to $e considered incude :-

9a ire( Ha=ard and +u$ic Safety !ssues

ire/ha=ard prevention( means of escape and other pu$ic safety issues are

of crucia importance to the design of cavern deveopments. 1he 5irector ofire Services and the +rincipa 0overnment uiding Surveyor shoud $e

consuted on their reAuirements.

9$ @adon Emission and 0as !ncidence

!t is standard practice in the design of a underground space to provide

adeAuate ventiation in order to avoid the accumuation of gas. 1he 5irector

of Environmenta +rotection( the 5irector of ire Services( the )ommissioner

for 8a$our and the 5irector of Heath shoud $e consuted on their

reAuirements.

9c asting oise( Ji$ration and Su$sidence

Some cavern schemes may reAuire $asting in cose proximity to $uiding

structures and transport ines. >hen such operations are ikey to $e

invoved( advice on the sta$iity of adater

Suppies and other utiity companies shoud $e made on their reAuirements

on the provision of utiity faciities to the cavern deveopment.

or private pro


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apart from access tunnes( drainage adits( and ventiation shafts. @eevant

departments shoud $e consuted on the maintenance reAuirements of the

proposed deveopment for incorporation in the engineering/ease conditions.

Pro!ect $mplementation

%.C.*&, private cavern pro

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