Temperate Forests. Temperate forests are found primarily in North America and Eurasia.
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Transcript of Temperate Forests. Temperate forests are found primarily in North America and Eurasia.
Temperate Forests
Temperate forests are found primarily in North America and Eurasia.
Successional Dynamics
In temperate forests, ecological succession is a critically important factor in determining biodiversity.
What is biotic succession?
Ecosystems undergo fundamental changes during the successional process. Early in succession, nutrients may decline in the soil. Colonization by plants may move slowly. When coverage is more or less complete, biomass may accumulate more rapidly. During this period, nutrients also accumulate rapidly. Late in the successional process, nutrients may be tied up in dead plant material and less available to the ecosystem.
Species composition of plants and animals may change dramatically during
succession. Generally, the greatest diversity is found during the middle
stages.
Under some conditions, particularly when major disturbances are rare, “old-growth forests” can develop.
Many specialized animal species, like the northern spotted owl, are found in old-growth forests. This
makes them a particularly critical habitat, and the subject of many
debates regarding conservation.
Spotted owls have a home range of 800 to 2000 hectares in old-growth forests. Old-growth timber is valued at over $10,000 per hectare.
So, preserving habitat for 500 pairs of owls involves how much timber?
About $4 billion dollars worth
If successional changes bring large changes in the dominant species, there are often species that are adapted to different stages of the successional process.
Organisms that are adapted to particular successional stages often have distinctive characteristics.
Early Successional Species
Mule deer – Odocoileus hemionus
Late Successional Species
Woodland caribou
Rangifer tarandus
Early Successional Species
Ruffed grouse – Bonasa umbellus
Late Successional Species
Spruce grouse – Canachites canadensis
Early Successional Species
Mourning dove – Zenaida macroura
Late Successional Species
Passenger pigeon – Ectopistes migratorius
Human ImpactsLogging
Conversion to other use
Fragmentation
Invading species
Overprotection of ungulates
Air pollution
Virtually no virgin deciduous forests remain, and most coniferous forests have been cut one or more times.
Managing Succession
Must consider:
1. Amount of habitat in different stages.
2. Size and location of areas in these stages.
3. Nature and intensity of human use.
Many species require habitat in late successional stages.
Red-cockaded woodpecker requires large pine trees, infected by a type of fungal disease called “red heart” disease. This disease enables the woodpecker to excavate nest chambers. Requires special management practices.
Managing Fire Relationships
In many areas, protecting forests from fires has led to dramatic changes in the nature of the forest.
In many areas, the policy is now to
allow natural fires to burn. (Let Burn
Policy)
Klamath National Forest - Fire and Aviation,
Wildland Fire Use
This policy backfired in Yellowstone National Park in 1988.
Forest fires burned about
36% of the Park and
surrounding areas. $125 million was spent trying to stop the
fires.
Global climate changes may have dramatic
effects on distribution of
temperate forests.
What do you think the criteria should be for determining how
much old-growth forest is preserved in western North
America?
An exam question: