Temporal and Spatial Variations of PM2.5 Mass in Georgia
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Temporal and Spatial Variations
of PM2.5 Mass in Georgia
Xiaolu Zhang
EAS 6410 Spring 2007
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Introduction
• PM2.5 : particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm ( fine particle )
• Formation: primary and secondary
Precursors include SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC
• Adverse effects: public health, poor visibility…
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Organic Carbon
41%
Elemental Carbon
6%
Nitrate6%
Sulfate31%
Other2%Ammonium
Ion10%
Crustal4%
PM 2.5 composition - Atlanta
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NAAQ Standards for PM2.5
• NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standard • Annual PM2.5 standard: the annual arithmetic mean
concentration ≤ 15.0 µg/m3
• 24-hour PM2.5 standard: the 98th percentile 24-hour
concentration ≤ 65 µg/m3
• Non-attainment areas in Georgia ( 2004 )
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PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas
WALKER
CHATTOOGA
FLOYD
POLK
GORDON
WHITFIELD
MURRAY
GILMER
PICKENS
CRISP
WILKES
T ALIAFERRO
W ARREN
JEFFERSON
GLASCOCK
BURKE
COLUMBIA
LINCOLN
McDU
LAURENS
DODGE
PULASKI
WILCOX
TELFAIR
WHEELER
HOUSTON
PEACH
MONROE
JASPER
JONES
PUTNAM
HANCOCK
TWIGGS
BALDWINW ASHINGTON
JOHNSONWILKINSON
BLECKLEY
IRWIN COFFEE
ATKINSON
CLINCH
ECHOLS
LOWNDES
BROOKS
COLQUITT
COOK
LANIER
TIFT
TURNER
BERRIEN
BEN HILL
W ARE
CHARLTON
CAMDEN
GLYNN
McINTOSH
W AYNE
BRANTLEY
PIERCE
BACON
EFFINGHAM
CHA THAM
BUTTS
LONG
LIBERTY
BRYAN
BULLOCH
SCREVEN
JENKINS
EMANUEL
CANDLER
EVANS
TATTNAL
APPLING
JEFFDAVIS
TOOMBS
MONT-GOMERY
TREUTLEN
FANNIN
UNION
TOWNS
PAULDING
HARALSON
HEARD
COWETA
DOUGLAS
FAYETTE
CHEROKEE
HENR Y
ROCK-DALE
WORTH
LEETERRELL
RANDOLPH
QUITMAN
CLAY
CALHOUNDOUGHERTY
EARLYBAKER
MITCHELLMILLER
SEMINOLE
DECA TUR GRADY
THOMAS
SUMTER
DOOLY
STEWART
WEBSTER
CHA TTA-HOOCHEE
MARION
SCHLEY
TAYLOR
MACON
CRA WFORD
UPSON
TALBOT
TROUP
MERIWETHER
PIKE LAMAR
JACKSON
FORSYTH
LUMPKIN
RABUN
STEPHENS
BANKS FRANKLIN
HART
ELBERT
OGLETHORPE
CLARKE
MORGAN
GREENE
WHITE
HABERSHAM
HALL
WALTON
NEWTON
SPALDING
BARTOW
CARROLL
RICHMOND
BARROW
DAWSON
BIBB
AtlantaChattanoogaFloyd CountyMacon
BIBB
RICHMOND
CLARKE
MUSCOGEE
HARRIS
OCONEE
MADISON
DADECA TOOSA
COBB
FULTONCLAYTON
GWINNETT
DEKALB
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Data AcquisitionGeorgia’s Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP)
ATHENS
CONFDAVE
GWINNETT
MCDONOUGH
NEWNAN
YORKVILL
WALTON
SDEKALB
AUGUSTA
COLUMBUS
MACON
SAVLA
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Rural
Rural
Urban
Urban
Rural
Urban
Urban
Urban
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Sampling Method
• Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
– On-line measurement
– Directly measures PM mass by measuring the
changing weight of a filter as it accumulates
particles
– Is sensitive to humidity and temperature
– Detection limit ~ 1.5 µg/m3
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0
10
20
30
40
50
04/06/07 04/07/07 04/08/07 04/09/07 04/10/07 04/11/07 04/12/07 04/13/07 04/14/07 04/15/07 04/16/07
EST
PM
2.5
Mass (
µm
m-3
)
(Rain)(Rain)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fin
e A
ero
sol M
ass,
µg m
-3
8/10/99 8/11/99 8/12/99
Eastern Standard Time
PM2.5
Sulfate
OM
EC
24h VS 1h avg. Metro Atlanta
• PM spikes often driven by sulfate
precipitation – negative impact
• PM2.5 mass strongly influenced by
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Atlanta vs Rural
Yorkville, GA~80 km west of Confed. Ave.
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Atlanta vs Rural
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
EST
PM
2.5
Mass (
ug
/m3)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
EST
PM
2.5
Mass (
ug
/m3)
04/11/07
Most polluted day
04/07/07
Cleanest day
Confed. Ave
Yorkville
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Spatial Variation In Georgia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
4/6/07 4/7/07 4/8/07 4/9/07 4/10/07 4/11/07 4/12/07 4/13/07 4/14/07
EST
PM
2.5
Mas
s (u
g/m
3) Athens
Urban ATL
Rural ATL
Augusta
Columbus
Macon
Savannah
• Highest concentration: Urban Atlanta, Savannah
• Lowest concentration: Rural Atlanta, Athens
• Similar pattern of curves
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Correlations with Metro Atlanta Concentration
Site R2
ATHENS 0.8349
GWINNETT 0.8874
MCDONOUGH 0.9756
NEWNAN 0.9413
SDEKALB 0.9236
WALTON 0.801
YORKVILL 0.9423
AUGUSTA 0.9074
COLUMBUS 0.8729
MACON 0.7346
SAVLA 0.1379
High correlations with metro Atlanta PM2.5 are found for most sites. ( R2 > 0.7 )
Similar weather condition is a possible reason of high correlations
Exception: Savannah
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Conclusion
• Precipitation has a strong negative impact on PM2.5 mass concentration.
• In urban site PM2.5 mass is significantly higher than in rural site.
• Urban Atlanta and Savannah have the highest PM2.5 mass concentration while rural Atlanta and Athens have the lowest.
• Most cities have high correlations with Atlanta in PM2.5 mass except for Savannah.
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Thanks !