Ten Things to Consider When SelectingYour Next Oscilloscope

Application Note 1490

who makes the scopes you are considering, carefullyanalyzing each one inrelation to the 10 issuesdiscussed here will help you evaluate theinstruments objectively.

After you have read throughthis document, you should

have the information you needto choose the best possible

scope for your applications.

As you start the scope selectionprocess, you probably have aprice range in mind. The price of a scope will depend on manyfactors, including bandwidth,sample rate, number of channels,and memory depth. If you shopfor a scope on the basis of pricealone, you may not end with theperformance you need. Instead,think in terms of value. If yourbudget is tight, you may want to consider renting a scope orpurchasing used equipment.

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. How much bandwidth do you need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. How many channels do you need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. What are your sample rate requirements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. How much memory depth do you need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. What display capability do you need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6. What triggering capabilities do you need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7. What is the best way to probe your signal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

8. What documentation and connectivity features do you need? . . . 9

9. How will you analyze your waveforms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

10. Last but not least—demo, demo, demo! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Support, Services, and Assistance . . . 14

Introduction

You rely on your oscilloscopeevery day, so selecting the rightone to meet your needs is animportant task. Comparing specsand features of scopes made bydifferent manufacturers can betime-consuming and confusing.The concepts outlined here areintended to speed your selectionprocess and help you avoid somecommon pitfalls. No matter

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Now that we are in the era of thedigitizing oscilloscope, there’smore to scope bandwidth thanjust the bandwidth of the analogamplifiers alone. To ensure thatyour scope has enough bandwidthfor your application, you need totake into account the bandwidthsof the signals you will be lookingat with the scope.

Bandwidth is the most importantcharacteristic of the oscilloscope,as it determines the range ofsignals to be displayed, and to a large extent, the price you’llneed to pay. When making yourbandwidth decision, you need to balance today’s budget

Figure 1: 50 MHz square waves onscopes with different bandwidths.

limitations with your expectedneeds over the life of the scope in your lab.

In today’s digital technologies,the system clock is usually thehighest-frequency signal thescope is likely to display. Yourscope should have a bandwidth atleast three times greater than thisfrequency in order to obtain areasonable display of the shape of this signal.

Another characteristic of thesignals in your system thatdetermines the bandwidthrequirements of your scope is the signals’ risetimes. Since it’s

likely you will not be looking at just pure sine waves, yoursignals will contain harmonics at frequencies beyond thefundamental frequency of yoursignal. For instance, if you arelooking at a square wave, thesignal actually containsfrequencies that are at least 10times the fundamental frequencyof the signal. If you don’t ensureproper scope bandwidth whenlooking at a signal such as a square wave, you will seerounded edges on your scopedisplay instead of the clean, fastedges you were expecting to see. This, in turn, will affect theaccuracy of your measurements.

Fortunately, we have a few verysimple equations that will helpyou to determine proper scopebandwidth, given your signalcharacteristics:

1. Signal bandwidth = 0.5/signal risetime

2. Scope bandwidth = 2 x signal bandwidth

3. Scope real-time sample rate = 4 x scope bandwidth

Now that you’ve determined theproper scope bandwidth, youneed to take into account thesample rate for every channel youintend to use at the same time onthe scope. As outlined in equation3 above, you need to ensure asample rate of four times thescope bandwidth for eachchannel you intend to use, inorder for those channels to fullysupport the rated bandwidth ofthe scope. We’ll discuss this inmore detail later.

1How much bandwidth do you need?

500 MHz scope

350 MHz scope

100 MHz scope

60 MHz scope

3

Figure 2: Six-channel measurement: Data lineduring a write trigger on RAS, CAS, WE, CS and CLK.

At first glance, the number ofchannels seems like a simpleissue. After all, don’t alloscilloscopes come with two orfour channels? Not any more!Digital content is everywhere intoday’s designs, and whether thedigital content is low or high inyour design, traditional 2- and4-channel oscilloscopes do notalways provide the channel countnecessary to trigger on and viewall signals of interest. If you’vecome across this situation, youunderstand the frustrationinvolved in either buildingexternal triggering hardware orwriting special software to isolateactivity of interest.

For today’s increasingly digitalworld, a new breed of oscilloscopeshas enhanced the utility of theoscilloscope in digital andembedded debug applications.Mixed-signal oscilloscopes(commonly referred to as MSOs)tightly interleave an additional 16 logic timing channels with the2 or 4 scope channels of a typicaloscilloscope. The result is a fullyfunctional oscilloscope with up to 20 channels of time-correlatedtriggering, acquisition, and viewing.

Let’s take a common SDRAMapplication as an example of howa mixed-signal oscilloscope can be used for everyday debug. Toisolate an SDRAM write cycle,

you would need to trigger on acombination of five differentsignals—RAS, CAS, WE, CS, andthe Clock. A 4-channel scope byitself is not sufficient for thisbasic measurement.

As you can see in Figure 2, the 16 logic timing channels wereused to set a trigger on RAS high,CAS low, WE high, and CS. Scopechannel 1 is used to view andtrigger on the rising edge of theclock. Unlike a combined logicanalyzer and oscilloscopesolution in which the logicanalyzer can only cross-triggerthe oscilloscope and vice-versa, amixed-signal oscilloscope allowsyou to do full-width triggeringacross both the scope and logictiming channels.

2How many channels do you need?

4

As we mentioned earlier, sample rate is a very importantspecification to consider whenevaluating an oscilloscope. Whypoint this out? Most oscilloscopesincorporate a form of interleaving,in which sample rates can beincreased when two or morechannels couple their A/Dconverters to provide a maximizedsample rate on only one or twochannels of a four-channeloscilloscope. The bannerspecification of the oscilloscopewill emphasize only thismaximized sample rate and willnot tell you that the sample rateapplies to one channel only! Ifyou’re interested in purchasing a4-channel scope, it’s a given thatyou want to use and have fullbandwidth on more than a singlechannel only.

Recall from the equations given inconsideration 2 that the samplerate of the scope should be atminimum four times greater thanthe bandwidth of the scope. The4x multiplier is beneficial whenthe scope is using a form ofdigital reconstruction, such assin(x)/x interpolation. In caseswhere the scope is not employinga form of digital reconstruction,the multiplier should actually be10x. Since most oscilloscopesemploy some form of digitalreconstruction, the 4x multipliershould be sufficient.

Let’s consider an example using a 500 MHz oscilloscope thatemploys sin(x)/x interpolation.For this oscilloscope, theminimum per-channel samplerate to support a full 500 MHzbandwidth on each channelequals 4 x (500 MHz), or 2 GSa/sper channel. Some 500 MHzscopes on the market todayadvertise a maximum 5 GSa/ssampling rate, but fail to pointout that the 5 GSa/s samplingrate is applicable on one channelonly. The per-channel sample rate of these scopes, when usingeither three or four channels, is actually only 1.25 GSa/s—insufficient to support the500 MHz bandwidth on more thana couple of channels.

Another way to look at samplerate is to determine theresolution you want betweenpoints of your acquisition.Sample rate is simply the inverseof the resolution. For example,say you are interested in 1 nsresolution between points. Thesample rate that can provide thisresolution is 1/(1 ns) = 1 GSa/s.

In conclusion, make sure that thescope you consider has enoughsample rate per channel for all channels you want to usesimultaneously, so each channelcan support the rated bandwidthof the scope.

3What are your sample rate requirements?

5

4How much memory depth do you need?

As you read above, bandwidthand sample rate are closelyrelated. Memory depth is alsotightly related to sample rate. An A/D converter digitizes theinput waveform, and the resultingdata is stored into the scope’shigh-speed memory. Animportant selection factor is tounderstand how the oscilloscopeyou’re considering uses thisstored information. Memorytechnology enables you to dothings like capture an acquisition,and zoom in to see more detail, or perform math, measurements,and post-processing functions onthe acquired data.

Many people assume that theoscilloscope’s maximum samplingrate specification applies to alltime base settings. This would bea good thing, but it would requiresuch a large memory that nobodywould be able to afford such ascope. Because the memory depthis limited, all oscilloscopes must

reduce their sampling speed asthe time base is set to wider andwider ranges. The deeper thescope’s memory, the more timecan be captured at full samplingspeed. There is currently apopular oscilloscope on themarket with a sampling speed ofseveral gigasamples per secondand 10,000 points of memory.This oscilloscope is forced toreduce its sampling speed tokilosamples per second when thetime base is set to 2 ms/divisionand slower. You need to check thescope in question to see how itssampling speed is affected by the time base setting. The scopereferred to here will have abandwidth of only a few kilohertzwhen operating at sweep speedsrequired to display a full cycle ofa system’s operation.

The required memory depth you need is dependent upon theamount of time you want to look at on the display, as well

as the sample rate you want tomaintain. If you’re interested inlooking at longer periods of timewith high resolution betweenpoints, you need deep memory. Asimple equation can tell you howmuch memory you will need,given time span and sample rate:

Memory depth = Sample rate x time across display

Ensuring a high sample rateacross all time settings on thescope can protect you againstsignal aliasing and provide moredetail on the waveforms, shouldyou need to zoom in and examinethe waveform more closely.

Once you have determined yourmemory depth, it is equallyimportant to see how the scopeyou are considering operateswhen you are using the deepestmemory setting. Scopes withtraditional deep-memoryarchitectures respond sluggishly—which can negatively impact your productivity. Due to the slow responsiveness, scopemanufacturers often relegateddeep memory to a special mode,and engineers typically used itonly when deep memory wasessential. Although scopemanufacturers have madeadvances in deep memoryarchitectures over the years,some deep-memory architecturesare still slow and time-consumingto operate. Before you purchase ascope, make sure to evaluate theresponsiveness of the scope inthe deepest memory setting.

Figure 3: These images show an 80 MHz square wave acquired at a slow sweep speed(1 ms/div) on a scope with 2 Mpts memory setting (left) and a 2 kpts memory setting(right). The 2 Mpts deep memory maintains adequate sample rate to prevent aliasing.When the memory is reduced to 2 kpts, the sample rate drops by a factor of 1000. Thisreduced sample rate causes the scope to undersample the signal, resulting in an aliasedsignal of 155 Mz frequency. Although the waveform on the right looks correct, it is not.The frequency of the waveform is off by 79.9 MHz.

6

All oscilloscope suppliers knowthat they are selling the picture of your waveforms. Back in thedays of analog oscilloscopes, thedesign features of the scope’sCRT display determined thequality of the picture. In today’sdigital world, the oscilloscope’sdisplay performance is largely a function of digital processingalgorithms and not the physicalcharacteristics of the displaydevice. Some oscilloscopemanufacturers have addedspecial display modes to theirproduct in an attempt to overcomesome of the differences betweentraditional analog oscilloscopedisplays and digital displays.There is no good way todetermine which is best in yourlab by studying the scope’sspecifications. Only a live demoon your bench, viewing yourwaveforms, will determine whichscope is best for your needs.

Today’s digitizing oscilloscopesfall into two broad categories,waveform viewers and waveformanalyzers. Those scopes designedfor viewing are usually seen in test and troubleshootingapplications. In these applications,it is the picture of the waveformthat gives you all the informationyou need.

In waveform analysis applications,you see things like Microsoft®Windows® operating systems and advanced analysis functionsthat allow additional levels ofabstraction to be applied todetermine how a system undertest is performing. Again, it isvery difficult to determine howwell an oscilloscope will be ableto meet your needs from only the product’s data sheet. It takes a live demo in your lab to determine if the scope inquestion has the ability to showyou exactly what you need to see.

5What display capability do you need?

7

6What triggering capabilities do you need?

Many general-purpose scopeusers get by using edge triggering.However, you may find it helpfulin some applications to haveadditional triggering power.Advanced triggering gives you the power to isolate the eventsyou wish to view. For example, in digital applications, it is veryhelpful to trigger on a specificpattern across channels. Themixed-signal oscilloscope, asdiscussed earlier, enables you totrigger across a pattern of logicand scope channels—unlike acombined scope/logic analyzersolution, in which you can onlycross-trigger the two instrumentsby means of cabling their respectivein/out trigger signals together.

For serial designers, someoscilloscopes even come standardwith serial triggering protocolsfor such standards as SPI, CAN,

USB, I2C, and LIN. Again,advanced triggering options cansave a significant amount of timein day-to-day debugging tasks.

What if you need to capture an infrequent event? Glitchtriggering allows you to trigger on a positive- or negative-goingglitch, or on a pulse greater thanor less than a specified width.These features are especiallypowerful when you aretroubleshooting. You can triggeron the fault and look backward in time (using the delay orhorizontal position knob) to seewhat caused the problem.

Many scopes on the market todayalso provide triggering capabilityfor TV and video applications.Using a scope’s TV trigger, youcan trigger on the field andspecific line you need to view.

8

Things begin to change at 1 GHzand above. Since passive probesare typically limited to 600 MHz,obtaining full bandwidth out ofyour scope can be an issue. Thesystem bandwidth—the bandwidthof the scope/probe combination—is limited by the lesser of the twobandwidths. Consider, forexample, a 1 GHz scope coupledwith a 500 MHz passive probe.The system bandwidth of thecombination is 500 MHz. It isworthless to purchase a 1 GHzscope if you’ll only get 500 MHzbandwidth because of your probe!

Additionally, every time youconnect a probe to a circuit, theprobe becomes part of the circuitunder test. The probe tip isbasically a short transmissionline. This transmission line is aresonant L-C tank circuit and, atthe 1/4 wave frequency of thetransmission line, the impedanceof the L-C tank circuit will bedriven low—close to zero—and will

7What is the best way to probe your signal?

Figure 4: 250 ps risetime signal probedwith a 2.5 GHz probe and an undamped2 inch connection accessory.

1

-1

0

Volts

0 2010Time (ns)

Figure 5: 250 ps risetime signal probedwith a 2.5 GHz probe and a damped 2 inchconnection accessory.

load your device under test. Youcan easily see the loading of theresonant L-C tank circuit in theslower risetimes and ringing onthe signal.

Active probes not only providegreater bandwidths than passiveprobes, but they can also mitigatesome of the transmission-lineeffects you see when you connecta probe to a device under test(DUT). Agilent Technologies hasminimized the signal loading andresulting signal distortion byincorporating resistive “damped”tips and accessories with theiractive probes. These dampedaccessories prevent the resonantL-C tank circuit impedance fromgoing too low—thus, preventingthe ringing and signal distortioncaused by loading the signal.

Additionally, the dampedaccessories enable the frequencyresponse of the probes to remainflat throughout the entire

bandwidth of the probe. With a flat response, you can ensureagainst signal distortionthroughout the entire bandwidthof the probe.

Now with the signal distortionissue solved, the next step, if youare probing high-speed signals, isto ensure that your probe iscapable of full bandwidth evenwhen you are using probe headaccessories. Agilent InfiniiMaxprobes optimize the probebandwidth by using a controlledtransmission line between theprobe amplifier and probe tip.Using a single amplifier, you canconnect a variety of differentialor single-ended probe heads,including browsing, socketed,solder-in, and SMA, and obtainfull system bandwidth. And,because the probe amplifier isactually separated from the probetip by a controlled transmissionline, you can easily obtain accessto tight probing spaces.

The key here is to understand the bandwidth rating of the probe when using a variety ofprobe heads and accessories.Accessories can degrade a probe’sperformance, and you do notwant to spend thousands of dollars needlessly on ahigh-bandwidth active probe that may have severely degradedperformance in the probingconfiguration you prefer.

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-1

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0 2010Time (ns)

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8What documentation and connectivity features do you need?

Many digitizing oscilloscopes nowhave the connectivity you find onpersonal computers—includingGPIB, RS-232, LAN, and USBinterfaces. It’s now far easier to send pictures to a printer ortransfer data to a PC or serverthan it was in the past. Do youoften transfer scope data to yourPC? Then it will be important foryour scope to have at least one of the connectivity options listedabove. A built-in floppy drive orCD-ROM drive also can help youtransfer data, although usingthem typically requires a littlemore effort than sending a filefrom your scope over a USB orLAN connection. For affordablescopes that do not have some ofthe more advanced connectivityoptions like LAN and USB, scopemanufacturers often provide

software packages that allow youto easily transport the waveformimages and data to a PC via GPIBor RS-232. If your PC doesn’t havea GPIB card, or you want an easyway to transfer the waveform to a laptop PC, you might consider a GPIB-to-USB converter. Manyoscilloscopes also come withmulti-GB hard drives that youalso can use for data storage.Determine ahead of time whatdegree of connectivity anddocumentation capability you will need from your scope.

If you need to connect theoscilloscope as part of anautomated test system, make surethe scope comes with adequatesoftware and a driver to suit yourprogramming environment.

10

Automatic measurements andbuilt-in analysis capability cansave you time and make your jobeasier. Digitizing oscilloscopesfrequently come with an array of measurement features andanalysis options that are notavailable on analog scopes.

Math functions include addition,subtraction, multiplication,division, integration, anddifferentiation. Measurementstatistics (min, max, and average)can qualify measurementuncertainty, a valuable assetwhen you’re characterizing noise and timing margins. Manydigitizing scopes offer FFTcapability as well.

For the “power user” interested inwaveform analysis, oscilloscopemanufacturers are providinggreater flexibility in mid-rangeand high-performance scopes.Some manufacturers offersoftware packages that let youcustomize complex measurements,and perform math functions andpost-processing directly from thescope’s user interface. You canwrite a measurement routine inC++ or Visual Basic, for example,and execute it from a menu on the scope’s graphical userinterface (GUI). This functionalityeliminates the need to transferdata to an external PC, which can save a significant amount of time for those interested inwaveform analysis.

9How will you analyze your waveforms?

Figure 6. Analog and RF designerstypically find advanced mathfunctionality and FFT capabilityimportant features for theireveryday scopes.

Figure 7. Digital designerscommonly use measurementssuch as histogramming toevaluate signal integrity.

Figure 8. Even more advancedwaveform analysis is availablethrough software packages suchas Agilent’s My InfiniiumIntegration Package. My Infiniiumallows engineers to launch theircustomized applications directlyfrom the oscilloscope’s front panelor graphical user interface.

11

If you have thought through theprevious nine considerations, youhave most likely narrowed thefield to a limited number ofscopes that meet your criteria.Now is the time to try them outand do a side-by-side comparison.Borrow the scopes for a few daysso you have time to evaluate themthoroughly. Some factors toconsider as you use each scope:

Ease of use: During your trial,evaluate each scope’s ease of use.Are there easy-to-use dedicatedknobs for often-used adjustmentslike vertical sensitivity, time basespeed, trace position, and triggerlevel? How many buttons do youneed to push to go from oneoperation to the next? Can youoperate the scope intuitivelywhile concentrating on yourcircuit under test?

Display responsiveness: As youevaluate the scopes, pay attentionto display responsiveness—a critical factor—whether you’re using your scope fortroubleshooting applications or for gathering large quantitiesof data. When you change V/div,time/div, memory depth, andposition settings, does the scoperespond quickly? Try the samething with measurement featuresturned on. Is response noticeably slower?

10Last but not least—demo, demo, demo!

Conclusion

After you have thought about allthese issues and have evaluatedthe scopes, you should have agood idea of which models willtruly meet your needs. If you’restill unsure, you may want to discuss the choices with other scope users or call themanufacturer’s technical support staff.

12

Glossary

Aliased signals A signal (normally electrical) sampled below theNyquist Rate (twice the maximum frequency content of the signal) sothat the frequency content of signal is erroneously rearranged.

CAN Controller area network, a robust serial communication busstandard popular in automotive and industrial applications.

Digitizing oscilloscope an oscilloscope that uses a high-speedanalog-to-digital converter (ADC) to measure signals and then displays them on a screen (CRT or LCD) using standard computergraphics techniques.

GPIB General-purpose instrument bus, also know as the IEEE-488 bus,widely used as an interface for connecting test instruments tocomputers and for providing programmable instrument control.

Harmonics a frequency component of a signal that is an integralmultiple of the fundamental of that signal.

I2C Inter integrated circuit bus, a short-distance serial communicationbus standard consisting of two signals (clock and data), popular fortalking between several integrated circuits on the same printed circuit board.

Interleave A technique used in digitizing oscilloscopes whereby ADCsof different analog channels are used together, normally resulting in higher sample rate or more memory depth when you are using fewer channels.

L-C tank circuit A circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance,capable of storing electricity over a band of frequencies continuouslydistributed about a single frequency at which the circuit is said to beresonant or tuned.

LIN Local interconnect network, a short-distance serialcommunication standard that is often found in systems also containingthe CAN bus. LIN is slower and less complex than the CAN bus.

Mixed-signal oscilloscopes (MSOs) Digitizing oscilloscopes that have alarger number of channels than usual for looking at both analog anddigital signals. MSOs typically have two or four analog channels and atleast 8 bits of vertical resolution. There are usually 16 digital channelsbut they typically have only 1 bit of vertical resolution.

SDRAM Synchronous dynamic random-access memory, the most popularform of digital memory today. It differs from previous-generationDRAM in that all signal timing is relative to one clock.

SPI Serial peripheral interface, a very simple short-distance serialcommunication bus standard consisting of either two (clock and data)or three (clock, data and strobe) signals, popular for reading data frommicrocontroller peripherals such as ADCs.

USB Universal serial bus, an interface for connecting peripherals,including test instruments, to computers.

13

Related Literature

Publication Title Publication Type Publication Number

Agilent Technologies Infiniium 54830 Series Brochure 5988-3788ENOscilloscopes

Infiniium 54800 Series Oscilloscope Probes, Selection Guide Data Sheet 5968-7141ENAccessories, and Options

Agilent Technologies 54600 Series Oscilloscopes Data Sheet 5968-8152EN

Agilent Technologies 54600 Series Oscilloscope Selection Guide Data Sheet 5968-8153ENProbes and Accessories

Agilent 82357A USB/GPIB Interface for Windows Data Sheet 5988-5028EN

For copies of this literature, contact your Agilent representative orvisit www.agilent.com/find/scopes

Microsoft® and Windows® are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

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