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Departments in Telecommunication

RF Transmission BSS MSC OMC-R VAS IN

Planning Survey BTS (I&C) Drive Test Optimization

RF-Radio Frequency Department is divided in further parts each performing

different functions.

1)RF Planning- This department deals with planning of Cell sites, Frequency

planning and Parameter Planning on Different Tools. After Planning is done, RF

Survey is performed to check the feasibility of the site on the planned location.

BSS-Base Station Subsystem Department is works with OMCR. After they get to

know about the alarms on the site they go there and rectify it. Every zone has a

BSS engineer. It is also responsible for BTS and BSC installation and

commissioning.

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NSS-Network Switching Sub System consists of two things1)Mobile switching

centre is the central heart of a telecom network. It controls all the switching

functions and Engineers in this departments are responsible to handle the proper

functioning of MSC and its nodes.2) Operation and maintance centre Switch is

responsible for faults(Alarms) in MSC

OMC-R-Operation & Maintains Centre-Radio Department Keeps on monitoring

the Alarms (Faults) on the site and the inform the engineer on the site to rectify it.

VAS- Value Added Service department is responsible for planning and

performance of value added services(for those we have to pay extra money) like

GPRS,CRBT and SMS.

IN- Intelligent Network department deals with prepaid services and Online

charging system

In India we have defined list of 23 Telecom circle by Department of

Telecommunications. If we change our circle then we have to bear roaming

charges.. Telecom Circles are divided into 4 groups: 'metro circles' and then 'A',

'B', and 'C' circles. The 'metro' circles cover very dense population centers in the

very largest Indian cities: Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai. The 'A', 'B', and 'C' circles

cover various geographic territories of varying population sizes. 'A' circles are the

largest in terms of population coverage. 'C' circles contain the smallest population.

Scope in Telecom Industry

Telecom Operators-These companies are responsible for providing services to the

frount end coustomers and after sales customer support. They have to start their

process after they have bought spectrum from TRAI.

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Primary Vendor- They provide their services to operators based on signed

contract. They are BTS Manufacturers .Following are such Companies—Nokia

Siemens Network ,Ericssion India Pvt Ltd, Zhongxing Telecommunication

Equipment Huawei Telecoms, Alcatel Lucent .

Secondary Vendor-Provide Manpower to primary vendor Companies for various

projects.

Definition:

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard

for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group

established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that

would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system

operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will

join the GSM partnership.

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of

recommendations and specifications for digital cellular telephone network.These

recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM

manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including

operation across international boundaries.

TDMA and FDMA

GSM uses the two multiple access schemes so that it cam maximise the uses of

available resources.

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Frequency division for multiple acess-In this Division of GSM frequency band

takes place so that multiple people can access the same frequency. For ex. We have

GSM 900Mhz band,Uplink-890-915 Downlink-935-960MHz As per the GSM

specification we divide 1 Mhz of band in 5 parts at a channel separation of 200

kHz.

Practical –Each part is known as ARFCN (Absolute radio frequency channel

no.).It is furtherallocated to operators as per his requirement. For ex any operator A

wants to setup a network in any circle, He to Buy for the spectrum (say 5Mhz of 25

ARFCNS).This has to be done for each circle separately by an operator

Time Division For multiple AcessAfter FDMA we have TDMA in which each

ARFCN is further divided into 8 Time slots.

Practical That means each time slot is allocated to a single user who is making a

call. So at one frequency maximum eight calls can be made simultaneously at a

time.

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There are a limited number of frequencies available within the frequency band

specified for cellular systems. Each operator licensed to run a cellular network, has

been provided with a number of frequencies. A cell has one or several frequencies,

depending on traffic load. To cover a country, for example, the available

frequencies must be reused. The same frequency cannot be used in neighboring

cells due to interference.

STANDARD 900 (GSM) 1800(GSM) 1900(GSM) 800(CDMA)

Uplink 890-915 MHz 1710-1785 MHz 1850-1910 MHz 824-849 MHz

Downlink 935-960 MHz 1805-1890 MHz 1930-1990 MHz 869-894 MHz

Band width 25 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz 25 MHz

Duplex Distance 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz 45 MHz

Carrier Separation 200 KHz 200 KHz 200 KHz 1.25 MHz

channels 124 374 299 20

CELL and Its Orientation

A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area where radio

coverage is given by one base station. The shape of a cell in theory is Hexagonal

because it gives best symmetrical structure to plan a complete covered area.

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• But practically cells have no defined shape. They are irregular in shape

because in actual practice we cant restrict a BTS to give coverage in

hexagonal shape

• Radio coverage is given by one base station Ideally One Cell is divided in 3

Sectors We Serve each sector by One RF Antenna and each antenna is

mounted on different angles with respect to north pole of the earth

CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY

Cell global identity is an entity that is used to define a unique identification of each

cell of a particular network. It consists of MCC+MNC+LAC+CI

Mobile country code-This is used to define the country in which an operator is

working. For ex any operator working in India has a code 404,405 or 406.

Mobile network Code-This code is used to define the operator and the circle in

which operator is working. For ex. 02 is the code of airtel Punjab and 70 is the

code for airtel Rajasthan.

Sector 1

Sector3 sector 2

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Location Area code-It is a code given to each location area( group of cells)

Cell Identification- It is a unique identification no that is given to each sector of a

site. For ex.3451,in this case 345 is site id and 1 is sector. Last no. will always

represent sector number.

Handover

Handover is the automatic transfer of the subscriber from one cell to another

during the call process, without causing any hindrance to the call. There are two

main aspects to this: the necessity to find a dedicated mode in the next cell as the

mobile is on call, and the switching process being fast enough so as not to drop that

call.

So, how does the handover actually take place? There are many processes that can

be used, but the one most used is based on power measurements. When a mobile is

at the interface of two cells, the BSS measures the power that is received by the

base stations of the two cells, and then the one that satisfies the criteria of enough

power and least interference is selected. This kind of handover being directly

related to power control, it provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of

use of the spectrum.

Network Planning Process

Before the actual planning is started for a new network the current market situation

is analyzed. The market analysis covers all the competitors and the key information

from them: market share, network coverage areas, services, tariffs, etc. Based on

the market situation it is possible to create a future Deployment strategy for the

new operator.

Market analysis

Competitor analysis

Potential customers

User profiles: services required and usage

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Customer requirements

Coverage requirements

Capacity requirements

Quality targets: call setup success, drop call rate, etc.

Financial limitations

Future deployment plans

Environment factors and other boundary conditions

Area morthography

Area topography

Hotspot locations

Available frequency band

Recommended base transceiver station (BTS) locations

RFSurvey The proposed network design shows only approximate site locations. The exact

site position depends on the possibilities to construct a site on the suggested

location. Different permits are usually necessary, e.g. a planning permit from the

local council planning committee. Masts or towers almost always require planning

permits and in many cases they are subject to permits from civil aviation or

military authorities (i.e. obstruction lighting may be needed).

Permission to use the site or a lease contract must be agreed upon with the owner

of the site. Besides the need for the permits, the following must also be taken into

account:

Access roads - The site must be accessible to installation personnel and

heavy trucks and if there is no road leading to the site, a helicopter might be

needed for material transports and for mast or tower installation.

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Material transport and storage - The site must have an area suitable for efficient

unloading and handling of goods.

Space requirements - For an outdoor site it is necessary that the ground area

is large enough for the radio base station and tower or mast foundation. Power

cables must be installed and a mains power source must be found in the vicinity

of the site if mains power is not available at the site. For an indoor site, the RBS

equipment room must fulfill a number of requirements concerning mains power

connection such as grounding, power outlet, and space for transport network

interface products.

Antenna support structures - These must be provided. They can consist of

several short pipes on a roof, a guyed mast, or a self-supporting tower. The term

“tower” usually refers to a self-supported structure, while the term “mast” refers

to a structure supported with guy wires.

There are two types of surveys

• Sharing

• Anchor

SHARING

• Nominal data about the site like lat-long, planned height and planned

orientation.

• Go to lat long and check the presence of the site.

• Check the shelter space, stability, antenna height, and orientation so planned.

If there is no place in the shelter, one can use outdoor BTS.

• Take pictures at 360 degrees angle.

ANCHOR

NOMINAL

• Go to lat long

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• Define search ring

• Find Hot Spot

BLIND

• No nominal data is given except the area where you need to plan the site.

FOR RF SURVEY WE NEED:

GPS(Global Positioning System):Latches with satellite and tells the lat

long

Magnetic Compass

Notepad

We are given the latitude and longitude of the hot spot and moving on to the

particular lat long we find the nominal spots keeping in mind the various

points:

The lat long of nominal point

The obstacles

Clutter

Height of antenna

Other competitors and their plan and their schemes

PROCEDURE FOR SITE SELECTION

Maximum height of the building is to be considered so that we can find

where we need to plan the site. But we also need to check the second highest

building so that the coverage can be given to the top floor of the highest

building.

G+3N=height of site

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Where G= Ground Floor(4m); N= No. of floors

All the buildings with basement have to be taken care of, so as to finalize the

tilt.

Our site should cover the maximum clutterso as to give the bets possible

coverage.

While performing the survey all the area information should be collected

like type of area, clutter, major competitor, total population, percent of

mobile users.

After this orientationof GSM antenna should be planned according to the

clutter.

MAJOR OBSTACLES

Buildings

Power Grid

Water Tank

Railway Lines

Length of Feeder Cables

Height of Antenna

INTERFERENCE

• Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not

the wanted signal.

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EFFECTS OF INTERFERNCE

• Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular

systems.It causes degradation of signal quality. It introduces bit errors in the

received signal.Mobile stations and base stations are exposed to different

interference situation

SOURCES

• Another mobile in the same cell.

• A call in progress in the neighboring cell.

• Other base stations operating on the same frequency.

• Any non-cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency

band.

TYPES

• There are two types of system generated interference

– Co-channel interference

– Adjacent channel interference

Co-Channel Interference

This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse, i.e. several cells use the

same set of frequency. These cells are called co-channnel cells. Co-channel

interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is

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because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to

neighboring co-channel cells. To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells

must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation

Adjacent-Channel Interference

Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the

desired signal is called adjacent channel interference. Adjacent channel

interference results from imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby

frequencies to leak into the pass band.Adjacent channel interference can

be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments.By

keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as

large as possible , the adjacent interference may be reduced considerably

FREQUENCY HOPPING:

The Frequency Hopping feature changes the frequency used by a channel on

the air-interface every new TDMA frame in a regular pattern.

ADVANTAGES:

• Decreasing the probability of interference

• Ease in frequency planning

• Increase in Capacity

TYPES OF HOPPING

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SYNTHESIZER FREQUENCY HOPPING: No. of frequencies hopping on one

TRX card. In this technique a unique Mobile allocation list is attached to every

sector. This list contains a number of frequencies within which the TRXs present

in that sector would hop for every burst. The number of frequencies present in the

list must be equal to or more than the number of TRXs in that sector. Synthesised

hopping is preferred over base band hopping due to the fact that for hopping to be really

effective in case of base band hopping, one must have more number of carriers

(TRXs) in a single sector.

BASEBAND HOPPING: Here frequency hopping is done by switching the

information frame of 1 call from one trans receiver to another within the cell. Here

the hop between different frequencies depends on the number of carriers (TRXs)

present in that particular cell. There is no separate Mobile allocation list attached to

every sector of the BTS. Here hopping of frequencies occur by shifting a single

call between different TRXs of the same sector for every burst.

Parameters:

• MA (Mobile Allocation) List – ARFCNs used in hopping sequence

• HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) – Algorithms of sequence (0-63)

• MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset) – Entry of MA List at which

hopping sequence begins

WHY DRIVE TESTING?

Drive testing consists of test teams driving on pre-defined routes in a network

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region and periodically initiating calls and measuring signal strength. The

types of test data collected include unsuccessful handovers, low-quality audio

and dropped calls etc. These results are transferred from the MS to a dedicated PC

where the various data groups are processed in order to produce graphical and

tabular data in a

format that can be readily interpreted by the test engineer.

DRIVE TEST EQUIPMENTS:

Data collected to find and analyze problems in the network

Vehicle

Drive test mobile phone

External vehicle mounted GPS

Laptop with drivetest software and GPS connection capability

Dongle Key

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

After connecting the drive test tool, following activities are carried out during

Drive test:

1. Software like TEMS is opened in the Laptop. The system by default opens

‘GSM’ window displaying the empty tables and charts meant for RF

information.

2. Both external devices, Handset and GPS are detected by the devices but are

indicated as disconnected with the red color symbol. This changes to green

color after clicking ‘Connect All’ in the Connection Toolbar.

3. Now the mobile is connected in the ‘idle mode’. The GSM window starts

displaying the live network data in the corresponding tables and charts. GPS

window shows Latitude & Longitude of the place.

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4. Click ‘Record’ tool bar. Save logfile followed by originating call on the

phone. The test enters in the ‘dedicated mode’.

5. Drive the roads on routes covering the cell and all neighboring cells.

6. Cell coverage, Received signal strength, Quality and many other RF

parameters are measured.Call connection, call mobility control, call release and

many other events are checked and recorded.

7. Drive test log file is generated and can be exported to different formats for

Post processing requirement

DRIVE TEST TYPES(w.r.t work to be done in drive test)

TYPES OF DRIVE TESTS(w.r.t. area covered)

• CW Drive Test- Initial network setup

• SWAP Drive Test- Updation in existing network

• GPRS Drive Test- Data drive test of GPRS

• Benchmarking Drive Test- Multiple Operator Drive Test

• Frequency Scanning Drive Test

• Extensive Drive Test- Dive in each Sector

• Single Call Functionality Test- Making 10 calls and 5 sms in each site

• Green Field Drive Test- New network acceptance Test Drive

• Current Channel Parameter

• Time: It is system time of computer.

• Cell name: It displays the name of the sector which is serving according to

the cellfile that is loaded in TEMS.

•

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• CGI : It stands for the Cell Global Identity which is unique for every sector

of the site. It consists of MCC,MNC,LAC,CI.

• MCC: Mobile Country Code 0 – 999 (e.g. 404 in India), MNC: Mobile

Network Code 0 – 99 (e.g. 98 for Airtel in Gujarat) LAC : Location Area

Code 0 -65535 (e.g. 5101 in Gujarat) CI: Cell Identity 0 – 65535 (e.g.

11001)

• Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having GPRS or not. Values are Yes or

No .

• Band : It tells in which Freq. Band mobile is operating e.g. GSM 900/ 1800.

• BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the mobile station getting served.

• TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is going on.

• BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) : It is combination of Network Color

Code (NCC) (0 – 7) & Base Station Color Code (BCC) (0 – 7). e.g. 62. It is

decoded by mobile on every Sync. Channel Message.

• Mode: It is shows in which state is mobile operating, Idle, Dedicated &

Packet.

• Time slot: On which time slot of current TCH call is going on. Viz. time slot

no. of TRX.

• Channel Type: Type of channel mobile is getting now. Like BCCH /

SDCCH/8 + SACCH/C8 or CBCH / TCH/F +FACCH/F +SACCH/F.

• Channel Mode : Shows mode of coding like Speech Full Rate of Half Rate.

• Speech Codec: It shows FR for Full Rate, HR for Half Rate & EFR for

Enhanced Full Rate.

• Ciphering Algorithm : It shows ciphering algorithm used by the system to

protect data for privacy. E.g. Cipher by A5/2.

• Sub Channel Number: It is displayed at a time when mobile is on dedicated

mode at time of call setup when it is getting SDCCH at that time it shows

which SDCCH it is getting out of 8 available. E.g. 2.

RADIO PARAMETERS WINDOW

• RxLev :Receiving level in terms of dBm that mobile is receiving from the

site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.

• RxQual : Quality of voice which is measured on basis of BER. Range of

RxQual 0 -7.

•

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• FER : Frame Erasure Rate it represents the percentage of frames being

dropped due to high number of non-corrected bit errors in the frame. It is

indication of voice quality in network.

• BER Actual : Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits

transmitted in a given time interval. BER is a measure for the voice quality

in network.. Depending on BER RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to 0.2 %

corresponds to RxQual 0. Max. BER countable and useful is up to 12.8 %

which corresponds to RxQual of max. 7.

• SQI :SQI is a more sophisticated measure which is dedicated to reflecting

the quality of the speech (as opposed to radio environment conditions). This

means that when optimizing the speech quality in your network, SQI is the

best criterion to use. SQI is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed on basis

of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR – 21 & HR – 17 are respectively ideal

values.

• C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio between the signal

strength of the current serving cell and the signal strength of undesired

(interfering) signal components. It should be atleast>9 .

Problem Cases

1. Interference

2. Handover

3. Call Setup Failure

4. Dropped Call

5. Misc.

Possible Reasons

1. Shadowed Antenna

2. Antenna Direction

3. Antenna Height / down tilt

4. Output Power

5. Missing Neighbor Relation

6. Site Location

7. Faulty Hardware e.g. antenna & TMA

8. Cell is down

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Possible solutions

1. Enable Frequency Hopping or add frequencies to Hopping group.

2. Enable BTS Power Control, MS power control and make it less

aggressive.

3. Change frequency of interferer or interfered cell – Possible to find new

frequency by

4. using TEMS Scanning.

5. Down tilt or change antenna of interferer.

LOGICAL CHANNELS

Logical channels were created to transmit a specific content. There are, for

instance, logical channels to transmit the cell system information paging

information or user data

Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH).

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Transport Channels (TrCH)

The transport channels determine how the content is organised to be transmitted.

User Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Common (FACH/RACH)

DEDICATED TRANSPORT CHANNELS

Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Physical Channels (PhyCH)

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The physical layer offers the transport of data to the higher layer. The

characteristics of the physical transport need to be described. When information is

transmitted between the RNC and the UE, the physical medium changes. Between

the RNC and Node B, where the interface Iub is discussed, the transport of

information is physically organised in so-called frames. Between Node B and the

UE, where the WCDMA radio interface Uu is found, the physical transmission is

described by physical channels. A physical channel is defined by the carrier

frequency number (UARFCN) and the spreading code (SC) in the FDD mode.

Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH)

The P-SCH uses the first 256 chips of every timeslot. In a P-SCH a primary

synchronisation code is transmitted. This is done in every UMTS cell in every

timeslot. If the UE detects the P-SCH it has performed chip synchronisation.

Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)

The S-SCH also uses only the first 256 chips of a timeslot. In an S-SCH the

secondary synchronization code is transmitted. There are 16 different secondary

synchronisation codes that are organised into 64 different combinations. The 64

combinations are grouped with 64 scrambling code groups, each consisting of 8

scrambling codes.

Common Pilot Indication Channel (CPICH)

CPICH carries a predefined bit/symbol sequence at a fixed rate (15 kbps, SF=256).

It is used for channel estimation and for measurement of the neighbour cells.

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

PCCPCH is the physical channel that carries broadcast channel (BCH) information

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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

SCCPCH carries two different common transport channels, the FACH (Forward

Access Channel) and the PCH (Paging Channel). It is on air only when it has

something to transmit. There can be up to three secondary CCPCHs configured.

FACH and PCH can be mapped in two different physical channels. In addition, if

the Service Area Broadcast (SAB) service is implemented it requires an additional

SCCPCH.

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) operates together with the Paging Channel

(the transport channel is sent on the physical channel: SCCPCH). The paging

indicator is sent on PICH, and the corresponding paging message is sent on the

associated SCCPCH. Having one channel for indicators and one for messages

provides terminals for an efficient sleep mode operation..

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

The AICH is a downlink physical channel with SF 256 in which an echo of the

preamble RACH is sent from the WBTS (WCDMA BTS). The WBTS knows that

there will be a message part coming and starts to listen to the channellisation code

indicated by the signature

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

The DPCCH has a constant bit rate and carries all information needed to keep a

physical connection running.

3G Drive Test Parameters

1.CPICHEc/No – Common Pilot channel Ec/No is the ratio of energy of the

chip and the combined power of all the signals including the pilot itself

received by the UE at that particular point. It is a very important factor for

call quality.

2.CPICH RSCP – Received Signal Code Power is the level of the signal

received by the U.E from a particular pilot

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3.Tx Power – As the name suggests it is the transmitting power of a Mobile

Station. Its value can vary from

-50 to 50. The minimum the Tx power of the Mobile station the better it is

for call quality.

4.UTRA Carrier RSSI - It is the Received Signal Strength Indicator of the

Mobile Station or the U.E. It tells us the total Power Received by the Mobile

Station from all the Pilots including itself at that particular location

5.SIR– It is the signal to interference Ratio is the ratio of Energy in the

DPCC(Dedicated Physical Control Channel) to that of the interference and

noise received by the U.E.

6.Target SIR – It is the target Signal to Interference ratio that Mobile

Equipment is supposed to achieve by increasing or decreasing its power. It is

set by the use of Power Control procedure

7.SQI - It is the speech Quality Index which is a parameter to rate the voice

Quality on that particular call. It ranges from 0 – 30 with 30 being the best

quality.

8.RRC State – It tells the current state and channel as in Idle or dedicated.

9.Mode – It is the mode that we are using GSM or WCDMA.

3G Parameters and Their Value

1.UE Tx power Max

<15 dBm Assuming 21 dBm max.

2.Pilot pollution . Max % < 10 % pilotpolluter% of

time a cell is seen as aThreshold 8 dB

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Relative to best server when cell

is not in Active Set

3..Active Set size Target ≤ 3 Based on scanner data

4.CPICH Ec/Io ≥ -8 dB to - 14 dB

5.CPICH RSCP ≥ 0 dBm – 110 dBm

6.SHO Success rate > 95%

3G Kpi’s

The RAN KPI can be classified into the following categories :

• Accessibility

Cell availability,Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR),RRC Setup & Access Rate

• Retain ability Call Drop rate

• Usage Packet Session setup/success rate (NRT, HSDPA, HSUPA)

• Mobility SHO/ISHO/HSPA SCC success rate

Gategory Name of the tests Target

1. Performance tests Value

Call setup success rate for Voice > 94.0 %

Call setup success rate for CS 64 kbits/s Data > 92.0 %

Session setup success rate for PS 64 kbits/s Data > 92.0 %

Call drop rate for Voice < 4.0 %

Call drop rate for CS 64 kbits/s Data < 4.0 %

Session drop date for PS 64 kbits/s data < 4.0 %

2. Coverage tests

Depends on the planning criteria, suggestions below

CPICH RSCP >-95 dBm

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CPICH EcNo >-12 dB

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Features

Node B decisions ,Multi-code operation,FastLink Adaptation, Adaptive

Modulation & Coding AMC

FastPacket Scheduling, Fast H-ARQ, FastTTI = 2 ms, Downwards Compatibility

with R99

Network Modifications for HSDPA

New Node B and Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission)

Faster retransmission / reduced delays, less Iub retransmission traffic, higher

spectrum efficiency

Fast Packet Scheduling - fast & efficient resource allocation and Fast Link

Adaptation - Adaptive Modulation & Coding

Compensation of fast fading (without fast PC)- higher peak rates & spectrum

efficiency

Fast Packet Scheduling. Node B decides allocation of HSDPA resources to UE

every TTI = 2 ms,supported Packet Scheduler algorithm

1) Round Robin RR (2) Proportional Fair PF

Round Robin RR

• assigns sub-frames in rotation: User at cell edge served as frequently as user

at cell centre

• doesn’t account for UE’s channel conditions

• Low total throughput in cell

Proportional Fair PF

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• Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by UE

• Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR

• Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past

• User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre

HSUPA problems / differences to HSDPA:

Power Control PC: Fast Power Control (on DL centralizedPC,on UL individual PC

• Higher order modulation difficult for UE

• Soft Handover required due to coverage reasons

• 3G Kpi’s

• The RAN KPI can be classified into the following categories :

• Accessibility Cell availability,Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR),RRC Setup

& Access Rate

• Retain ability Call Drop rate

• Usage Packet Session setup/success rate (NRT, HSDPA, HSUPA)

• Mobility SHO/ISHO/HSPA SCC success rate

• Gategory Name of the tests Target

• 1. Performance tests Value

• Call setup success rate for Voice > 94.0 %

• Call setup success rate for CS 64 kbits/s Data > 92.0 %

• Session setup success rate for PS 64 kbits/s Data > 92.0 %

• Call drop rate for Voice < 4.0 %

• Call drop rate for CS 64 kbits/s Data < 4.0 %

• Session drop date for PS 64 kbits/s data < 4.0 %

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2. Coverage tests

• Depends on the planning criteria, suggestions below

• CPICH RSCP >-95 dBm

• CPICH EcNo >-12 dB