Telecom 101 Telecommunications Book – Fourth Edition, 2016Up­to­Date High­Quality Reference Book and Study Guide Covering All Major Topics, in Plain English.

Packed with information, authoritative, up to date, covering all majortopics ­ and written in plain English ­ Telecom 101 is an invaluabletextbook and day­to­day reference on telecommunications.

The course materials for Teracom's famous Course 101 Telecom,Datacom and Networking for Non­Engineers augmented with additionaltopics and bound in this one volume bring you consistency, completenessand unbeatable value.

Our approach can be summed up with a simple philosophy: Start at thebeginning. Progress in a logical order. Build one concept on top ofanother. Finish at the end. Avoid jargon. Speak in plain English.

Bust the buzzwords, demystify jargon, and cut through doubletalk!Fill gaps and build a solid base of structured knowledge.Understand how everything fits together.... knowledge and understanding that lasts a lifetime.

Ideal for anyone needing a book covering all major topics in telecom,data communications, IP and networking… in plain English.

A wealth of clear, concise, organized knowledge, impossible to find in oneplace anywhere else!

7" x 9" softcover textbook • 488 pages ISBN 9781894887038 • 4th edition • Published March 2016Print quantities are limited. Order today to avoid disappointment.

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more info Printable PDF Brochure Your Go­To Telecom ResourceCovering all major topics, we begin with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), then

• progress in a logical order, building one concept on top of another,

• from voice and data fundamentals to digital, packets, IP and Ethernet, VoIP,

• fiber and wireless, DSL and cable, routers and networks, MPLS, ISPs and CDNs,

• and finish with the Brave New World of IP Telecom, where voice, data and video are the same thing.

• An invaluable day­to­day reference handbook

• Learn and retain more reading a hard copy, professionally printed and bound

• Up­to­date: published 2016

• Allows you to study and review topics before attending a course

• An economical and convenient way to self­study... these are the materials to an instructor­led course that costs $1395 to attend.

• The Certification Study Guide for the prestigious Telecommunications Certification Organization (TCO)Certified Telecommunications Analyst (CTA) telecommunications certification.

Value Pricing

Written by our top instructor, Eric Coll, M.Eng., Telecom 101 contain 35 years of knowledge and learning distilled and organized into an invaluable study guide and practical day­to­day reference for non­engineers.

Looking through the chapter list and detailed outline below, you'll see that many chapters of Telecom 101 are like self­contained reference books on specific topics, like the PSTN, IP, LANs, MPLS and cellular.

You can get all of these topics bound in one volume for one low price.

"A lifesaver"— US Army CommunicationSpecialist, Iraq

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Compare this to hunting down and paying for multiple books by different authors that may or may not cover what you need to know­ and you'll agree this is a very attractive deal.

Career­ and productivity­enhancing training... an investment that will be repaid many times over.

Chapter ListTelecom 101 is composed of three parts: Fundamentals of Telecommunications, Telecommunications Technologies, and the IP Telecommunications Network.

PART I FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION2 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEPHONY3 SWITCHING4 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY

We begin with the fundamentals of telephony and the telephonenetwork – the basis for understanding everything else.

First is the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): loops andtrunks, circuit­switching, analog, the voiceband and Plain OrdinaryTelephone Service (POTS). Plus, new for the fourth edition: Voice overIP (VoIP) is now part of the fundamentals.

Next is switching, starting with traditional telephone switches: Centrex,PBX and PBX trunks, and how that relates to the newer ideas ofsoftswitches, Hosted PBX and SIP trunking.

This part is completed with a chapter on the telecommunicationsbusiness: Local Exchange Carriers and Inter­Exchange Carriers, ILECsand CLECs, the main players and how carriers interconnect.

PART II TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

5 DIGITAL6 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS7 THE NETWORK CLOUD AND SERVICE PROVISIONING8 FIBER OPTICS9 DSL AND CABLE MODEMS: LAST MILE ON COPPER10 WIRELESSS

The second part is devoted to telecommunications technologies: theactual methods used to implement circuits and services.

We begin with digital: what digital is, how voice and video aredigitized, and how digitized information is actually transmitted.

The next chapter is transmission systems: the high­capacity systemsdeveloped to carry many users’ traffic. This starts with the installedbase of channelized systems, the hierarchy of DS0, DS1 and DS3 ratesand an overview of T1, T3, SONET and ISDN.

Then our attention turns to the new generation packetized systems,introducing the concepts of overbooking and bandwidth on demandinstead of channels, how this is implemented with frames and packets,coexistence and transition from channels to packets.

Then we understand the “Network Cloud”, how services are actuallyimplemented, the three basic types of services and the equipment usedfor each.

Completing this part are chapters on the technologies used toimplement the network:

Fiber Optics, including fundamentals of fiber, wave­divisionmultiplexing, the network core, Metropolitan Area Networks, PassiveOptical Networks and fiber to the premise.

Last Mile on Copper: DSL and Cable Modems, including fundamentalsof modems, DSLAMs, VDSL, broadband and cable modems.

Wireless, concentrating on mobile communications: cellular andmobility concepts, the technologies TDMA, CDMA and OFDM, thegenerations from 1G to 4G, and the systems GSM, UMTS, 1X and LTE.This chapter is completed with WiFi and satellite.

PART III THE IP PACKET­SWITCHED TELECOM NETWORK (IP­PSTN)

11 "DATA" COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS12 CODING, FRAMES AND PACKETS13 THE OSI LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACKS14 ETHERNET, LANS AND VLANS15 IP NETWORKS, ROUTERS AND ADDRESSES16 MPLS AND CARRIER NETWORKS17 THE INTERNET18 WRAPPING UP

The third part of Telecom 101 is dedicated to the new­generation IPtelecommunications network.

We begin by understanding how convergence was achieved by treatingvoice and video like data – then accordingly, cover the fundamentals ofwhat used to be called “data communications”: DTEs, DCEs, LANs andWANs and the crucial concepts of packets and frames.

There are so many functions that need to be performed to implementphone calls, television, web browsing, email and everything else overthe IP network, a structure is necessary to be able to identify anddiscuss separate issues separately. For this purpose, there is a chapteron the OSI Reference Model and its layers, identifying what the layersare, examples of protocols for each layer and how they work together ina protocol stack.

Then we begin moving up the layers. The next chapter is on Ethernet,

LANs and VLANs (Layer 2), including MAC addresses and MAC frames,LAN cables, Optical Ethernet, LAN switches and how VLANs are used toseparate traffic.

The next chapter is all about IP (Layer 3): how routers implement thenetwork, routing tables, IP addresses, subnets, IPv4 address classes,static addresses, dynamic addresses and DHCP; public addresses,private addresses and NAT; and an overview of IP version 6.

On a real­world telecom network, a traffic management system isrequired. This is implemented with a technique called in general virtualcircuits, and in particular with MPLS. The next chapter in the bookcovers the fundamentals, briefly reviews legacy technologies X.25,Frame Relay and ATM, then focuses on MPLS and how it is used toimplement VPNs, Class of Service, service integration and trafficaggregation.

The last main chapter is on the Internet: its origins, what an ISP is andhow an ISP connects to the rest of the Internet via transit and peering,the web, the Domain Name System, HTML and HTTP, SSL, MIME andbase­ 64 encoding for email, Internet telephony and Internet VPNs vs.business customer “MPLS service”.

The final chapter is a summary and wrap­up, covering technologydeployment from the top down, useful reference charts listing all of thetechnologies, standard network designs and ending with a look at TheFuture.

APPENDICIES

A ALL ABOUT T1B LEGACY VOICE SERVICES AND JARGONC ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Telecommunications technology is in constant change – and sometechnologies that used to be of prime importance are not so importanttoday, and so have been moved from the main part of the book intoappendices.

The very last part of the book provides a comprehensive list decodingmainstream acronyms and abbreviations used in telecom.

7" x 9" softcover textbook • 488 pages • $179ISBN 9781894887038 • 4th edition • Published March 2016Print quantities are limited. Order today to avoid disappointment.

also available as an eBook

ISBN 9781894887786

Detailed Outline Download Printable PDF Brochure

Part 1: Fundamentals of TelecommunicationsWe begin with the fundamentals of telephony and the telephone network – the basis for understanding everything else.

1 Introduction

Chapter 1 is the introduction to the book. We discuss the approach take in organizing the topics, and suggestions forhow to use the material... and the Three Answers, answering any question in telecommunications.

1.1 Our Approach 1.2 How the Text is Organized 1.3 How to Use This Text 1.4 The Three Answers 1.4.1 Answer Number 1: Money 1.4.2 Answer Number 2: History 1.4.3 Answer Number 3: It's All Pretty Much the Same Thing

2 Fundamentals of Telephony

Whether you're interested in telecom, datacom, wireless or networking, everything begins with the Public SwitchedTelephone Network and Plain Ordinary Telephone Service. We'll begin with a model for the PSTN, explaining analogcircuits, the voiceband and circuit switching, common telephony buzzwords and jargon, and an overview of SS7. Thischapter is completed with Voice over IP... part of today's fundamentals.

2.1 History of Telecommunications 2.1.1 Invention of the Telephone 2.1.2 Local Phone Companies 2.1.3 The Bell System 2.1.4 US Regulation and Competition

2.1.5 Consolidation 2.1.6 Other Carriers 2.1.7 Canadian Telegraph Companies 2.1.8 Canadian Telephone Companies 2.1.9 The Rest of the World

2.2 The Public Switched Telephone Network 2.2.1 Basic Model of the PSTN 2.2.2 Loops 2.2.3 Trunks and Circuit Switching 2.2.4 Remotes 2.2.5 DSL and DSLAMs in the Outside Plant 2.2.6 Brownfields: DSL on Copper to the Premise 2.2.7 Greenfields: GPONs on Fiber to the Premise 2.2.8 Active Ethernet to the Premise 2.2.9 Why the Loop Still Matters

2.3 Analog 2.3.1 Analog Signals 2.3.2 Analog Circuits

2.4 Capacity Restrictions 2.4.1 What is Speech? 2.4.2 Do Trees Falling in the Forest Make a Sound? 2.4.3 The Voiceband 2.4.4 Bandwidth 2.4.5 Why Does the Voiceband Stop at 3300 Hz? 2.4.6 Problems With Voiceband Restrictions

2.5 Problems with Analog Transmission 2.5.1 Attenuation and Amplifiers 2.5.2 Electro­Magnetic Interference 2.5.3 Crosstalk 2.5.4 Impulse Noise

2.6 Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS) 2.6.1 Tip and Ring 2.6.4 Microphone and Speaker 2.6.5 Balanced Signaling 2.6.6 Two­Way Simultaneous 2.6.7 Hybrid Transformer 2.6.8 Battery 2.6.9 Lightning Protection 2.6.10 Supervision 2.6.11 Call Progress Tones

2.7 Network Addresses: Telephone Numbers 2.7.1 Dialing Plan 2.7.2 Address Signaling 2.7.3 Pulse Dialing 2.7.4 DTMF: "Touch Tone" 2.7.5 In­Band Signaling 2.7.6 "Hidden" Buttons 2.7.7 Caller ID

2.8 SS7 2.8.1 Out­Of­Band Signaling 2.8.2 Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) 2.8.3 Switch­Based Call Routing 2.8.4 SS7 In Practice 2.8.5 Residential Service Application Example 2.8.6 Business Service Application Example

2.9 Voice over IP (VoIP) 2.9.1 Packetized Voice 2.9.2 VoIP System Components 2.9.3 VoIP Phones and Other VoIP Terminals 2.9.4 Physical Connections: Wired and Wireless LANs 2.9.5 Softswitch 2.9.6 Router 2.9.7 Gateway

2.9.8 Firewall

3 Switching

This chapter covers switching, starting with a model of the telecom network showing where switches fit into thenetwork, traditional telephone switches: Centrex, PBX and PBX trunks, and how that relates to the newer ideas ofsoftswitches, Hosted PBX and SIP trunking. 3.1 Telephone Network Architecture 3.1.1 Access Network 3.1.2 Switching Network 3.1.3 Transmission Network

3.2 Telephone Switches 3.2.1 Circuit Switching 3.2.2 CO Switches 3.2.3 Line Cards 3.2.4 Digital Switching

3.3 Traditional PBX and Centrex 3.3.1 PBX 3.3.2 PBX Trunks 3.3.3 Digital Telephones: Electronic Business Sets 3.3.4 PBX and PABX 3.3.5 Attendant 3.3.6 Automated Attendant 3.3.7 IVR 3.3.8 Direct Inward Dialing (DID) 3.3.9 Automated Call Distribution (ACD) 3.3.10 Call Centers 3.3.11 Advantages of PBX 3.3.12 Disadvantages of PBX 3.3.13 Centrex 3.3.14 Advantages of Centrex 3.3.15 Disadvantages of Centrex 3.3.16 PBX vs. Centrex 3.3.17 Key Systems

3.4 SIP, Soft Switches, Hosted PBX and IP Centrex 3.4.1 Hard Switches 3.4.2 Soft Switches 3.4.3 SIP 3.4.4 Additional Functions 3.4.5 Location Independence 3.4.6 Customer Premise Softswitch 3.4.7 Centrex 3.4.8 Hosted PBX

3.5 SIP Trunking 3.5.1 PBX Trunks and Tie Lines 3.5.2 VoIP Trunking

3.5.3 Gateway Service

4 The Telecommunications Industry

Chapter 4 provides a practical overview of the telecommunications industry: service providers and alliances, competitiveforces, structure and regulation; resellers, IXCs, LECs, CLECs and collocations... the telecom business.

4.1 US Telephone Companies 4.1.1 LECs, LATAs and Baby Bells 4.1.2 Independents 4.1.3 Inter­Exchange Carriers: IXCs 4.1.4 Switched Access Charge 4.1.5 CLECs and ILECs 4.1.6 Resellers 4.1.7 Consolidation 4.1.8 Cable TV: Broadband Carriers

4.2 AT&T and Verizon 4.3 Canadian Telephone Companies 4.3.1 Bell Canada 4.3.2 TELUS 4.3.3 Ownership 4.3.4 Competitive Inter­Exchange Carriers 4.3.5 Resellers 4.3.6 Wireless

4.4 PSTN Switching Center Hierarchy

4.4.1 Class 5: Central Office 4.4.2 Wire Center 4.4.3 Local Calls 4.4.4 Class 4: Toll Center 4.4.5 Class 1, 2 and 3 Switching Centers 4.4.6 High Usage Trunks

4.5 Switched Access to LD Competitors: LECs, POPs and IXCs 4.5.1 Access Network, LECs and ILECs 4.5.2 Long Distance: IXCs 4.5.3 Switched Access 4.5.4 POP: Point of Presence 4.5.5 Equal Access and PIC Codes

4.6 High­Capacity Access to Long­Distance 4.6.1 Dedicated Line from the ILEC In­City 4.6.2 Tariffs 4.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

4.7 CLEC: Collocations and Dark Fiber 4.7.1 Unbundling 4.7.2 Dark Fiber and Dry Copper 4.7.3 Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) 4.7.4 Collocations 4.7.5 Advantages 4.7.6 Disadvantages 4.7.7 Application

4.8 Bypass 4.8.1 Easements

4.9 Competitive Carrier Network Model: Rings, POPs and MANs 4.9.1 Fiber Rings

Part 2: Telecommunications TechnologiesThe second part of Telecom 101 is devoted to telecommunications technologies: the actual methods used to implement circuits and services.

5 Digital

This chapter will give you a real understanding of what "digital" means, and how it is implemented. We'll understand how voice is digitized, the standard 64 kb/s bit rate, plus digital video standards like HD and 4K. We finish understanding how bits are actually transmitted "digitally" on copper and fiber.

5.1 Analog and Digital: What do we really mean? 5.1.1 Analog Signal 5.1.2 Analog Circuit 5.1.3 Digital Signal 5.1.4 Digital Circuit 5.1.5 Bandwidth

5.2 Continuous vs. Discrete Signals 5.2.1 Continuous Signals 5.2.2 Discrete Signals

5.3 Voice Digitization (Analog­Digital Conversion) 5.3.1 Quantization 5.3.2 Sampling 5.3.3 Coding

5.4 Voice Reconstruction (Digital ­ Analog Conversion) 5.4.1 Reconstruction 5.4.2 Quantization Error 5.4.3 Aliasing Error

5.5 Voice Digitization: 64 kb/s G.711 Standard 5.5.1 256 Quantization Levels. 5.5.2 8,000 Samples per Second 5.5.3 8­bit Coding 5.5.4 64 kb/s G.711 Codec Standard 5.5.5 64 kb/s DS0 Channels 5.5.6 64 kb/s Packetized Voice 5.5.7 μ­law and a­law

5.6 Digital Video, H.264 and MPEG4 5.6.1 Digital Video Cameras

5.6.2 Factors Affecting Video Quality 5.6.3 Definition vs. Resolution 5.6.4 Standard Definition, Interlaced and 480i 5.6.5 High Definition, Progressive and 720p 5.6.6 Full HD 1080 and 2K 5.6.7 Ultra HD and 4K 5.6.8 Compression 5.6.9 MPEG 5.6.10 MPEG­4 and H.264

5.7 Digital Transmission: Binary Pulses 5.7.1 Analog: Attenuation, Added Noise and Amplifiers 5.7.2 Digital: Pulses and Repeaters 5.7.3 Repeaters on Copper Wires 5.7.4 Repeaters on Fiber

5.7.5 Comfort Noise Generation

6 Transmission Systems

In this chapter, we cover the high­capacity systems developed to carry many users’ traffic. This starts with the installedbase of channelized systems, the hierarchy of DS0, DS1 and DS3 rates and an overview of T1, T3, SONET, SDH andISDN. Then our attention turns to the new­generation packetized systems, introducing the concepts of overbooking andbandwidth on demand instead of channels, routers instead of multiplexers, how this is implemented with frames andpackets, the need for MPLS traffic management, and the coexistence and transition from channels to packets. 6.1 Channelized Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 6.1.1 Channels 6.1.2 Example: Time­Share Condos 6.1.3 Trunk Carrier Systems 6.1.4 Inefficient for Data

6.2 Multiplexers 6.2.1 Example: T1 6.2.2 T1 Mux or Channel Bank 6.2.3 Time Slots 6.2.4 Framing Bits 6.2.5 DS1 Rate 6.2.6 CSU 6.2.7 Repeaters 6.2.8 Synchronization 6.2.9 Applications for T1 6.2.10 SONET TDM on Fiber

6.3 The Digital Hierarchy: Legacy Channelized Transmission Speeds 6.3.1 Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera 6.3.2 DS0 6.3.3 DS1 and E1 6.3.4 DS2 6.3.5 DS3 6.3.6 STM and SDH

6.4 Digital Carrier Systems: Legacy Transmission Technologies 6.4.1 Technologies 6.4.2 Carrier Systems 6.4.3 T1 6.4.4 T3 and Bit­Interleaved Multiplexing 6.4.5 SONET and Byte­Interleaved Multiplexing 6.4.6 SDH 6.4.7 Line Speed vs. Technology

6.5 Framing 6.5.1 Synchronous Time­Division Multiplexing 6.5.2 Framing and Transmission Frames 6.5.3 DS1 Frame 6.5.4 STS­1 (DS3) Frames 6.5.5 SONET Optical Carrier Frames 6.5.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Channels

6.6 ISDN 6.6.1 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 6.6.2 Obsolescence of BRI 6.6.3 Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 6.6.4 PRI Physical Connection

6.6.5 T1 vs. PRI 6.7 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 6.7.1 Toll Plaza Example 6.7.2 Overbooking / Oversubscription 6.7.3 The Need For Addressing 6.7.4 Statistical Multiplexing Equipment 6.7.5 Packet Networks

6.8 Framing on IP Packet Networks 6.8.1 Old vs. New 6.8.2 MAC Frames Instead of Framing Bits 6.8.3 Routers 6.8.4 Prioritization 6.8.5 MPLS 6.8.6 Implementation with Optical Ethernet

6.9 Coexistence and Transition from Channels to Packets 6.9.1 Old: Everything in Channels 6.9.2 New: Everything in Packets 6.9.3 Gateways for Legacy Voice 6.9.4 Packetized Voice from the Customer Premise

6.9.5 Packets over Non­Channelized SONET

7 The Cloud and Service Provisioning

In this short chapter, we explain the "network cloud" and how services are actually provided by carriers:the three types of services: dedicated lines, circuit­switched and packet­switched, the three types of edge equipment:multiplexers, telephone switches and routers, and which is used for what.

7.1 Anatomy of a Service 7.2 The Network "Cloud" 7.3 Inside the Network Cloud 7.4 Network Equipment

7.5 Service Provisioning Summary

8 Fiber Optics

This chapter covers the essentials of fiber optics, including fundamentals of wavelengths and glass fibers, Dense Wave­Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Optical Ethernet, fiber in network core, edge and access, Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), Fiber To The Premise (FTTP) and Passive Optical Networks (PONs).

8.1 Fiber Basics 8.1.1 Lamdas 8.1.2 Pulses of Light 8.1.3 Attenuation and Dispersion

8.2 Glass Fiber and Fiber Cables 8.2.1 Core 8.2.2 Cladding and Coating 8.2.3 Cables 8.2.4 Redundancy

8.3 Optical Wavelengths, Bands and Modes 8.3.1 Bands 8.3.2 Multimode and Modal Dispersion 8.3.3 Single­Mode Fiber 8.3.4 Chromatic Dispersion 8.3.5 Polarization­Mode Dispersion

8.4 Wave­Division Multiplexing: CWDM and DWDM 8.4.1 WDM 8.4.2 WDM Multiplexers 8.4.3 Optical Ethernet Paths 8.4.4 Current and Future Capacities

8.5 Optical Ethernet 8.5.1 Point­to­Point Connections 8.5.2 SFP Modules and Connectors 8.5.3 IEEE Standards

8.6 Network Core 8.6.1 SONET and SDH 8.6.2 Optical Ethernet, RPR and MPLS 8.6.3 Fiber Rings

8.7 Metropolitan Area Network

8.7.1 MANs to Office Buildings and Apartment Buildings

8.7.2 MANs to Neighborhoods 8.8 Fiber to the Premise (FTTP) & PONs 8.8.1 Passive Optical Network (PON)

8.8.2 Active Ethernet

9 DSL and Cable Modems: Last Mile on Copper

While the lucky few have fiber to the home, many others will use existing copper­wire entry cables for high­speedInternet while waiting for it. Accordingly, this chapter covers Last Mile on Copper: DSL and Cable Modems, explainingthe fundamentals of modems and modulation, DSL, DSLAMs, VDSL, broadband cable modems and DOCSIS.

9.1 Modems 9.1.1 Why Bother With Modems?

9.2 Modulation Techniques 9.2.1 Modulation of Carrier Frequencies 9.2.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 9.2.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 9.2.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 9.2.5 Define More Signals to Communicate More Bits 9.2.6 Quadrature PSK (QPSK) 9.2.7 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 9.2.8 Constraints on Achievable Bit Rate

9.3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 9.3.1 DSL: Modems Above The Voiceband 9.3.2 ADSL, SDSL and XDSL

9.4 DSLAMs 9.4.1 DSL Modem Hard­Wired to Loop 9.4.2 Coexistence with POTS

9.5 Fiber to the Neighborhood (FTTN), DSL to the Premise 9.5.1 Loop Length 9.5.2 Remote DSLAMs, OPI and SAC Boxes

9.6 DSL Standards 9.6.1 ADSL2+ 9.6.2 VDSL2 9.6.3 VDSL2 Frequency Bands and Profiles 9.6.4 Bonding 9.6.5 Vectoring

9.7 Broadband Carriers: FTTN & Broadband Coax to the Premise 9.7.1 Hybrid Fiber­Coax Network 9.7.2 Frequency Channels 9.7.3 Fiber Serving Area 9.7.4 Television Converters 9.7.5 Modems on CATV Channels 9.7.6 Two­Way Communications Over Shared Access

9.8 DOCSIS and Cable Modem Standards 9.8.1 DOCSIS 1: Contention­Based Channel Sharing 9.8.2 DOCSIS 2: Reserved Time Slots on Channels 9.8.3 DOCSIS 3: CDMA on Channels 9.8.4 DOCSIS 3.1: OFDM

9.8.5 Wider Channels

10 Wireless

Chapter 10 is on Wireless, concentrating on mobile communications: cellular and mobility concepts, the technologiesTDMA, CDMA and OFDM, the generations from 1G to 4G, and the systems GSM, UMTS, 1X and LTE. We'll understandInternet access over cellular, Wi­Fi, Wi­Fi security and satellite­based communications.

10.1 Radio 10.2 Mobile Networks 10.2.1 0G: The Mobile Phone System 10.2.2 Mobility 10.2.3 Base Station, Cell, Airlink and Handset 10.2.4 Mobile Switch 10.2.5 Backhaul 10.2.6 Registration and Paging 10.2.7 Handoff

10.3 Cellular Radio and 1G 10.3.1 1G: The Advanced Mobile Phone System 10.3.2 Cells 10.3.3 Frequency Re­Use 10.3.4 Analog on Radio Channels 10.3.5 AMPS Handoffs 10.3.6 AMPS Capacity

10.4 Second Generation: Digital Cellular 10.4.1 PCS and GSM 10.4.2 Digital Cellular Radio

10.5 Mobile Internet and "Data" Plans 10.5.1 Cellphone as a Tethered Modem 10.5.2 Packet Relay to the Internet 10.5.3 Dongles 10.5.4 Cellphone as the Terminal 10.5.5 "Data" Billing Plans 10.5.6 Fluid Layout, Responsive Design & "Mobile" Pages

10.6 FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDM 10.6.1 FDMA 10.6.2 TDMA 10.6.3 CDMA 10.6.4 OFDM

10.7 3G Cellular: CDMA 10.7.1 IMT­2000 10.7.2 1X or CDMA2000: IMT­MC 10.7.3 UMTS or W­CDMA: IMT­DS 10.7.4 Data­Optimized Carriers: HSPA and EV­DO 10.7.5 The End of the Standards War

10.8 4G Mobile Cellular: LTE 10.8.1 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Long­Term Evolution 10.8.2 OFDM 10.8.3 3GPP Standards Committees 10.8.4 Qualcomm Patents

10.9 Wireless LANs 10.9.1 System Components 10.9.2 Unlicensed Radio Bands 10.9.3 802.11 Standards 10.9.4 VoIP over Wireless LANs 10.9.5 Wireless Security

10.10 Communication Satellites 10.10.1 Transponders 10.10.2 Geosynchronous Orbit

10.10.3 Low Earth Orbit

Part 3: The IP Packet­Switched Telecom Network (IP­PSTN)The third part of Telecom 101 is dedicated to the new­generation IP telecommunications network.

11 "Data" Communications

We begin by understanding how the IP telecom network achieves the long­sought goal of convergence, what"convergence" is, and how it was achieved by treating voice and video like data. Then we'll do a "flyover" of datacomand networking basics: DTE and DCE, serial and parallel, LANs and WANs, MAC and IP addressing.

11.1 Convergence: Treat Everything Like Data 11.1.1 Convergence via ISDN 11.1.2 Convergence via ATM 11.1.3 Convergence via IP

11.2 Information Theory 11.3 Data Circuit Model 11.4 DTE: Data Terminal Equipment 11.5 Data Circuits 11.5.1 Analog Data Circuits 11.5.2 2­Wire and 4­Wire Circuits 11.5.3 Broadband Analog 11.5.4 Analog on Fiber 11.5.5 Digital

11.6 DCE: Data Circuit­Terminating Equipment 11.7 Point­to­Point Circuits 11.8 Multidrop Circuits 11.9 LANs: Local Area Networks 11.10 WANs: Wide Area Networks

12 Coding, Frames and Packets

In this chapter, we'll go over the fundamentals of what used to be called “data communications”:the solid base necessary to understand the new­generation IP telecom network... especially the critical ideas of MAC frames and IP packets, and how the MAC address relates to the IP address, and what changes as a packet is forwarded by routers hop­by­hop across the network.

12.1 Essential Functions for Communication 12.1.1 Coding 12.1.2 Bits 12.1.3 Bytes 12.1.4 Error Control 12.1.5 Framing 12.1.6 Addressing

12.2 Coding Quantities: Number Systems 12.2.1 Decimal 12.2.2 Binary 12.2.3 Hexadecimal 12.2.4 Common Use for Hexadecimal

12.3 Coding Text 12.3.1 ASCII 12.3.2 Unicode

12.4 "Asynchronous": Start/Stop/Parity 12.4.1 Asynchronous Communications 12.4.2 Framing: Start and Stop Bits 12.4.3 Parity Checking

12.5 Frames and MAC Addresses 12.5.1 Data Link Protocol 12.5.2 Framing 12.5.3 Address 12.5.4 Control Field 12.5.5 Payload 12.5.6 CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Checking

12.6 Networks, Packets & IP Addresses 12.7 Packets vs. Frames 12.7.1 Link Address vs. Network Address

12.8 IP Packets 12.8.1 IP Packet Header 12.8.2 Connectionless Network Service

12.8.3 Relationship to TCP

13 The OSI Layers and Protocol Stacks

There are so many functions that need to be performed to implement phone calls, television, web browsing, email andeverything else over the IP network, a structure is necessary to be able to discuss separate issues separately. The mostwidely­used structure is the OSI Reference Model and its layers. In this chapter, we define what a layer is, what thelayers in the model are, and give examples of protocols used to implement each layer including SMTP email; ASCII,encryption and codecs; SIP, POP and HTTP; TCP and UDP, IP and Ethernet. The chapter concludes with protocol stacks,practical insight into how a protocol stack works and standards bodies.

13.1 Protocols and Standards 13.1.1 Functions To Be Performed 13.1.2 Monolithic vs. Structured Protocols 13.1.3 Open Systems and Standards

13.2 ISO OSI Reference Model 13.2.1 Layers 13.2.2 Separability of the Layers 13.2.3 Protocol Stacks

13.3 The OSI 7­Layer Model 13.4 Physical Layer: 802.3, DSL, DOCSIS 13.5 Data Link Layer: 802 MAC 13.5.1 LANs, Frames and Layer 2 Switches 13.5.2 MAC Frames and MAC Addresses

13.5.3 Other Data Link Protocols 13.6 Network Layer: IP and MPLS 13.6.1 Packet­Switched Networks 13.6.2 Routing Table Updates 13.6.3 MPLS

13.7 Transport Layer: TCP and UDP 13.7.1 Reliability 13.7.2 Port Numbers

13.8 Session Layer: POP, SIP, HTTP 13.8.1 Password Authentication 13.8.2 Authentication Servers 13.8.3 Cookies 13.8.4 Client­Server Sessions 13.8.5 Peer­Peer Sessions

13.9 Presentation Layer: ASCII, Encryption, Codecs 13.9.1 Character Coding 13.9.2 E­Mail Coding 13.9.3 Codecs 13.9.4 Data Compression 13.9.5 Symmetric Encryption: Private Key 13.9.6 Asymmetric Encryption: Public Key Encryption and Digital Signatures 13.9.7 Example of Separability of Layers 13.9.8 Example of Peer Protocol

13.10 Application Layer: SMTP, HTML, English … 13.10.1 Email 13.10.2 More Application Layer Examples

13.11 Protocol Stacks 13.11.1 Example: Web Surfing 13.11.2 Voice over IP

13.12 Protocol Stack in Operation: Russian Dolls 13.12.1 Communications Flow 13.12.2 Segmentation at Each Layer 13.12.3 Nested Headers: Matryoshka dolls

13.13 Standards Organizations 13.13.1 ISO 13.13.2 DOD and IETF 13.13.3 ITU and Bellcore 13.13.4 TIA and IEEE

13.13.5 ANSI

14 Ethernet, LANs and VLANs

Chapter 14 is all about Layer 2, which is implemented with 802.3 Ethernet and LAN switches. We'll cover fundamentalLAN concepts, MAC addresses and MAC frames, LAN cables, the evolution of Ethernet from copper wires to OpticalEthernet on fiber, LAN / Layer 2 switches and the critical concept of VLANs used to separate traffic.

14.1 LAN Basics 14.1.1 Bus Topology 14.1.2 Broadcast Domain 14.1.3 Balanced Configuration 14.1.4 Collision Domain 14.1.5 CSMA­CD Access Control 14.1.6 MAC Address 14.1.7 Communication of MAC Frames

14.2 Ethernet and 802 Standards 14.2.1 IEEE 802 Standards 14.2.2 Ethernet vs. 802.3 14.2.3 Token Ring 14.2.4 Baseband LAN 14.2.5 10BASE­5 14.2.6 10BASE­2 14.2.7 10BASE­T 14.2.8 100BASE­T 14.2.9 1000BASE­T 14.2.10 Optical Ethernet

14.3 LAN Cables and Categories 14.3.1 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

14.3.2 Shielding 14.3.3 TIA­568 LAN Cable Categories 14.3.4 TIA­568A vs. TIA­568B 14.3.5 Maximum Cable Length and Cabling Architecture 14.3.6 Difference Between Categories 14.3.7 Which Category To Use

14.4 LAN Switches: Layer 2 Switches 14.4.1 Hardware 14.4.2 Purpose and Operation 14.4.3 Buffers 14.4.4 Frame Forwarding 14.4.5 Broadcast Domain Defined by Switch

14.5 VLANs 14.5.1 Broadcast Domains Defined in Software 14.5.2 Routing Between VLANs 14.5.3 Header Tag

14.5.4 Traffic Management and Network Security

15 IP Networks, Routers and Addresses

In this chapter, we'll understand IP packet networks, beginning with the functions routers perform, and how IP subnetsare mapped onto broadcast domains to simplify routing. Then we'll cover the whole IP addressing story including IPaddress classes, DHCP, dynamic and static addresses, public and private addresses, Network Address Translation and IPversion 6 (IPv6), and how TCP and UDP and port numbers fit into the story.

15.1 Definition of Network 15.2 Simplest Example: Private Network 15.2.1 Broadcast Domain at Each Location 15.2.2 Edge Router at Each Location 15.2.3 Subnet Assigned to Broadcast Domain 15.2.4 Default Gateway 15.2.5 Subnet Mask 15.2.6 Packet Creation 15.2.7 Packet Transmission from the Source 15.2.8 IP to MAC Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 15.2.9 Packet Routing 15.2.10 Overbooking & Bandwidth on Demand

15.3 Routers and Customer Edge 15.3.1 Customer Edge Device 15.3.2 Router Connects Broadcast Domains 15.3.3 Routing 15.3.4 Denying Communications 15.3.5 Packet Filtering 15.3.6 Port Filtering 15.3.7 Firewall

15.4 IPv4 Address Classes 15.4.1 Packets and Network Addresses 15.4.2 Historical Network Classes 15.4.3 Class A, B and C 15.4.4 Network ID and Host ID 15.4.5 Class D and E 15.4.6 Classless Inter­Domain Routing 15.4.7 Dotted­Decimal Notation

15.5 DHCP 15.5.1 Dynamic Addresses for Clients 15.5.2 Static Addresses and DNS for Servers 15.5.3 DHCP Client – Server Communications 15.5.4 DHCP Message Exchange 15.5.5 Lease Expiry 15.5.6 DHCP to Assign Static Addresses

15.6 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses 15.6.1 Public Addresses 15.6.2 Regional Internet Registries 15.6.3 Unassigned or Private Addresses

15.7 Network Address Translation 15.7.1 Network Address Translator 15.7.2 Outbound

15.7.3 Inbound 15.7.4 Advantages of NAT 15.7.5 Implementation

15.8 TCP and UDP 15.9 IPv6 15.9.1 Expanded Addressing Capabilities 15.9.2 Header Simplification 15.9.3 Improved Support for Extensions and Options 15.9.4 Support for Traffic Management 15.9.5 IPv6 Packet Format

15.10 IPv6 Address Allocation and Address Types 15.10.1 Internet Registry Identification 15.10.2 Sites and Global Routing Prefix 15.10.3 Interface ID 15.10.4 Subnet ID 15.10.5 Subnet Prefix

15.10.6 IPv6 Address Types

16 MPLS and Carrier Networks

There are no Quality of Service mechanisms in the IP protocol, and so no way to guarantee performance. Forguarantees, a traffic management system using a technique called virtual circuits is implemented with MPLS. Thischapter covers Service Level Agreements and Class of Service (CoS), briefly reviews legacy technologies, then focuseson MPLS and how it is used to implement VPNs, prioritization and differentiated services, service integration and trafficaggregation.

16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Overbooking 16.1.2 Congestion, Contention and Packet Loss 16.1.3 MPLS Traffic Management System

16.2 Carrier Packet Network Basics 16.2.1 Provider Edge (PE) and Customer Edge (CE) 16.2.2 Access 16.2.3 Advantages of Packet Networks

16.3 Service Level Agreements 16.3.1 Traffic Profile 16.3.2 Contract 16.3.3 Business Decisions 16.3.4 Enforcement: Out of Profile Traffic 16.3.5 Abusive Applications: Bit Torrent

16.4 Provider Equipment at the Customer Premise 16.5 Virtual Circuit Technologies 16.5.1 Traffic Classes 16.5.2 Traffic Class ID & Virtual Circuit ID 16.5.3 Ingress Device: Packet Classification 16.5.4 Forwarding Based on Class Number 16.5.5 Differentiated Services 16.5.6 SVCs and PVCs

16.6 Packet­Switching using Virtual Circuits 16.6.1 X.25 Network Structure and Operation 16.6.2 Reliable Network Service: Guaranteed Delivery 16.6.3 Connection­Oriented vs. Connectionless Network Service

16.7 Frame Relay using Virtual Circuits 16.7.1 Elimination of a Layer of Software 16.7.2 Unreliable Service 16.7.3 Network Structure and Operation 16.7.4 No Guarantees for Voice

16.8 ATM 16.8.1 Future­Proof Technology (Not) 16.8.2 ATM Cells 16.8.3 Service Classes

16.9 MPLS 16.9.1 MPLS vs. TCP 16.9.2 Forwarding Equivalence Class 16.9.3 Labels 16.9.4 Label­Switched Path 16.9.5 Label Edge Routers

16.9.6 IP User­Network Interface 16.9.7 Label­Switching Routers

16.10 MPLS VPN Service for Business Customers 16.10.1 Private Network Service 16.10.2 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 16.10.3 Internet VPNs 16.10.4 MPLS VPN

16.11 MPLS and Diff­Serv to Support Class of Service 16.11.1 DS Codepoints 16.11.2 Assured Forwarding and Expedited Forwarding

16.12 MPLS for Integrated Access 16.12.1 SIP Trunking, VPN and Internet on One Access

16.13 MPLS for Traffic Aggregation 16.13.1 Label Stacking

16.14 M is for Multiprotocol: Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

17 The Internet

Let's not forget the Internet! This chapter provides a concise explanation of the Internet, reviewing past and present,Internet Service Providers (ISPs), who pays for it, TCP and IP, SMTP and MIME for e­mail, HTML, Web servers andbrowsers, the Domain Name System and more. The chapter concludes with the Internet as a business: wholesale transitand peering and Content Delivery Networks.

17.1 A Network To Survive Nuclear War 17.1.1 Unreliable, Connectionless Network Service 17.1.2 Al Gore Invents the Internet 17.1.3 Who Pays for the Internet? 17.1.4 Primitive Beginnings

17.2 The Inter­Net Protocol 17.2.1 Gateways 17.2.2 IP: Common Packet Format and Address Scheme 17.2.3 Connectionless 17.2.4 Unreliable 17.2.5 Need for TCP 17.2.6 Routing and ASes

17.3 Internet Service Providers 17.3.1 The Internet is a Business 17.3.2 ISPs 17.3.3 Interconnect, Peering and Transit 17.3.4 Resellers

17.4 World Wide Web 17.4.1 Clients and Web Servers 17.4.2 Hyperlinks and URLs

17.5 Domain Name System 17.5.1 Domain Zone Files 17.5.2 Name Resolution

17.6 Hypertext 17.6.1 HTML 17.6.2 HTTP 17.6.3 SSL: Secure Socket Layer and HTTPS:

17.7 MIME and Base­64 Encoding for Email Attachments 17.7.1 Binary, Text and uuencode 17.7.2 MIME 17.7.3 Quoted­Printable 17.7.4 Base64 Encoding

17.8 Internet Telephony & VSPs 17.8.1 VoIP Service Provider (VSP) 17.8.2 Internet ­ PSTN Connection 17.8.3 Adapters 17.8.4 Cost Savings

17.9 Internet VPNs 17.9.1 Virtual Point­to­Point Connections 17.9.2 IPsec and Tunnels

17.9.3 Hardware

Appendix A T1This Appendix covers T1 technology in detail. T1 is a copper­wire technology from the 1950s, that was called "high

capacity" or "hi­cap" service. It is now old and slow in comparison to today's technologies. However, there are still manyT1 circuits in service, so rather than deleting the chapter on T1 that was in previous editions of the book, it has beenmoved to the back of the book in the Fourth Edition. We cover T1's origins, concepts such as framing and AMI linecodes, and understand what repeaters are for and why this is superior to analog. We'll also cover B8ZS and clearchannels, HDSL, cross­connects, fractional T1 and CSU/DSUs. A.1 T1 History and Applications A.2 T1 Circuit Components A.3 Operation A.4 T1 Framing A.4.1 Superframe Format A.4.2 ESF

A.5 Pulses and Line Code: AMI A.5.1 Repeaters

A.6 Synchronization: Bit­Robbing A.6.1 56 kb/s for Data

A.7 B8ZS and 64 kb/s Clear Channels A.8 How T1 Is Provided A.8.1 HDSL

A.9 Fractional T1, DACS and Cross­Connects A.10 Subrate Data Circuits 1.2 kb/s to 56 kb/s A.10.1 CSUs, DSUs and CSU/DSUs

Appendix B Voice Services and Jargon

This appendix provides a summary and overview of legacy voice communication services from carriers, explaining jargon like Tie Lines, Voice VPNs, WATS and AIN. B.1 Local Voice Services B.1.1 POTS and Party Lines B.1.2 CLASS Services B.1.3 Local Measured Service B.1.4 Public Coin Telephone Service B.1.5 Directory Services B.1.6 Business Services B.1.7 Access

B.2 Long Distance Voice Services B.2.1 Operator Services B.2.2 Foreign Exchange B.2.3 OPX: Off­Premise Extension B.2.4 Tie Line B.2.5 Private Networks B.2.6 WATS B.2.7 AIN Services

B.2.8 Virtual Private Voice Networks

Appendix C Acronyms and Abbreviations

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