อาจารย์� ดร.อารย์า ผลธั�ญญา

Temperament•Drs. Thomas, Chess and associates in the New York Longitudinal Study in the early 1950's. •Identified nine characteristics of behavioral individuality in a group of 136 infants.•Individual differences on these traits appeared to account for the majority of variations in parental descriptions of behavior.

TemperamentTemperament: constitutionally based individual differences in emotion, motor, reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations and over time

Temperament is biologically based: Heredity, neural, and hormonal factors affect response to the environment.

Temperament can be modulated by environmental factors; parental response.

9 Temperament Dimensions Dimension Description

Activity Level ระดั�บกิ�จกิรรมของทารกิ จ�งหวะในกิารเคลื่��อนไหว

Biological rhythmicity

กิารควบค�มจ�งหวะกิารท�างานของร�างกิาย เช่�น กิารนอนหลื่�บ กิารกิ�น กิารข�บถ่�าย

Approach/Withdrawal

ลื่�กิษณะกิารตอบสนองตามธรรมช่าต�ต�อส��งเร%าใหม� เช่�น คน อาหาร ของเลื่�น

Adaptability ลื่�กิษณะกิารปร�บต�อต�อส��งเร%าใหม�หร�อกิารเปลื่'�ยนแปลื่ง

Dimension Description

Intensity of reaction ความเข%มข%น/ระดั�บพลื่�งงานของปฏิ�กิ�ร�ยากิารตอบสนองต�+งแต�น%อยไปจนถ่,งมากิ ท�+งกิารตอบสนองทางบวกิแลื่ะทางลื่บ

Quality of mood ค�ณภาพของอารมณ. : ความสมดั�ลื่ระหว�างอารมณ.ทางบวกิ อารมณ.ส�ข พ,งพอใจ ความเป/นม�ตรกิ�บอารมณ.ทางลื่บ

Persistent /Attention span

กิารท�ากิ�จกิรรมบางอย�างไดั%อย�างต�อเน��องแม%จะม'อ�ปสรรคกิ0ตาม ช่�วงความสนใจ

9 Temperament Dimensions

Dimension DescriptionDistractibility กิารถ่1กิกิระต�%นเร%าจากิ

ส��งเร%าภายนอกิ (มากิ/น%อย ) อากิารวอกิแวกิเม��อถ่1กิส��งเร%ากิระต�%น

Threshold of responsiveness

ระดั�บของส��งเร%าท'�น%อยท'�ส�ดัท'�ท�าให%เกิ�ดักิารแสดังพฤต�กิรรมหร�อเปลื่'�ยนแปลื่ง

9 Temperament Dimensions

Thomas and Chess’s Temperament Types

Easy babies: 40% of infants; adjust easily to new situations, quickly establish routines, are generally cheerful and easy to calm.

Difficult babies: 10% of infants; slow to adjust to new experiences, likely to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events.

Slow-to-warm-up babies: 15% of infants; somewhat difficult at first but become easier over time.

The Goodness of fit“Goodness of fit”the degree to which an individual’s temperament

is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment.

Parents can modulate children’s temperament by their influences on the environment.

– What is good parenting for a difficult baby/child?

– What is good parenting for a slow-to-warm-up or inhibited baby/child?

The Neurobiological Developmental Approach of Rothbartdefines temperament as constitutional differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

The concept of reactivity refers to biological arousability, which includes arousal in neuroendocrine, autonomic, and affective systems.

An important assumption in this model is that both reactive and self-regulatory behaviors are intimately linked to neurobiological processes.

The Neurobiological Developmental Approach of Rothbart

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperamentSurgency/extraversionSurgency/extraversion includes positive

anticipation, Impulsivity, increased levels of activity and a desire for sensation seeking.

This factor reflects the degree to which a child is generally happy, active, and enjoys vocalizing and seeking stimulation. Increased levels of smiling and laughter are observed in babies high in surgency/extraversion.

10- to 11-year-olds with higher levels of surgency/extraversion are more likely to develop externalizing problems like acting out; however, they are less likely to develop internalizing problems such as shyness and low self-esteem.

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperament

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperamentNegative affectincludes fear, frustration, sadness,

discomfort, and anger.  This factor reflects the degree to which a child is shy and not easily calmed.

Anger and frustration is seen as early as 2 to 3 months of age. Anger and frustration, together, predict externalizing and internalizing difficulties.

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperament

Anger, alone, is later related to externalizing problems, while fear is associated with internalizing difficulties.

Fear as evidenced by behavioral inhibition is seen as early as 7–10 months of age, and later predicts children's fearfulness and lower levels of aggression.

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperament

Effortful controlincludes the focusing and shifting

of attention, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and a low threshold for pleasure. This factor reflects the degree to which a child can focus attention, is not easily distracted , can restrain a dominant response in order to execute a non-dominant response, and employ planning.

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperamentWhen high in effortful control, six to

seven year olds tend to be more empathetic. and lower in aggressiveness. Higher levels of effortful control at age 7 also predict lower externalizing problems at age 11 years.

Children high on negative affect show decreased internalizing and externalizing problems when they are also high on effortful control.

Rothbart’s three dimensions of temperament

Rothbart suggests that effortful control is dependent on the development of executive attention skills in the early years. In turn, executive attention skills allows greater self-control over reactive tendencies. Effortful control shows stability from infancy into the school years and also predicts conscience.

Role of Temperament in SocialSkills and AdjustmentDifferences in anger/irritability, positive

emotion, and ability to regulate emotions are associated with social competence and adjustment.

Children who are negative, impulsive, and unregulated tend to have poor peer relations and get in trouble with the law. They are difficult partners and roommates.

Behaviorally inhibited children are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and phobias.