Telecommunications and Networks -...
Transcript of Telecommunications and Networks -...
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Telecommunications and
NetworksCHAPTER 8
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Communications
Communications
Pesan (Data dan Informasi) dikomunikasikan
melalui sinyal
Sarana transmisi “carries (Pengantar)” sinyal
Sender ReceiverSignal
Transmission
medium
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Communications ‘Discussion’
Transmisi dari data dari satu komputer ke lain, atau
dari satu alat ke lain.
Alat untuk komunikasi, adalah mesin membantu
transmisi data. Antara lain, modem, kabel, dan
port adalah semua alat komunikasi. Software
Komunikasi berarti program dibuat ini
kemungkinan untuk transmisi data.
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Telecommunications
Telekomunikasi
Sinyal transmisi elektronik untuk komunikasi, antara lain seperti:
Telephone
Radio
Television
Sarana Telekomunikasi
Apapun pengantar sinyal elektronik dan antarmuka di
antaranya ada alat kirim dan alat penerima
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Komunikasi dan Telekomunikasi
Suara manusia, pengirim mengirimkan sebuah sinyal melalui sarana
transmisi melalui udara
Telekomunikasi, pengirim mengirimkan sebuah sinyal melalui sarana
transmisi melalui kabel
Komunikasi adalah suatu proses penyampaian informasi (pesan, ide,
gagasan) dari satu pihak kepada pihak lain agar terjadi saling
mempengaruhi diantara keduanya.
Pada umumnya, komunikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan kata-kata
(lisan) yang dapat dimengerti oleh kedua belah pihak.
Telekomunikasi adalah teknik pengiriman atau penyampaian infomasi,
dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Schematic
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Komunikasi Data
Komunikasi Data
Adalah proses pengiriman dan penerimaan data /
informasi dari dua atau lebih device (alat,seperti
komputer / laptop / printer / dan alat komunikasi lain)
yang terhubung dalam sebuah jaringan. Baik lokal
maupun yang luas, seperti internet
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Elements of a Telecommunications
System
Devices Telekomunikasi
Arus Sinyal di antara komputer dan media transmisi
Schematic
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Computer Network
Computer network…
Media komunikasi, peralatan, dan perangkat lunakyang diperlukan untuk menghubungkan dua ataulebih komputer dan Device
Dipergunakan bersama-sama perangkat keras,program, dan database antar organisasi
Kerjasama sekelompok membantu perkembangan,ide inovatif, dan strategi bisnis baru
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (1) Twisted pair wire cable (Kabel kawat pasangan berpilin)
Kabel kawat pasangan berpilin berdasarkan historisnya dipakai di
pelayanan telepon dan untuk menghubungkan peralatan komputer
Coaxial cable
kabel tembaga yang diselimuti oleh beberapa pelindung (pelindungluar, pelindung anyaman tembaga, dan isolator pelasting)
Kabel coaxial menghasilkan spectrum frekwensi yang lebih besar biladibandingkan dengan kable twisted-pair.
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Twisted-pair ‘Discussion’
Jenis kabel yang digunakan dalam jaringan yang mana didalam
kabel tersebut terdapat pasangan kabel yang saling berlilitan
sehingga biasa disebut dengan twisted pair.
Dalam satu kabel bisa terdapat lebih dari satu pasang twisted-wire
yang dibundel menjadi satu. Ada dua macam twisted- pair yaitu:
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP), dimana setiap pasangan twisted-wirenya
dilindungi pembungkus logam yang bertujuan mengurangi noise
(gangguan). Karena kualitasnya yang bagus maka sering dipergunakan
sebagai kabel network.
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP), tidak ada pembungkus logamnya.
Harganya lebih murah dibanding STP, dan biasa digunakan sebagai kabel
jaringan telepon.
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Coaxial Cable ‘Discussion’
Sebuah kabel yang terdiri dari tiga lapisan: (1)bahan isolasi,
(2)anyaman logam, dan (3)pelindung luar dari plastik. Kabel ini
umumnya dipakai sebagai kabel antena televisi, karena bisadirentang lebih panjang dibandingkan twisted-pair dan lapisan
pelindungnya lebih tebal sehingga dapat mengurangi noise secara
maksimal.
Kabel coaxial juga menawarkan performance yang jauh lebih baik
dari kabel twisted-pair, karena pelindung yang berupa ayaman
tembaga pada kabel coaxial akan melindungi pusat kabel dari
interferensi gelombang elektomagnetik yang berasal dari luar
kabel, sehingga akan mengurangi terjadinya error/noise dan crosstalk.
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (2)
Fiber-optic Cable
Terdiri dari ratusan benang halus – sehalus
rambut manusia – yang dinamakan serat
optik. Serat optik ini terbuat dari campuran
gelas dan plastik dan berfungsi
menyalurkan cahaya sebagai pengantar
data/sinyal.
Digunakan untuk data suara, dan vidio.
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Fiber Optic ‘Discussion’ (1)
Optical fiber cable terdiri dari
Core, serat gelas yang merupakan inti (core). Merupakan media dimana
sinyal dalam gelombang cahaya ditransmisikan.
Cladding, lapisan gelas yang mengelilingi inti. Merupakan reflector
Jacket, merupakan lapisan pelindung.
Lapisan cladding sebagai reflector membuat cahaya berjalan sepanjang
core.
Optical fiber cable mampu mentransmisikan sinyal dalam jarak ratusan km.
Bisa dikatakan inilah jenis kabel terbaik saat ini. Beberapa keunggulannyaadalah:
Mampu mengantarkan sinyal dengan jumlah lebih besar dibanding
kawat biasa.
Transmisi data berkecepatan tinggi.
Lebih tahan terhadap noise.
Tingkat keamanan pengiriman data lebih tinggi karena jarang terganggu
noise.
Ukuran lebih tipis dan ringan dibanding kabel biasa.
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Fiber Optic ‘Discussion’ (2)
Kelemahan Fiber Optic :
Goncangan fisik akan menjadi gangguan terhadap signal,
Sulit dalam instalasi dibanding kabel tembaga :
Penyambungan untuk instalasi atau apabila putus
Pembelokan yang tajam bisa menyebabkan patah
Perkembangan masa mendatang bagus, hampir semua
komunikasi akan menggunakan Fiber Optic.
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (3)
Microwave Communications
Alat Line-of-Sight (tembus secara pandangan mata, tidak ada
halangan) yang mana harus ditempatkan di secara relatif lokasi tinggi
Pemakaian Microwave
Informasi dikonversikan ke sinyal microwave, dikirimkan melalui udara ke
penerima, dan dikembalikan lagi informasi
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (4)
Satellite transmission
Komunikasi Satelit adalah relay station yang mendapatkan sinyal dari
satu stasiun dan disalurkan kembali stasiun lainnya
Mereka menggunakan sinyal microwave (gelombang mikro)
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (5)
Cellular transmission
Sinyal dari cell dikirimkan ke satu penerima dan
mengintegrasikan ke dalam jaringan regular
Untuk komunikasi digital, beberapa sistem selular
bersaing berada, meliputi GSM dan CDMA
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Types of Telecommunications
Media (6)
Infrared transmission
Transmisi data infrared adalah alat komunikasi
jarak pendek menggunakan rangkaian infrared
sebagai pemancar sinyal dan sensor penerima TV
sebagai receivernya.
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Terminology
Analog Signal
Analog merupakan proses pengiriman sinyal dalam bentukgelombang.
Digital Signal
Digital merupakan proses pengiriman data dalam bentuk duasimbol, yaitu on dan off. Identik dengan stop kontak.
Modems
Modem sebetulnya adalah singkatan dari Modulator-Demodulator. Modulate adalah proses penerjemahan data daridigital ke analog sehingga bisa ditransmisikan. Demodulateadalah sebaliknya, proses menerjemahkan dari analog ke digital.
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How a Modem Works
Modem
Modem mengubah sinyal menjadi bentuk yang bisa dikirimkan melalui
saluran telepon.
Alat ini akan memodulasi (istilah modulasi ini bisa kamu bayangkan
seperti membungkus atau mengubah) sinyal digital dari komputer
menjadi sinyal analog, yang merupakan jenis sinyal yang bisa dikirimkan
melelui saluran telepon.
Modem akan mengubah atau (melakukan demodulasi) sinyal tersebut
kembali ke bentuk digital agar bisa dibaca oleh komputer.
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Multiplexer
Multiplexer
Teknik menggabungkan beberapa sinyal untuk
dikirimkan secara bersamaan pada suatu kanal
transmisi
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Communications
link
Multiplexor Front-end
processor
Host
computer
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Front-End Processor
Front-end processor…
Spesial Komputer yang mengatur komunikasi ke dan dari satu
mesin komputeAr
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Incoming and
outgoing jobs
Front-end
processorMain
system
Job 1
Job 2
Job 3
Job 4
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Carriers and Services (1)
Carriers Organizations that take the responsibility of ensuring telecommunications
can effectively take place between enterprises
Common carriers Long-distance telephone companies
Value-added carriers Companies that have developed private telecommunications systems
and offer their services for a fee
Switched lines Lines that use switching equipment to allow one transmission device to
be connected to other transmission devices (e.g., standard telephoneline)
Dedicated line A line that provides constant connection between two points. No
switching or dialing is needed
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Carriers and Services (2)
Private branch exchange (PBX)
Communication system that can manage both voice and data transfer within a location (e.g. a building) and to outside lines
Wide area telecommunication service (WATS)
Billing method for heavy users of voice services
Phone and dialing services
Includes automatic number identification (a.k.a. caller ID)
Integration of telephones and personal computers
Access code screening
Call priorities
One number portability (use anywhere)
Intelligent dialing (auto re-dial for a busy number)
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Carriers and Services (3)
ISDN
ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network
Technology that uses existing common-carrier lines to
simultaneously transmit voice, video, and image data in digital
form
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Carriers and Services (4)
T1 carriers
An expensive service developed by AT&T to increase the
number of voice calls that could be handled through existingcables
Digital subscriber lines (DSL)
Uses existing phone wires going into today’s homes and
businesses to provide transmission speeds exceeding 500
Kbps at a cost of $100 - $300 per month
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Networks and Distributed
Processing
Centralized processing
Data processing that occurs in a single location or facility
Decentralized processing
Data processing that occurs when devices are placed at variousremote locations
Distributed processing
Data processing that occurs when computers are placed at remotelocations but are connected to each other via telecommunicationsdevices
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Network Concepts and
Considerations
Network Topology
A logical model that describes how networks are structured or configured
Topologies…
Ring (see chapter 1)
Bus (see chapter 1)
Star (see chapter 1)
Hierarchical
Hybrid
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Hierarchical
• Uses treelike structures
with messages passed
along the branches of the
hierarchy
Hybrid
• Network made up of
various types of
topologies
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Network Types
Local area network (LAN)
Jaringan komputer yang jaringannya hanya mencakup wilayah kecil;seperti jaringan komputer Kampus, Gedung, Kantor, dalam rumah,sekolah atau yang lebih kecil. (can be Ring, Bus, Hierarchical, Star,Hybrid)
Wide area network (WAN)
Ties together large geographic regions using microwave and satellite transmission or telephone lines
International network
Links systems between countries
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Terminal-to-Host Connection
Applications and databases reside on the same host computer
User interacts with the application using a “dumb terminal”
Host
computer
Target PC
“dumb terminal”
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File Server Connection
Applications and databases reside on the same host computer
File server transfers data and programs to PCs on the network,
where these target PCs perform most of the processing
Host
computer
File downloaded to user
File server
Target PC
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Client/Server Connection
Applications and databases reside on specialized host computers
Servers do most or all of the processing and transmit the results to
the client
Client Server
Server ServerClient
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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Client/Server
Advantages
Reduced cost potential
Improved Performance
Increased Security
Disadvantages Increased cost potential
Loss of control
Complex multi-vendor
environment
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Communications Software and
Protocols (1)
Communications software
Provides error checking, message formatting, communications logs, data security and privacy, and translation capabilities for networks
Network operating system (NOS)
Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to communicate with each other
Network management software
Enables a manager on a networked desktop to monitor the use of individual computers and shared hardware, scan for viruses, and ensure compliance with software licenses
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Communications Software and
Protocols (2)
Protocol
Rules that ensure communications among computers of different types and
from different manufacturers.
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Communications Software and
Protocols (3)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
Serves as a standard model for network architectures and is endorsed
by the International Standards Committee
Communication functions are represented in seven layers to promote
the development of modular networks. Designed to permit
communication among different computers from different operating
systems
Seven layers (see figure 6.20)
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Communications Software and
Protocols (4)
TCP/IP
TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Standard originally developed by the U.S. government to link defense research agencies; it is the primary communication protocol of the Internet
Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
IBM communication protocol
Ethernet
Protocol standard developed forLANs using a bus topology
X.400 and X.500
An international standard for message handling and network directories
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Bridges, Routers,
Gateways and Switches Bridge
Connects two or more networks, with the same protocol, at the media control portions of the data link layer
Router
Operates at the network level of the OSI model and features more sophisticated addressing software than bridges. Can determine preferred paths
Gateway
Operates at or above the OSI transport layer and links LANs or networks that employ different architectures and use dissimilar protocols
Switch
Routes or switches data to its destinationSchematic
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Machine
#1
Machine
#2
Machine
#3
Gateway
boxMachine
#4
Bridge
box
Router
box
Media
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Telecommunications Applications
(1)
Linking personal computers to mainframe computers
Download and upload information
Voice mail
Enables users to leave, receive, and store verbal messages for and from other users
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Enables a sender to connect a computer to a network, type messages, and send it to another person on the network
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Telecommunications Applications
(2)
Electronic software distribution
Involves installing software on a file server for users to share by signing onto the network and requesting that the software be downloaded onto their computers over a network
Electronic document distribution
Transporting documents -- such as sales reports, policy manuals, and advertising brochures -- over communications lines and networks
Telecommuting
Enables employees to work away from the office using personal computers and networks to communicate via electronic mail with other workers and to pick up and deliver results
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Telecommunications Applications
(3)
Videoconferencing
Allows participants to conduct long-distance meetings “face to face”
while eliminating
Pretty picture
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Telecommunications Applications
(4)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Uses network systems and follows standards and procedures that allow
output from one system to be processed directly as input to other
systems, without human intervention
Pretty picture
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EDI link
EDI link EDI link
Vendor Customer
Vendor Customer
Third-party
clearing house
(a)
(b)
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Telecommunications Applications
(5)
Public network services
Services that give personal computer users access to vast databases
and other services, usually for an initial fee plus usage fees
Specialized and regional information services
Specialized electronic bulletin boards and e-mail services targeting
particular interests.
Distance learning
Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom
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The Internet, Intranets,
and Extranets
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The Internet
The internet
Jaringan Komputer
Internet mengirimkan data dari satu komputer (dipanggilsejumlah besar) ke komputer lain.
Internet ( 'interconnected-networking') ialah jaringankomputer yang terhubung di dalam beberapa jaringan.
Internet networks
Terhubungnya komputer-komputer di tempat yangberbeda dan dapat di akses dalam waktu yangbersamaan.
Schematic
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How the Internet Works
Transport control protocol (TCP)
TCP adalah protokol yang memungkinkan program-program aplikasiuntuk mengakses/menggunakan layanan komunikasi bersifatconnection-oriented.
TCP/IP adalah salah satu jenis protokol (aturan) yg memungkinkankumpulan komputer dapat berkomunikasi dan bertukar data di dalamsuatu network (jaringan). Selain Internet, TCP/IP juga dapat diterapkanpada jaringan LAN dan WAN.
Backbone
jaringan dasar yang menghubungkan setiap sarana telekomunikasiyang berfungsi sebagai sarana penunjang atau tulang punggung atasketersediaan hubungan atau koneksi.
Uniform resource locator (URL)
suatu sarana yang digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi informasi padasuatu web server.
Contoh: http://www.yorku.ca/
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Domain Name System (DNS)
Komputer-komputer di Internet menggunakan suatu format
penamaan standar untuk mempermudah pengelolaan server
komputer di Internet. Sistem penamaan server komputer adalahDomain Name System (DNS). Domain Affiliations
arts cultural and entertainment activities
com business organizations
edu educational sites
firm businesses and firms
gov government sites
info information service providers
mil military sites
nom individuals
net networking organizations
org organizations
rec recreational activities
store businesses offering goods for purchase
web entities related to World Wide Web activities
net networking organizations
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Access to the Internet
LAN servers
Server lokal dapat menyediakan akses ke Internet melalui koneksi normal(e.g., Ethernet)
Serial line internet protocol (SLIP)
Yang hanya mendukung pengalamatan IP statis kepada para kliennya.
Point-to-point protocol (PPP)
sebuah protokol enkapsulasi paket jaringan yang banyak digunakan pada wide area network (WAN).
PPP jauh lebih baik, mengingat kerja protokol ini lebih cepat, menawarkan koreksi kesalahan, dan negosiasi sesi secara dinamis tanpa adanya intervensi dari pengguna. Selain itu, protokol ini juga mendukung banyak protokol-protokol jaringan secara simultan.
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Internet Service Providers
Internet service provider (ISP)
Perusahaan penyedia jasa pelayanan internet. Peran ISP adalahmenghubungkan kita dengan jaringan internet internasional. Jenislayanan yang disediakan oleh setiap ISP kepada setiap pelangganberbeda-beda. Demikian pula dengan biaya yang dikenakan.
Perlu menggunakan account dengan ISP dan software penghubungdengan TCP / IP
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ISP Examples
Internet Service Provider Web Address
AT&T WorldNet Service www.att.com
Digex, Inc. www.digex.net
GTE Internetworking www.gte.net
IBM Internet Connection www.ibm.net
MCI Internet www.mci2000.com
NetCom On-Line Communication Services
www.netcom.com
PSINet, Inc. www.psinet.com
Sprint Internet Services www.sprint.net
Uunet Technologies, Inc. www.us.uu.net
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Internet Services
Telnet
FTP
Usenet and newsgroups
Chat rooms
Internet phone
Internet videoconferencing
Content streaming
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Selected Usenet Groups
alt.fan.addams.family alt.life.itself
alt.pets alt.fan.bevis-n-butthead
alt.autos.camaro alt.fan.leonardo-dicaprio
alt.cloning alt.history
alt.fan.u2 alt.music.blues
alt.sports.baseball.cinci-red alt.music.zz-top
alt.politics.socialism alt.sports.college.sec
alt.sports.soccer.european.uk
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Internet Services
Internet telephony
Also called voice-over-IP (VOIP)
Teknologi yang memperbolehkan mengolah jaringan untuk route transmisi
telepon dan fax melalui jaringan yang sama digunakan untuk data.
adalah Internet Telepon atau telepon di atas Internet.
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Content Streaming
Content streaming
A method for transferring multimedia files over the Internet so that
the data stream of voice and pictures plays continuously, without a
break, or very few of them
It also enables users to browse large files in real time
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The World Wide Web
World Wide Web
Sebuah bagian dari internet yang sangat dikenal dalam dunia internet,
dengan adanya WWW seorang dapat menampilkan sebuah halaman virtual
yang disebut website.
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WWW Terminology
Home page
Halaman web yang langsung keluar ketika program browser
dijalankan .
Hypermedia
Tools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing users to
access topics in whatever order they wish
Hypertext markup language (HTML)
sebuah bahasa markup yang digunakan untuk membuat sebuah halaman web dan menampilkan berbagai informasi
di dalam sebuah browser Internet.
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Some Interesting Web Sites
Library of Congress http://lcweb.loc.gov
PointCast http://www.pointcast.com
In-Box Direct http://www.netscape.com
Online Career Center http://occ.com
New York Times http://www.nytimes.com
Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org
Sportsline USA http://www.sportsline.com
White House http://www.whitehouse.gov
MIT Lab for Computer Science http://www.lcs.mit.edu
The Wall Street Journal http://www.wsj.com
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WWW Terminology
Web browser
Software that creates a unique hypermedia-based menu on your computer screen and provides a graphical interface to the Web
Web page
A screen of information sent to a requesting user and presented through a browser
Applet
A small program embedded in Web pages
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HTML
“The” language of WWW pages
Need we say more!!!
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Search Engines
Search engines
A search tool for the Web (like card catalogs in libraries)
E.g.,
Altavista http://www.altavista.digital.com
Excite http://www.excite.com
Galaxy http://www.einet.net
Hotbot http://www.hotbot.com
Infoseek http://www.infoseek.com
Lycos http://www.lycos.com
Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.com
Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com
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Java
Java
An object-oriented programming language
Developed by Sun Microsystems
Based on C++
Allows small programs -- applets -- to be embedded within an HTML
document
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Applets
Applets are small java programs that are downloaded from the
server to the local machine
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Push Technology
Push technology
Technology that enables users to automatically receive information over the
Internet rather than searching for it using a browser
Also called Webcasting
E.g.,
PointCast
InterMind
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Webcasting ‘Discussion’
Using the Internet, and the World Wide Web in particular,
to
broadcast information. Unlike typical surfing, which relies
on a pull
method of transferring Web pages, webcasting uses push
technologies.
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Business Use of the Web
Uses: Applications, E-mail, Product Display, Catalogs, Order
placement
Products people are likely to buy on the WebSoftware 77%
Books 67%
CDs 64%
Computer hardware 63%
Airline tickets 61%
Magazine subscriptions 53%
Concert/theater tickets 48%
Flowers 45%
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Intranets and Extranets
Intranet
Intranet adalah jejaring internal perusahaan yang menggunakan arsitektur,
protokol dan aplikasi yang sama seperti Internet
Extranet
Intranet adalah jaringan privat yang menggunakan software internet dan
protokol TCP/IP.
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A secure connection between two points across the Internet
Tunneling
The process by which VPNs transfer information by encapsulating traffic
in IP packets and sending the packets over the Internet
Schematic
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Tunneling ‘Discussion’
A technology that enables one network to send its data via another
network's connections. Tunneling works by encapsulating a network
protocol within packets carried by the second network. For example,
Microsoft's PPTP technology enables organizations to use the
Internet to transmit data across a virtual private network (VPN). It
does this by embedding its own network protocol within the TCP/IP
packets carried by the Internet. (Note: PPTP = point-to-point tunneling
protocol)
Tunneling is also called encapsulation.
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Privacy & Security
Cryptography
The process of converting a message into a secret code
and changing the encoded message back to regular text
Encryption
The original conversion of a message into a secret code
Digital Signature
An encryption technique used for online financial
transactions
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Have a
nice day…
Have a
nice day…
Encryption
software
running on
sending
computer
Decryption
software
running on
Receiving
computer
E%$&:”}{|…
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Firewalls
Firewalls
A method of preventing unauthorized access between a
company’s computers and the Internet (looks at the header of a
packet)
Assured pipeline
An Internet security method that looks at the entire request for
data and then determines whether the request is valid
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End of Chapter 8