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Transcript of tenses
SUBMITTED TO:-
SUBMITTED BY:-ISHAN JAIN
RAJIV SIR
CLASS -9TH F
1
History of computers
and latest technology.
(coming soon)
2
History of Computers
• Mechanical Computers– Abacus– Jacquard Loom– Player Piano– Difference Engine– Analytical Engine– Hollerith and the 1890 US Census
3
The Jacquard Loom
• Program cards with punched holes to control the pattern being woven.
• Less talented people could make cloth as fancy as highly skilled weavers.
4
Player Piano
The typical upright player piano was operated by pumping two large foot pedals which came out from inside the lower panel of the instrument. Pumping these pedals created a vacuum, which operated a perforated paper roll located behind sliding doors in the front panel of the instrument. The perforations in the paper roll passed over a series of holes through which vacuum was pulled to activate the keys.
5
The Difference Engine
• Predecessor to the Analytical Engine
• Calculated value of polynomials via the addition of differences
• Single purpose - not programmable for other purposes
6
The Difference Engine
• Calculates a polynomial such as the square of a number via a sum of the differences.
7
The Analytical Engine
• Added the concept of storing on cards the sequence of operations for a machine such as the difference engine to make it programmable.
• Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace was the first computer programmer.
• We have named a programming language (Ada) in her honor.
Charles Babbage
Augusta Ada8
Hollerith Cards
• Hollerith used punched cards to hold data and could mechanically sort the cards and add/print data from cards in sorted order.
• Hollerith cards were used for utility bills and US Savings Bonds as recently as the 1980’s.
9
Hollerith Card Processing
10
History of Computers
• Early Electrical/Electronic Computers– Atanasoff-Berry Computer – Vacuum
Tubes– Konrad Zuse and Helmut Schreyer -
Relays– Howard Aiken (Harvard Mark I) – Relays
• Typical Uses – Compute Ballistic Firing Tables for
Artillery– Solutions for Algebraic Equations
11
Relays versus Vacuum Tubes
Relays are switches controlledby a magnetic field
Input VoltageAnd Current
Output Voltage(s)And Current(s)
Electromagnet
Switches
Filament Power
Output Voltage(s)And Current(s)
Input VoltageAnd Current
Vacuum Tubes are
switches controlled
by an electric field
12
Relays versus Vacuum Tubes
• Both were in mass production at the time (1940’s)– Relays were used in telephone switches– Vacuum tubes were used in radios.
• Relays used mechanical switches that could fail due to dirt, etc. and were slower than vacuum tubes
• Relays were more reliable than vacuum tubes which had a filament (like a light bulb) that could burn out.
• Both used a relatively large amount of power by comparison to today’s electronic circuits
13
History of Computer Hardware
• Electronic Computers – First Generation– British Colossus– Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC)– IBM 7090
14
ENIAC
• A 30 by 50 foot room• 18,000 Vacuum Tubes• Programming done via
wires on patch panels• Not as powerful as the
machine in front of you
• Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) shorter than many practical jobs
Lots of heat generated by the vacuum tubes - needed cooling
15
History of Computer Hardware
• Electronic Computers – Second Generation– Transistors (invented 1957)– IBM 360– Honeywell 316
• Many large racks of equipment using a lot of power and needing an air conditioned room
16
History of Computer Hardware
• Electronic Computers - Third Generation– Integrated Circuits
(invented 1963)– IBM 370– DEC VAX
• Fewer smaller equipment racks, but still using a lot of power / needing an air conditioned room
17
History of Computer Hardware
• Electronic Computers – Fourth Generation– Large scale/Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuits–Microprocessors (Computer on a chip)– IBM PC and Apple Macintosh– IBM Mainframes and Servers– Apollo/HP/Sun Workstations
• Single shelf, Desktop, and Laptop Possible
18
The Computer as a Tool• Calculators– “Modern” Mechanical Calculators
– Slide Rules
– Modern Pocket Calculators
– Windows Calculator Accessory• Programs/Accessories/Calculator on PC Screen• Easy to use because it looks like a modern pocket
calculator19
Latest technology (coming soon)
There are a hundred of technologies which are coming nowadays are wearable computers, 3d holographic phones, paper
phones, piezo electricity generators, motion gaming, nano technology cell phones, virtual reality, G-speak , 3d
games e.t.c.
21
Wearable computers
Now a days the latest technology that is coming is wearable computers. In this technology the mobile phones or computers are embedded in the human skin only and that converts your skin into a touch screen !!! This technology would take about 10- 15 years. Amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!
22
3d holographic phones
3D holographic phones are the most amazing phones of the 5TH generation. In these type of phones there is a projector in such type of phones. these projector generates 3D images in air which can be touch to see output. There is also motion gaming on such type of phones. The best example is PS3.
23
Paper phones
In these phones the internal circuit and the screen both are made from flexible displays which can be folded and even they don’t break after turning into a circle.
24
Augmented reality
Augmented reality is a type of technology which uses Your camera ,GPS, and your internet connection and creates a separate layer where you have focused your camera.
25
Piezo electricity generatorsPiezo electricity generators are
very small generators and
are round in shape. They can generate energy whenever they are put near a
vibrating resource. They
are also the most amazing objects
of the 5th generation. They have also been tested in Japan.
26
Motion GamingThis has been introduced in PS3 and kinect with Xbox. This is been the most adventures way for gaming. It’s console has 3 cameras (in kinect) one has a simple sensing and other have only two camera for sensing the player.
27
Nano technology cell phonesNokia recently has been announced to the concept of morph phone which uses nanoscale technology. It is being researched in Cambridge university, but still it is about 15- 20 years away from materialization. Its main specialty is it can be turned as a elastic at a electronic level.
28
Virtual realityToshiba has been developed a new type of helmet which gave user 360 view and in VR environment. It works on the principle of Immersion where 3D images are made to appear life size from the perspective of the user along with audio and video hap tic feed back based ion the user eye movements and head movements images are correspondily adjusted and responds to every action of user.
29
G-Speak technology G-speak is developed by John Underkoffler. It’s a system which allows users to navigate and interact with data in a unprecedented, visually rich , natural and responsive manner.
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Thank you for Seeing my slides
Bye Bye