Telecommunications Network Technologies · Hot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies...

Telecommunications Network Technologies

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End-user QoE Monitoring Agent for IPTV Services

Standardization of the Vision and Design Goals of Future Networks

Virtual Network Architecture Over IP-optical Network

Transport Network Technology

Drop Optical Fiber with Cicada Resistance

Higher-voltage DC Power-supply System

World’s First 1-Gbit/s Multi-user MIMO Transmission

Spectrally Efficient Elastic Optical Path Network (SLICE)

10 G-EPON OLT and ONU LSIs

Contents

What’s Hot in R&D

Technologies for establishing a base network infrastructure including optical networks, wireless and satellite, all of which are essential to guaranteed bandwidth and broadband telecommunication.

Copyright © 2011 NTT

NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities

What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies

PBI B I B B B

We have developed a QoE*1 monitoring agent, which is software that is embedded in theSTB*2 or other user terminal to estimate the quality of service as experienced by customer(QoE) for IPTV*3. Remote monitoring of QoE data for individual customers from an operationcenter or other facility allows rapid confirmation of the situation when a customer inquiresthe audiovisual quality or performance of quality management before a customer complains.

■ Efficient service operation and management through quality monitoring for individualIPTV users without installation of special quality measuring devices

■ Specifically, (1) rapid confirmation of the situation when a customer inquires theaudiovisual quality, (2) determining the cause of failures, and (3) improved customersatisfaction through averting silent dissatisfaction

■ Represent qualitative customer opinion such as ‘distorted image' as an objectivenumerical index

■ Because quality is estimated using only packet header information, there is very littlecomputational load and the function can be embedded in the customer terminal

■ Highly accurate quality estimation compared to MDI*4 or other existing techniques isachieved by estimating the number of frames over which packet loss errors extend fordifferent types of video frames

■ Planned as a proposal for international standardization in 2011

Overview

Features

Application scenarios

*1 QoE: Quality of Experience*2 STB: Set-Top Box*3 IPTV: Internet Protocol TeleVision*4 MDI: Media Delivery Index (a measure of quality specified in RFC4445)

NTT Service Integration Laboratories

End-user QoE Monitoring Agent for IPTV ServicesIPTV, QoE, Quality management

IPTV-STB

Network interface

OSNetwork driver

Packet sniffer

Packet headeranalysis module Quality estimation module

End-user QoE monitoring agent

Packets

Quality information report module

Audiovisual signal

[Example of GOP*1 Structure in MPEG2-Video and Duration of Degraded Frames]

...

Time

*1 GOP: Group of Pictures*2 I-picture: Intra-picture*3 P-picture: Predictive picture*4 B-picture: Bi-directional predictive picture

Position of frame with lost packet

Key-frame interval: 15 frames

Duration of degraded video frames

17 video frames are degraded by one lost packet in an I-picture*2.

5 to 14 video frames are degraded by one lost packet in a P-picture*3. The number of affected frames depends on the position of the P-picture with the lost packet.

One video frame is degraded by one lost packet in a B-picture*4.

P

Note:

[Implementation Example of End-user QoE Monitoring Agent in IPTV-STB]

To qualitymanagement server

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B B P B B B B P B B P B B

Decoder




Research institutions around the world are carrying out search projects on future networksthat will appear in 2020 and beyond. Rather than taking an approach of incrementalimprovements from existing networks and its technologies, the studies on future networksfocus on more fundamental issues that impact various parts of the network. ITU-T launcheda new body named FG-FN, Focus Group on Future Network, in 2009, and FG-FN produced itsbasic concept . This effort results in ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001, Future Networks:Objectives and Design Goals. NTT, with its wide range of experts working in varioustechnical fields, promotes studies on future networks and has made significant contributionsto FG-FN.

■ Service awareness: Anticipating new services without additional costs■ Data awareness: Handling enormous amounts of data securely and accurately■ Environmental awareness: Less consumption of materials and energy■ Social and economic awareness: Inviting new actors into the network ecosystem

■ Virtualization that enables enabling performance optimization■ Energy reductions from the device level to the network level■ Data/content centric network architecture■ Effective and scalable IDs, ID separation with respect to roles■ Reliability and security

Overview

Features


NTT Service Integration Laboratories

Standardization of the Vision and Design Goals of Future NetworksFuture Networks, Virtualization, ID separation

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Service awareness

Data awareness

Social and economic awareness

Environmental awareness

Energy ConsumptionOptimization

Service UniversalizationEconomic Incentives

Service DiversityFunctional Flexibility

Virtualization of ResourcesNetwork Management

MobilityReliability and Security

Data AccessIdentification

Four objectives and twelve design goals of Future Networks(Quoted from ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001)




Recent trends in telecommunication have focused on service convergence in a shared IP(Internet protocol) network. However, innovative applications in the future are expected tohave such diverse requirements that they cannot be easily accommodated in a common IPnetwork. With our technology, we aim to create multiple virtual networks upon a commonphysical network infrastructure through integrated control of optical and IP networks. Thiswill enable services to be launched quickly and operated independently.

■ Carrier backbone networks■ Large-scale datacenter networks■ Ultrawideband services in the future such as uncompressed three-dimensional (3D) and

high-definition (HD) video transmission■ On-demand wide-area virtual private network

■ Resource isolation in the physical layer avoids traffic conflicts between virtualnetworks.

■ Dedicated use of dynamic optical paths supports on-demand use of gigabit-per-second-class communication.

■ Resource allocation amounts and virtual network topology can be dynamically re-optimized in response to changes in traffic patterns.

■ The architecture can be deployed without requiring any modification to existingrouters and optical cross-connects that support the standard protocol GMPLS(generalized multi protocol label switching).

Overview

Features


NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories

Virtual Network Architecture Over IP-optical NetworkNetwork virtualization, GMPLS, Optical path

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Integrated optical-path and IP control

Dynamic reconfiguration of virtual network topologyVirtual Network B

Congestion Topology optimization by optical path reconnection

Virtual Network BVirtual Network A

Network resourcesOptical cross-connectsIP routersFibers

Physical network

Resources are allocated virtually.

IP network links are formed by optical paths set between IP router pairs.




To meet the demand for high-volume communication traffic, we are working on high-speedtransmission technology for 100 Gbit/s data transfer and new signal processing technologythat integrates optical wavelength cross-connection (OXC) and packet switching. Byimplementing a 100 Gbit/s integrated transport system that applies the technology, we targetthe construction of a transport network that is economical, simple and energy-efficientthrough (1) high-speed and large-capacity traffic transport, (2) reduction of IP routing load onIP core routers, (3) improved operability from hardware integration, and (4) reduction of theNE Operation systems (NE-OpS).

■ Backbone network of NTT Communications■ Metro network of NTT East Corporation and NTT West Corporation

■ Increase capacity, improve economy, simplify, and reduce power consumption forthe backbone network through R&D on an new integrated transport system

■ Ultra-fast 100 Gbit/s optical transmission by applying digital coherent technology■ Optical wavelength mesh network by applying OXC technology■ Packet transport network applies MPLS-TP*, which guarantees communication line

quality and has maintenance and management mechanisms against failures

Overview

Features


* MPLS-TP: Multi Protocol Label Switching-Transport Profile

NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories

Transport Network Technology100 G optical transmission technology, Optical cross-connect, Packet switching

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(2) Increase in unnecessary IP core router processing(1) Multiple 10 G links

(1) Cost reduction through 100 G links

(2) Cut-through of IP core routers by applying new integrated transport equipment that use OXC and packet SW

Current network

Future network

Optical transport equipment(WDM and OADM)

100 G Integrated transport equipment

10 G Wavelength

Logical path(based on packet)

PacketSW

OXC 100 G Wavelength

IP core routers

IP edge router

IP edge router

IP core routers

IP core routers

IP edge router

IP edge router

IP core routers

(3) Hardware interconnections required(4) Multiple NE-OpS

(3) Cost reduction and efficient operability from hardware integration

(4) Fewer NE-OpS




As a countermeasure against disconnection due to a species of cicada called the “bearcicada” (which occur on optical-fiber input (“drop”) cables to houses, particularly those inwestern Japan), a “drop optical fiber with cicada resistance” has been developed.This is an optical drop fiber that maintains the workability of a conventional optical drop fiberwith non-cicada resistance as a result of optimization of the structure and sheath material ofthe fiber cable.

■ Drop cable to houses, apartment blocks, and office buildings

■ Optical-fiber core is protected from the ovipositor of a cicada by hard sheath.■ Cicada resistance is achieved without impairing fiber workability by optimizing

material hardness and cross-sectional structure.■ Compatibility with related products is assured by utilizing the same structure and

dimensions as conventional drop cable.

Overview

Features


NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories

Drop Optical Fiber with Cicada ResistanceDrop, Cicada, Hard sheath

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Drop cable with

non-cicada resistance

Developed product

Optical fiber cable Closure

Drop opticalfiber

【Distribution of cicadas】【Cicada laying eggs】

Ovipositor

Egg

【Example of equipment configuration】

Fiber

Verification of cicada measureby developed product

Drop cable with non-cicada resistance Developed product

Cross section

Cicada resistance × ○

Sheath hardness*1 1 1.2

Sheath thickness*2 Not specified About 0.4 mm

Investigation on material that combinesworkability and cicada resistance

Comparison with non-cicada resistant drop cable

*1: Relative value *2: Thinnest part of sheath surface and core fiber

2.0 x 5.3 (mm)2.0 x 5.3 (mm)

Sheath withnon-cicadaresistance

Hard sheath

Broken

No Broken

●Examination (cage examination)Actual performance value of cicada resistance is ascertained in examination that involve capturing cicadas each morning and piecing a drop cable with the ovipositor of a cicada close to laying eggs.

●AnalysisCorrelation between parameters related to stab depth (such as casing hardness, tensile strength,coefficient of friction, modulus of elasticity, and elongation ratio) is analyzed.

Good

BadHardSoft Sheath

Optimum sheath hardnessis determined by

examination and analysis.

Cicada resistanceWorkability




As ICT services continue to grow in popularity, the power consumption of ICT equipmentcontinues to rise. This rise in power consumption is linked, in turn, to increased operationalcosts and environmental damage due to CO2 emission. The developed high-voltage DCpower-supply system supplies electricity (at DC 380V) to ICT equipment housed in datacenters. Implementing this system makes it possible to construct an “Earth friendly” power-supply system that is more efficient, more reliable, and more economical than conventionalAC power supplies.

■ As a result of installing the system in data centers, telecommunications buildings, and soon,- it is possible to offer “green data centers”—which have a low environmental impact.- it is anticipated that power consumption concerning ICT will be cut.

■ Thanks to the few steps involved in AC-to-DC (and vice versa) power conversion, theDC power supply- cuts power-conversion loss and reduces power consumption by about 15% in

comparison to AC power supplies.- has low fault probability and high reliability.

■ Since the high-voltage DC power supply can supply power at lower current than thatof a DC-48V power supply, it is possible to scaledown cables, cut installation costs,and improve latitude in equipment placement.

■ Voltage-fluctuation suppression technology accumulated in developing DC-48Vpower supplies is utilized, and a stable power-supply system is created.

■ In consideration of safety regarding the human body, a configuration with no exposedlive-parts is adopted.

Overview

Features


- This work was performed in collaboration with NTT Facilities.

NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories

Higher-voltage DC Power-supply SystemDC power supply, Higher voltage, Energy saving

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UPS

AC system

Battery ICT equip.

CPU

3 4

Conversion STGs=４-48V DC system

Rectifier

CPU

ICT equip.

1

48Vdc

Conversion STGs=２

100～200Vac

380V DC system

CPU

Battery ICT equip.

Conversion STGs=２

380Vdc

AC/DC

DC/AC

1 2

AC/DC

DC/DC

Battery

AC/DC

DC/DC

2

1

AC/DC

DC/DC

2

- Higher efficiency- Higher reliability

- Lower installation cost- Flexible installation

Rectifier

■ Merits of Higher-voltage DC Power-supply System

■ Main Technical Developments

15% of total lossescan be reduced

ICT equipment

Generator Batteries

Rectifier PDC

Transformer

200Vac 380Vdc

Development of rectifiers for HVDC

Development of power distribution cabinet for HVDC

Optimizing power distribution conditions




The wireless home network is desirable as a means of connecting various individualterminals to an optical fiber that run into the subscriber’s home. Home networks requirestable transmission of high-volume video traffic, etc. To meet this requirement, NTTLaboratories developed a multi-user MIMO*1 transmission prototype that enablesimultaneous transmission of data to multiple destination terminals at the same time and onthe same radio frequency without cross-interference (SDMA*2) for the next-generation high-speed wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11ac). The prototype employs a recursive weight calculationalgorithm and a compressed CSI*3 feedback technique. Thus we achieved real-time multi-user MIMO transmission at over 1 Gbit/s for the first time in the world.

■ Simultaneously video viewing of high-definition contents of IPTV distributed over theoptical fiber network and for HD video players by family members in different rooms onwireless TV sets and computers.

■ Networking by wireless connection of diverse types of terminals in the home, rangingfrom high-speed high-volume communication devices such as high-definition TVs torelatively low-speed devices such as sensors.

■ A maximum total of 1.62 Gbit/s real-time wireless transmission to 6 terminalsmultiplexed by SDMA with multi-user MIMO technique.

■ Recursive weight calculation algorithm that reduces circuit scale to about 1/6 in orderto implement beam-forming control that has the accuracy needed for multi-user MIMOin an FPGA*4.

■ Compressed CSI feedback technique capable of reducing CSI data volume to about 2/3when a terminal sends the CSI to an access point for beam-forming control, thusshortening the overhead time.

Overview

Features


*1 MU-MIMO: Multi-user, Multiple Input, Multiple Output*2 SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access*3 CSI: Channel State Information*4 FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array

NTT Network Innovation Laboratories

World’s First 1-Gbit/s Multi-user MIMO TransmissionHome network, Wireless LAN, MIMO

- Holds promise as core technology for cell throughput of 1 Gbit/s or more.

- Adoption for IEEE 802.11 ac expected.

WLAN AP beam forming control achieves SDMA communication with diverse terminals.

A WLAN AP and terminals share the same radio frequency by TDMA.

WLAN AP

Single use MIMO (convertional) Multi-user MIMO (proposed)

- Cell throughput depends on the number of antennas of a terminal.

- Adopted to IEEE 802.11n, WiMAX, LTE, etc.

WLAN AP

TDMA(Time division multiple access)

Terminals Up to 6

Transmission streams Up to 6

Bandwidth Up to 80 MHz

Per-stream data rate(physical layer) Up to 270 Mbit/s

Total data rate(physical layer) Up to 1.62 Gbit/s

Data transmission rate Up to 1.37 Gbit/s

Server(content storage)

Terminals (6 in one case)Multi-user MIMO

transmission(6 terminals multiplexed)

Channel state information

WLAN access point

Video streaming

Simultaneous receiving of high volume

content

Data

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1 2 3 4 5 6

Up to 1.62 Gbit/s

Tota

l dat

a ra

te [G

bit/s

]

Number of Terminals

Without multi-user MIMO

With multi-user MIMO

UP

2

1

0

SDMA(Space division multiple access)

Compressed CSI feedback⇒ shorter overhead time

Beam forming control using recursive weight calculation ⇒ smaller circuit scale




Sustaining the growth of data traffic will require a more efficient and scalable opticaltransport platform for links of 100 Gbit/s and beyond. We devised a novel, spectrum-efficientand scalable optical transport network architecture, called the spectrum-sliced “elasticoptical path” network (SLICE), and demonstrated its feasibility. Conventional opticalnetworks allocate fixed bandwidth to every optical path regardless of its actual traffic volumeand path length on the basis of the worst-case design policy. In contrast, SLICE appliesadaptive spectrum allocation to an optical path according to the traffic volume and pathlength. Together with adaptive modulation format selection and elastic channel spacing,SLICE provides significant spectral resource savings; it would be a cost-effective means ofoptical transport in the coming 100 Tbit/s /fiber era.

■ Metro transport networks that support a per-channel capacity of 100 Gbit/s and beyond ina highly economical manner

■ Core transport networks that support a per-channel capacity of 100 Gbit/s and beyond in ahighly economical manner

■ Optical virtual private line service with a wide variety line rates

■ Adaptive spectral resource allocation to an optical path according to traffic demandand path length to achieve significant savings of network resources

■ Multi-rate, multi-reach (modulation format) optical transponders that generate thenecessary minimum spectral width

■ Bandwidth-variable ROADM*1s and WXC*2s that establish end-to-end elastic opticalpaths

■ Elastic channel spacing by using the frequency slot concept instead of the currentITU-T fixed frequency grid

■ A routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithm that accommodates varioustraffic demands in a spectrally efficient manner

Overview

Features


*1 ROADM: Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer*2 WXC: Wavelength Cross-Connect

NTT Network Innovation Laboratories

Spectrally Efficient Elastic Optical Path Network (SLICE)Optical network, Spectral efficiency, Adaptive resource allocation

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Fig. 2. Spectral resource savings achieved by squeezing out stranded spectral resources that have not been fully utilized

400 Gbit/s(3 hops)

100 Gbit/s(3 hops)

CBA

Fig. 1. Concept of SLICE

PathA

PathB

PathC

f

f

Total spectral resource

Adaptive spectral allocation by slicing of the necessary spectral resource Elastic optical paths in SLICE

200 G 16 QAM 16 QAM

400 G400 G 100 G 400 G 100 G

1,000 km 200 km

ITU-T grid

ITU-T grid

Excess transmission margin

Elastic channel spacing

Flexible grid

Superchannel

100 G x 3 300 GUnnecessary guard bands

Unused client

bandwidth

f

f

f

f f

Excess channel-spacing

Excess transmission margin

node

100 Gbit/s(1 hop)

fiber




We have developed a system LSI that integrates the main functions of the 10 G-EPON (10-Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) on a single chip. It enables construction of anIEEE standard next-generation optical access network to which migration from the currentGE PON using the current optical distribution network is easy. It is a chipset whose maincomponents are a compact and inexpensive OLT*1 and ONU*2, which enable 10 Gbit/scommunication, 10 times as fast as even the FLET’S optical system that is currently inservice.

■ Increased speed and capacity of Internet services (for houses and condominiumbuildings)

■ Network services for corporations■ Mobile backhaul network

■ The OLT-LSI can accommodate both GE-PON ONU and 10 G-EPON ONU in the samesystem (handles dual rates)

■ The ONU-LSI provides two modes, 10 G symmetrical upward and downward, andasymmetrical 10 G down with 1 G up

■ Fast and efficient dynamic allocation of upward bandwidth by hardware and softwarecombination

■ Software sleep control reduces power consumption when the equipment is not beingused

■ VLAN*3 function allows flexible handling of diverse services

Overview

Features


*1 OLT: Optical Line Terminal*2 ONU: Optical Network Unit*3 VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network

NTT Microsystem Integration Laboratories

10 G-EPON OLT and ONU LSIsOptical distribution system, 10 G-EPON, Network LSI

10 G-EPON ONULSI for

10 G-EPONONU

Ultra-high-speed

Internet

Multi-channel, high-definition

video transmission

Optical IP telephony

service

10 G-EPON OLTLSI for

10 G-EPONOLT

Customer

CustomerExisting optical fiber network

Optical Splitter

Existing1 G-ONU

NTT Building

1 Gsignal

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