TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE. Outline Visual Telegraphy Electric Telegraphy Telegraph Lines Telephone.
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Transcript of TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE. Outline Visual Telegraphy Electric Telegraphy Telegraph Lines Telephone.
TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONETELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE
OutlineOutline
Visual TelegraphyVisual TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyTelegraph LinesTelegraph LinesTelephoneTelephone
Visual TelegraphyVisual TelegraphyClaude Chappe (1763-1805)Claude Chappe (1763-1805)
Built By Abraham Bruguet (1793)Built By Abraham Bruguet (1793)Clockmaker
Could Have Been Built Earlier (100 Years)Could Have Been Built Earlier (100 Years)Lacked TelescopeStations Too Close
First StationsFirst StationsMenilmontantSaint-Martin-du-Tertre (21 Miles Away
First LineFirst LineParis to Lille
Chappe Semaphore SystemChappe Semaphore System Masonry TowersMasonry Towers Wooden “T” Wooden “T”
Horizontal Beam (Regulator)Horizontal Beam (Regulator) Pivoted On Axis
Jointed Arms (Indicator)Jointed Arms (Indicator) Pivoted On Regulator Ends
Cranks & RopesCranks & Ropes
196 Different Positions196 Different Positions Chappe Code - 92 PositionsChappe Code - 92 Positions
Diplomatic DictionaryDiplomatic Dictionary 92 Pages - First Signal 92 Words Per Page - Second Signal
Second Dictionary - PhrasesSecond Dictionary - Phrases
Slowed Development Of Electric TelegraphSlowed Development Of Electric TelegraphFrance
Nothing New TechnologicallyNothing New Technologically Increased Communication
Calais To ParisCalais To Paris33 Posts, 58 Leagues, 3 Minutes33 Posts, 58 Leagues, 3 Minutes
Toulon To ParisToulon To Paris10 Posts, 200 Leagues, 20 Minutes10 Posts, 200 Leagues, 20 Minutes
Used Extensively In WW IUsed Extensively In WW IStill Used - Aircraft CarriersStill Used - Aircraft Carriers
Chappe Semaphore SystemChappe Semaphore System
Electric TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyElectric BatteryElectric BatteryElectromagnetismElectromagnetismFirst Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric TelegraphsRelaysRelaysAlphabetical DevicesAlphabetical DevicesFirst French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic DevicesPrinting DevicesPrinting DevicesMorse SystemMorse SystemTelegraph LinesTelegraph LinesMachinery & Electrical Industry Machinery & Electrical Industry
Electric BatteryElectric Battery Telegraph - Electric CurrentTelegraph - Electric Current
ContinuousContinuousPermanentPermanent
Voltaic Pile - Not SatisfactoryVoltaic Pile - Not Satisfactory Cesar Bequerel (1828)Cesar Bequerel (1828)
Two-Fluid ClassTwo-Fluid Class
J.F. Daniell (1836)J.F. Daniell (1836)Daniell CellDaniell CellReliableReliableContiuousContiuous
ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism
Conductor Traversed By Electric CurrentConductor Traversed By Electric CurrentMagnetic Needle MovesMagnetic Needle Moves
Georges-Louis Lesage (1774)Georges-Louis Lesage (1774)Dischages Of Static Electricity From Leydon JarDischages Of Static Electricity From Leydon Jar24 Wires For Alphabet24 Wires For AlphabetUnderground - Conductors Insulated By GlassUnderground - Conductors Insulated By Glass
Ampere (1820)Ampere (1820)Deviation Of Magnetic NeedleDeviation Of Magnetic Needle
Electromagnetism (Continued)Electromagnetism (Continued)
Baron Schilling (1832)Baron Schilling (1832)Six Indicators & Six WiresSix Indicators & Six Wires
Black Side & White Side
Two Additional WiresTwo Additional WiresCall SignsReturn Current
Carl-August von SteinheilCarl-August von SteinheilSingle Circuit (1827)Single Circuit (1827)Return Current Through Ground (1828)Return Current Through Ground (1828)
First Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric Telegraphs
Euston & Camden In London (1837)Euston & Camden In London (1837)40 Years After Chappe40 Years After Chappe1 Mile Long1 Mile LongSir William F. Cooke (1806-1879)Sir William F. Cooke (1806-1879)Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)Five Needles & Circuits With Six WiresFive Needles & Circuits With Six Wires
Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Two Needle InstrumentTwo Needle Instrument
Alexander Bain (1843)Alexander Bain (1843)Single Needle InstrumentSingle Needle Instrument
Five Needle Five Needle Telegraph By W & CTelegraph By W & C
Wheatstone & Cooke Wheatstone & Cooke (1837)(1837)
TopTopReceiverReceiver
BottomBottomTransmitterTransmitter
Local Circuit Of W & C TelegraphLocal Circuit Of W & C Telegraph
Left - RelayLeft - Relay Right - Calling DeviceRight - Calling Device
Transmitting-Receiving PostTransmitting-Receiving Post Built By Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Built By Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)
Two Needle InstrumentTwo Needle InstrumentRightRight
Transmitters & Connections
LeftLeftGeneral View
First Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric Telegraphs
Electromagnet (1820s)Electromagnet (1820s)Ampere & AragoAmpere & AragoCoarse Wires With Few CoilsCoarse Wires With Few Coils
Inappropriate For Operation Over Long Distances
Took 20 Years To Be Adopted In TelegraphTook 20 Years To Be Adopted In TelegraphTelegraphic DevicesTelegraphic Devices
Alphabetical TelegraphAlphabetical TelegraphElectric Telegraph With Chappe SignalsElectric Telegraph With Chappe SignalsMorse SystemMorse System
RelaysRelays
Wheatstone (1837)Wheatstone (1837) ElectrochemicalElectrochemical Close Circuit From A DistanceClose Circuit From A Distance ““U” Shaped TubeU” Shaped Tube
Acidulated Water & MercuryAcidulated Water & MercuryCurrent Causes Hydrogen To Current Causes Hydrogen To
Be LiberatedBe LiberatedPressure Cause Mercury To Pressure Cause Mercury To
Close Circuit Of Sounding Close Circuit Of Sounding DeviceDevice
RelaysRelays
Wheatstone (1839)Wheatstone (1839) Close Circuit From A DistanceClose Circuit From A Distance Needle In Center Of FrameNeedle In Center Of Frame
Fork Shaped Contact At One Fork Shaped Contact At One EndEnd
Current Caused Fork To Plunge Current Caused Fork To Plunge Into Containers Of MercuryInto Containers Of Mercury
Closed Local Circuit Closed Local Circuit
Alphabetical DevicesAlphabetical Devices
Wheatstone & CookeWheatstone & CookeClock Movement At Each PostClock Movement At Each PostPointer Turned In JerksPointer Turned In Jerks
Many VariationsMany VariationsReplaced Needle DevicesReplaced Needle Devices
First French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic Devices Louis Breguet (1844)Louis Breguet (1844)
Same Concept As WheatstoneSame Concept As Wheatstone2 Needles - Chappe System2 Needles - Chappe SystemEscapementEscapement
Right - TransmitterRight - Transmitter Left - ReceiverLeft - Receiver
Keyboard SenderKeyboard SenderGustave Froment (1845)Gustave Froment (1845)Replaced Crank Sender Of Breguet’sReplaced Crank Sender Of Breguet’s
First French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic Devices
Printing DevicesPrinting Devices
WheatstoneWheatstoneReplaced Dial And Pointer On Replaced Dial And Pointer On
AlphabeticalAlphabetical24 Radiating Arms With Letter EngravedHammer Presses On Recording Cylinder
Separate Control Circuit
John W. Brett (1805-1863)John W. Brett (1805-1863)Modified Keyboard Idea Of FromentModified Keyboard Idea Of Froment
Printing DevicesPrinting Devices
David E. Hughes (1831-David E. Hughes (1831-1900)1900)Best IdeaBest IdeaSynchonizedSynchonized
Transmitter Receiver
Morse SystemMorse SystemSamuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)
Painter Turned Physicist & MechanicPainter Turned Physicist & MechanicModern Day da Vinci
Numerous BiographiesNumerous BiographiesElectromagnet With An Armature Holding A StylusElectromagnet With An Armature Holding A Stylus
Left Long & Short Marks On Paper As It UnrolledTried Ink & PencilDecided On Rod That Embossed Paper
Lacked Experience In Making ElectromagnetsLacked Experience In Making ElectromagnetsStudied Works Of Joseph Henry (1797-1878)First Electromagnet Was 2’ High
Morse SystemMorse SystemSimplicitySimplicity
Make Signal With A Simple Mechanical DeviceMake Signal With A Simple Mechanical DeviceSimilar MovementsSimilar Movements
TransmitterReceiver
Single Code With 2 ElementsSingle Code With 2 ElementsShort & Long SignalsCombinations Of 4 Signals
Every Letter Of Alphabet 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = 2 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 31 Similarities & Symmetry
Morse SystemMorse System
Manual TransmitterManual TransmitterRight - Flexible Blade (First Model)Right - Flexible Blade (First Model)Left - Jointed Lever Type With Reversing SpringLeft - Jointed Lever Type With Reversing Spring
Perfected Morse System (1845)Perfected Morse System (1845)Diagram Of ConnectionsDiagram Of Connections
Baltimore To Washington (1845)Baltimore To Washington (1845) Adopted Throughout Europe (Beginning 1846)Adopted Throughout Europe (Beginning 1846) International Communication (1854)International Communication (1854)
Morse SystemMorse System
Telegraph LinesTelegraph Lines
Success Of Telegraph Depended On:Success Of Telegraph Depended On:Transmitting & Receiving DevicesTransmitting & Receiving DevicesBatteriesBatteriesTransmission LinesTransmission Lines
First LinesFirst LinesIron Wires - Poor ResultsIron Wires - Poor ResultsCopper Wires - Tempted ThievesCopper Wires - Tempted Thieves
UndergroundCovered With Cotton & Pitch
Insulating Wires In SuspensionInsulating Wires In Suspension
Telegraph LinesTelegraph Lines Ring Insulator (1845)Ring Insulator (1845) Insulator With Tension Devices (1845)Insulator With Tension Devices (1845) Porcelein Insulator (1860)Porcelein Insulator (1860)
Telegraph Produced Numerous InventionsTelegraph Produced Numerous InventionsLightning RodsLightning RodsCummutators, Relays, Sound Devices, Cummutators, Relays, Sound Devices,
Galvanometers, Measuring InstrumentsGalvanometers, Measuring InstrumentsTelephoneTelephone
New OccupationsNew OccupationsPhysicists To Electrical EngineeringPhysicists To Electrical EngineeringFirst High Tech Occupation In The WestFirst High Tech Occupation In The West
Machinery & Electrical IndustryMachinery & Electrical Industry
Machinery & Electrical IndustryMachinery & Electrical Industry Pixii (1832)Pixii (1832)
Magnetoelectric MotorMagnetoelectric Motor
Froment (1844)Froment (1844)Electric GeneratorsElectric Generators
Shown - FromentShown - Froment8 Soft Iron Hubs8 Soft Iron Hubs4 Elctromagnets4 ElctromagnetsAdapted (1855)Adapted (1855)
Power Clocks In Telegraph Machines
TelephoneTelephone
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)Robert Hooke (1635-1703)““Tis not impossible to hear a whisper a furlong’s Tis not impossible to hear a whisper a furlong’s
distance, it having already been done; and perhaps distance, it having already been done; and perhaps the nature of the thing would not make it more the nature of the thing would not make it more impossible though that furlong should be ten times impossible though that furlong should be ten times multiplied”multiplied”
J. Philipp Reis (1834-1874)J. Philipp Reis (1834-1874)First Practical Electric Telephone (1861)First Practical Electric Telephone (1861)Just A ToyJust A Toy
TelephoneTelephone
18761876Alexander Graham Bell - Awarded PatentAlexander Graham Bell - Awarded Patent
Based On Hermann Helmholtz’s Work
Elisha Gray - Superior DesignElisha Gray - Superior DesignAlexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
Teacher Of DeafTeacher Of DeafUsed No External Power SourceUsed No External Power Source
Still Can Be Used For Short Distances
Transmitter & Receiver Nearly IdenticalTransmitter & Receiver Nearly IdenticalElectromagnetic MicrophoneElectromagnetic Microphone