TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

Tema 1: Redes de acceso a Internet.Tema 1: Redes de acceso a Internet.

Estructura de Internet MPLS

Tecnologías cableadas Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) Cable Broadband Service Broadband Over Power Lines Fiber

Tecnologías inalámbricas Satellite Wireless 3G

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A “nuts and bolts” view of a network

Millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems pc’s workstations, servers PDA’s phones, toasters

running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite routers: forward packets

(chunks) of data thru network protocols: control sending,

receiving of msgs TCP, IP, and HTTP, FTP, PPP,

…

2

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

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A closer look at the network structure

1. The network edge: applications and hosts

2. The network core: routers network of networks

3. The access networks and physical media: communication links

3

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Internet structure: network of networks

Roughly hierarchical National/international

backbone providers (NBPs) e.g. BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T,

IBM, UUNet interconnect (peer) with

each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs)

A point of presence (POP) is a machine that is connected to the Internet.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide dial-up or direct access to POPs. regional ISPs

connect into NBPs local ISP, company

connect into regional ISPs

NBP A

NBP B

NAP NAP

regional ISP

regional ISP

localISP

localISP

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Network Access Points (NAPs)

5Source: Boardwatch.com

Note: Peers in this context are commercial backbones.

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MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone

6Source: Boardwatch.com

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The situation in Europe

7

See: http://www.redes.upv.es/ralir/en/MforS/GEANT2.WMVAlso: http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-4949195951027294198&hl=en-GBMore about technolgies: http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-4634094763983277329&hl=en-GB

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Hierarchical Routing

aggregate routers into regions, “autonomous systems” (AS)

routers in same AS run same routing protocol“intra-AS” routing protocolrouters in different AS can run different intra-AS routing

protocolGateway router

Direct link to router in another AS

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4-9

3b

1d

3a

1c2aAS3

AS1

AS21a

2c2b

1b

Intra-ASRouting algorithm

Inter-ASRouting algorithm

Forwardingtable

3c

Interconnected ASes

forwarding table configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing algorithmintra-AS sets entries

for internal destsinter-AS & intra-As

sets entries for external dests

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Intra-AS Routing

also known as Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)most common Intra-AS routing protocols:

RIP: Routing Information Protocol

OSPF: Open Shortest Path First

IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (Cisco proprietary)

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Internet inter-AS routing: BGP

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): the de facto standard

BGP provides each AS a means to:Obtain subnet reachability information from neighboring

ASs.Propagate reachability information to all AS-internal

routers.Determine “good” routes to subnets based on

reachability information and policy.allows subnet to advertise its existence to rest of

Internet: “I am here”

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Why MPLS?

Integrate best of Layer 2 and Layer 3- Intelligence of IP Routing- performance of high-

speed switching- Legacy service transport- QoS- VPN Semantics- Link layers include:

- Ethernet, PoS, ATM, FR

Note: MPLS and IP could be optimal solution for overall IP Services Architecture.

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0MPLS as a Foundation for Value Added

Services

VPNsVPNs

MPLSMPLS

Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering IP+ATMIP+ATM

Network InfrastructureNetwork Infrastructure

IP+OpticalGMPLS

IP+OpticalGMPLS

Any Transport Over MPLS

Any Transport Over MPLS

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General Context

• In Core:Forward using labels (as opposed to IP addr)Label indicates service class and destination

Label Switch Router (LSR)

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP/TDP,RSVP,BGP)

Edge Label Switch Router

• At Edge (ingress):Classify packetsLabel them

• At Edge (egress):Remove Label

(PE) – Provider Edge

(P) – Provider

(CE) – Customer Edge

(PE) – Provider Edge

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Control and Forward Plane Separation

LFIB

Routing Process

MPLS Process

RIB

LIB

FIB

Route

Updates/

Adjacency

Label Bind

Updates/

Adjacency

IP TrafficMPLS Traffic

Control Plane

Data Plane

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MPLS Example: Routing Information

128.89

1

01

0

Routing Updates (OSPF, EIGRP, …)

You Can Reach 128.89 and 171.69 Thru Me

You Can Reach 171.69 Thru Me

You Can Reach 171.69 Thru Me

You Can Reach 128.89 Thru Me

You Can Reach 128.89 Thru Me

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89

171.69

1

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89

171.69

0

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89 0

OutI’face

OutLabel

… … … … … …

171.69

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MPLS Example: Assigning Labels

128.89

1

01

0

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

(downstream allocation)

Use Label 4 for 128.89 and

Use Label 5 for 171.69

Use Label 4 for 128.89 and

Use Label 5 for 171.69

Use Label 7 for 171.69Use Label 7 for 171.69

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89

171.69

1

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89

171.69

0

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89 0

OutI’face

OutLabel

-9

… … … … … …… …… … … …

9

7

4

5

4

5

-

-

171.69

Use Label 9 for 128.89Use Label 9 for 128.89

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In Label

Address Prefix

128.89128.89171.69

1

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

… …… …

4

5

-

-

MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets

Label Switch Forwards Based on Label

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89

171.69

0

1

OutI’face

OutLabel

… …… …

9

7

445

In Label

Address Prefix

128.89 0

OutI’face

OutLabel

-9

… …… …

Data 128.89.25.4 Data

128.89.25.4 Data

128.89

1

01

0

128.89.25.4128.89.25.4 44

99

MPLS network egress point

128.89.25.4 Data

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Un ejemplo: ONO

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Un ejemplo: ONO

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Un ejemplo: ONO

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

time

1900

1975

2010

1980

1990

1995

2000

2005

Copper

Fiber optics

Wireless

CoaxCopper

WLLSatellite Cellular

radio

DECT

AMPS

GSMPDC

CDMA

GPRSHSCSD

EDGE

PON AON

OPAL

BPON

TV analog

Voice

VoD

TV digital

ISDN

4B3T

2B1Q

xDSL

HDSL

ADSL

UDSL

SDSL

VDSL

VSATTV

SHDSL

STM 1

UMTS

PMP

CDMA

WLAN

Bluetooth

POTSPower line

Tecnologías cableadas de accesoTecnologías cableadas de acceso

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Implantación de las diversas tecnologías

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What is xDSL

DSL: Digital Subscriber Line

DSL as a transmission technology using the existing copper wires between a central exchange and a customer with a bit rate speed up to 26 Mbit/s

Signals: symmetrical/asymmetrical, digital, text, audio, video

Concepts of local loop, management, handshake, interoperability, scalability, legacy

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Why x-DSL

Faster than analog (56 kbit/s) and ISDN (>128 kbit/s) modems, reasonable cost, reach 3-6 km

Less expensive that E1/T1 systems, 1.5-2.0- Mbit/s, reach 1 km

Use already existing copper pairs (depending on the performance): start as equipments installed.Transforms potential 700 millions copper wires installed

worldwide into multimegabit data pipes Scenario convenient to providers and users

immediately available Enable the management of different providers of

different services to different users tipology Alternative: Optical access

Wait for full availability current costbetter performance

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How it works

Remove line components limiting the bandwidth to the voice frequency (4 KHz = 64 Kbit/s)

Use of copper low attenuation frequencies sending more bits x Hertz for longer reach

Use higher bit rate with a low increase of signal rate (baud) in the line

Use of line codes allowing the transmission of 2 to 15 bits x Hertz (up to 1.1, 2.2, 12 MHz)

Adoption of techniques/phylosophies limiting negative effects (crosstalk, echo, spectrum, etc.)

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Bucle de abonado (conexión ADSL)

Redtelefónica

DSLAM (ATU-C)

Router-modemADSL (ATU-R)

Ethernet 10BASE-T

VPI 18, VCI 23, PCR 256/128 Kb/s

VPI 18, VCI 31, PCR 512/256 Kb/s

VPI 18, VCI 37, PCR 2048/300 Kb/s

Circuito permanente ATM

Enlace ATM OC-3 (155 Mb/s)

Red ATM

192.76.100.1/25

192.76.100.7/25

192.76.100.12/25

192.76.100.15/25

Internet

Arquitectura de una red ADSL

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DSLAM Digital subscriber line access multiplexer

A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) allows telephone lines to make faster connections to the Internet.

It is a network device, located near the customer's location, that connects multiple customer Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) to a high-speed Internet backbone line using multiplexing techniques.

By locating DSLAMs at locations remote to the telephone company central office (CO), telephone companies are now providing DSL service to consumers who previously did not live close enough for the technology to work.

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ADSL G.Lite (ITU G.992.2)

ADSL requiere instalar en casa del usuario un filtro de frecuencias o ‘splitter’ (teléfono de ADSL).

El splitter aumenta el costo de instalación y limita el desarrollo.

ADSL G.Lite suprime el splitter. También se llama ADSL Universal, ADSL ‘splitterless’ o CADSL (Consumer ADSL).

Sin splitter hay más interferencias, sobre todo a altas frecuencias.

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ADSL2 versus ADSL (G.992.3 x G.992.1)

2nd generation of ADSL with improvements on: Loop-reach increase for equivalent bit rates (300m)Higher down/up bit rates loop diagnosticsAdjustable spectrum shaping during operat/initializPower vs traffic control: L0(full),L1, L2 robustness against loop impairments and RFIImproved multivendor interoperability

Improved application support for an all digital mode of operation and voice over ADSL operation;

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ADSL 2+ : G.992.5

PerformanceIncrease downstream: to 16 Mbit/sMaybe increase in upstream (Oct. 2003)Increase reach (1.5 - 3 Km)

ADSL+ doubles the bandwidth (from 1.1 to 2.2 MHz) with a significant increase of data rates on short loops

Backwards compatibility (needs G.992.3)

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VDSL (Very high speed DSL)

Es el ‘super-ADSL’. Permite capacidades muy grandes en distancias muy cortas.

Las distancias y caudales en sentido descendente son:300 m 51,84 – 55,2 Mb/s1000 m 25,92 – 27,6 Mb/s1500 m 12,96 – 13,8 Mb/s

En ascendente se barajan tres alternativas:1,6 – 2,3 Mb/s19,2 Mb/sIgual que en descendente (simétrico)

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Cable Broadband Service

Developed for TV distribution

Evolved to provide TV/Data/Voice

Up to 15 Mbs download; 2 Mbs upload

Distance independent

Register w/ FCC

34 Cable Modem

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Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC) CATV Network

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Residential access networks: cable modems

36

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

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Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Fiber to the Home Architecture

Central Office

Typically up to 20 km (28 dB)

Passive Outside Plant

2.5 Gbps @ 1490 nm

1.2 Gbps @ 1310 nm

splitters points

Optional 1,550 nm to support local analog/digital video if required

Softswitch(for voice)

Edge router(data, video)

Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

Single family homes

Multi-dwelling units

Small/medium enterprises

Optical Network Terminal (ONT)

Source: Fiber to the Home Council

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Objetivos

Soporte de todos los servicios: voz (TDM, tanto SONET como SDH), Ethernet (10/100 BaseT), ATM,…

Alcance máximo de 20 Km, aunque el estándar se ha preparado para que pueda llegar hasta los 60 km.

Soporte de varios bitrate con el mismo protocolo, incluyendo velocidades simétricas de 622 Mb/s, 1.25 Gb/s, y asimétricas de 2.5 Gb/s en el enlace descendente y 1.25 Gb/s en el ascendente.

El número máximo de usuarios que pueden colgar de una misma fibra es 64 (el sistema está preparado para dar hasta 128).

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Futuro de GPON

GPON no requiere de dispositivos electrónicos u opto-electrónicos activos para la conexión entre el abonado y el operador, y por lo tanto supone una inversión y unos costes de mantenimiento menores

La mayoría de los grandes operadores actuales se han decantado por la tecnología GPON.

En 2007 muchas operadoras han realizado “pruebas piloto” con pocos usuarios. El objetivo de estas pruebas es empezar a vislumbrar las dificultades de trabajar la fibra óptica.

A lo largo de 2008 se espera el lanzamiento “masivo” de servicios sobre GPON.

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Broadband Over Power Lines

40

Power Line Interface Device

Located In Home

High Voltage

Medium Voltage Low Voltage

LV Distribution Transformer

Access BPL

PowerGenerati

onPlant Substation

AggregationPoint

InternetInternet

~ MVolts ~ 1kVolts to 40 kVolts

~ 120/240 Volts

Repeater

Coupler

Backhaul Point (Gatewa

y)

BPL signals are extracted here & converted into/from traditional communication packets for appropriate communication direction

In some Access implementations,these physical links are replaced by wireless links

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Tecnología PLC: Principios básicos

Red de Acceso PLC

Repetidor (Instalado en el Cuarto de Contadores)

HE: Equipo PLC en CT

Terminal (Instalado en Casa de Cliente)

CT2

CT3

CT4

CT5

CT6

CTn

CT1

PuntoInterconexió

n

Conexión a otros

operadores

Terminal

100 – 300 hogares

HE

Repetidor

Media Tensión

(MT)

Baja Tensión

(BT)

CT: Centro de Transformación MT/BT

La Red Eléctrica es un medio hostil para la transmisión de datos: derivaciones, malas conexiones, ruido, impedancia variable...

Modulaciones robustas: DSSS, GMSK, OFDM

No existe ningún estándar, sino un grupo de sistemas diferentes e incompatibles entre sí

Velocidades de transmisión de hasta 200 Mbps compartidos entre los usuarios, y dependiendo de la configuración

Enchufe eléctrico (Toma única de alimentación, voz y datos.)

Permite seguir prestando el suministro eléctrico sin ningún problema

Simetría del ancho de banda

Principios básicos

Una idea sencilla: Acondicionar la red eléctrica para la transmisión simultánea de las señales de baja frecuencia (50/60 Hz) para transmisión de energía y alta frecuencia (1-40 MHz) para transmisión de datos

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El uso de la red eléctrica existente: La principal ventaja de la tecnología PLC y su máximo condicionante

Permite gestión y control en Tiempo Real Bi-direccional Aprovecha la infraestructura eléctrica: Alta disponibilidad (Red de MT mallada) Mejora mantenimiento preventivo (medio

físico compartido) Rapidez de instalación Coste moderado Total independencia de:

• Obra Civil y licencias• Licencias radio• Interferencias• Operadores TELCOM (Internos /

Externos)

Ventajas

Variable en el tiempo Ruido elevado Altas atenuaciones Múltiples reflexiones

Desventajas

Attenuation vs Distance, PLC cables

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Distance (meters)

Att

enu

atio

n(d

B)

1.6 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

a0 = 2e-3

a1 = 8e-6

k=0.5

A(f,d) = dfaa k

e )( 10

Atenuación vs. Distancia, cables PLC

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Distancia (metros)

Ate

nu

aci

ón

(d

B)

a0 = 2e-3a1 = 8e-6k=0.5

A(f,d) = dfaa k

e )( 10

1.6 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

Attenuation vs Distance, PLC cables

0

10

20

30

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50

60

70

80

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100

110

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Distance (meters)

Att

enu

atio

n(d

B)

1.6 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

a0 = 2e-3

a1 = 8e-6

k=0.5

A(f,d) = dfaa k

e )( 10

Attenuation vs Distance, PLC cables

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

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100

110

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Distance (meters)

Att

enu

atio

n(d

B)

1.6 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

a0 = 2e-3

a1 = 8e-6

k=0.5

A(f,d) = dfaa k

e )( 10

Atenuación vs. Distancia, cables PLC

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Distancia (metros)

Ate

nu

aci

ón

(d

B)

a0 = 2e-3a1 = 8e-6k=0.5

A(f,d) = dfaa k

e )( 10

1.6 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

Densidad Espectral de Media Tensión

Tecnología PLC: Principios básicos

TECNOLOGÍAS DE RED AVANZADAS – Master IC 2009-2010 – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

Tecnologías inalámbricas de redTecnologías inalámbricas de red

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Basics of Satellites

Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.

The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication

One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink.

The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.

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Basics: Advantages of Satellites

The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of

a terrestrial system.Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the

distance from the center of the coverage area.Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

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Basics: Disadvantages of Satellites

The disadvantages of satellite communication:Launching satellites into orbit is costly.Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.There is a larger propagation delay in satellite

communication than in terrestrial communication.

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Basics: How Satellites are used

Service TypesFixed Service Satellites (FSS)

Example: Point to Point CommunicationBroadcast Service Satellites (BSS)

Example: Satellite Television/Radio Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

Mobile Service Satellites (MSS) Example: Satellite Phones

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Types of Satellites

Satellite OrbitsGEOLEOMEOMolniya OrbitHAPs

Frequency Bands

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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface along the equator.

Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth.

AdvantagesA GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage

area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other

multipoint applications. Disadvantages

A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.

GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar regions

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Frequency Bands

Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSSS-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space

researchC-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSSX-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial

imaging, ex: military and meteorological satellitesKu-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSSKa-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS

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Satellite: an example

Ofertas de Telefónica España

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La llegada del 3G

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumerVideo streaming, TV

broadcastVideo calls, video clips –

news, music, sportsEnhanced gaming, chat,

location services…For business

High speed teleworking / VPN access

Sales force automationVideo conferencingReal-time financial

information

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GSM evolution to 3G

GSM9.6kbps (one timeslot)GSM DataAlso called CSD

GSM

General Packet Radio ServicesData rates up to ~ 115 kbpsMax: 8 timeslots used as any one timePacket switched; resources not tied up all the timeContention based. Efficient, but variable delaysGSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)

GPRS

HSCSD

High Speed Circuit Switched DataDedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbpsGood for real-time applications c.w. GPRSInefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sentNot as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global EvolutionUses 8PSK modulation3x improvement in data rate on short distancesCan fall back to GMSK for greater distancesCombine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbpsCan also be combined with HSCSD

WCDMA

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Quick Recap of 2G systems: Radio Interfaces

Different in air interfacesModulation and

signaling

eg- GSM 900Uplink: 890-915

MHzDownlink: 935-960

MHz25MHz -> 124 carrier

frequencies, spaced 200kHz apart

One or more frequencies per base station

~270 kbps per carrier, divided into 8 channels = ~33kbps per channel

IS-54BIS-136

GSM

IS-95

IS-95B

WCDMA

AMPSTACSNMT

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2G GSM – Core Network (Voice)

TDMISUP/SS7

PSTNAUCHLR

SCP

SIM

BTS

BSC

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)

Packet signaling network

Mobile Switching Center  (MSC)

Phone switch plus:mobile registration call routinginter MSC handoverslocation updatingCDR creation

SS7 to PSTN

VLR EIR

AuC – Auth. centerEIR – Equip ID registerSCP – Service control point

Home Location Register (HLR)

information of each subscriber, type, service

Current location of the subscriber

Logically 1 HLR per GSM network

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

selected information from the HLR for all mobiles in MSC area

Often bundled with MSC (VLR domain tied in with MSC coverage)

Queries assigned HLR

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BSC

BSC

BSC

Depending on supplier, and design, urban or rural.

About 2-4 BSCs for each MSC

About MSC per 200K subscribers

Many variables

2G GSM – Mobile Switching Center

MSC

Connects to the fixed network (SS7)

Like a normal PSTN/ISDN switch with added mobile functionality:

•Registration

•Authentication

•Location updating

•Handovers

•Integrates VLR

•Call routing to roaming sub…

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GPRS…. What is it?

General Packet Radio Service2.5G data service overlaid on an existing GSM networkMobile station uses up to 8 timeslots (channels) for

GPRS data connection from Mobile StationTimeslots are shared amongst users (and voice)

Variable performance… Packet Random Access, Packet SwitchedSlotted Aloha Reservation / Contention handlingThroughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etcFrom ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)

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GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

TDM

PSTN

AUCHLR

SCP

SIM

BTS

BSC

Packet Control Unit (PCU)

Forward data frames from TDM BSS to packet core

New hardware in BSC

Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN)

Packet transfer to, from serving area

Registration, authentication, mobility management / handover, CDRs

logical links to BTS, tunnel to GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)Gateway to external IP networks (VPN/ISP etc)IP network securityGPRS session mgmt, AAAACDRs for charging

Packet Switched Core

Circuit Switched

Um

Abis A

& PCU

IP InternetCorporate

FRGb

Gn Gi

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EDGE… also known as 2.75G

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global EvolutionUses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs

GMSK 1 bit/symbol)Fall back to GMSK modulation when far from the base

stationCombine with GPRS: EGPRS; up to ~ 473 Kbps. NB:

GPRS & EGPRS can share time slotsNew handsets / terminal equipment; additional

hardware in the BTSCore network and the rest remains the same

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure200kHz carrier bandwidth allows cell plans to remainInitially no QoS; later GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

(GERAN) QoS addedEDGE access develops to connect to 3G core

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3G Standards groups for UMTS/WCDMA

3G development work has been driven by ETSI, UMTS Forum

WCDMA is the main 3G radio interface (driven initially by DoCoMo)

3GPP = 3G Partnership ProgramProduces specs for 3G system based on ETSI UTRA

(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Interface)Also develops further enhancements for

GSM/GPRS/EDGESeveral org partners including ETSI, CWTS – China

Wireless Telecommunications Standards www.3gpp.org – eg- Juniper is an active member and

contributor

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Mobile Networks Evolution

GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

HSDPA

2G2G

3G3G

19951995 20152015

4G4G

20052005

DownloadSpeed

1-10 Mbps

250-384 kbps

90-180 kbps

40 kbps

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3G = new network

GSM

HLR

GSM/GPRS Radio network

BSC

2G MSC

Externalvoice

network

GMSC

Packet switched Core network

External IPnetwork

GGSNPCU

2G SGSN

GPRS

UMTS/HSDPARadio network

RNC

UMTS/HSDPA

3G MSC

3G SGSN

Circuit switchedCore network

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…and Beyond

Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

WIMAXStandardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi)Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi

Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps)Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or

IPTVIdeal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home

or businessIntel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of ‘Intel Inside’

L3GTE/HSOPAEarly standardization work starts in 3GPP R8Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPARadio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of

up to 70MbpsNetwork simplification

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Cellular/Fixed: Worlds ConvergeC

overa

ge/M

ob

ility

Data Speeds (Kbps) span a wide range100,00010

802.11n (smart antennas)802.11 with Mesh extns.

802.16e(Mobile)

Loca

l A

rea

Fixe

dW

ide A

rea

Mobile

Metr

o A

rea

Nom

ad

ic

802.16(Fixed LOS)

Cellular Industry

Fixed Wireless Industry

802.16a/d(FixedNLOS)

EV-DO DO+, EV-DV DV+ HSDPA Enhanced UL (R6/R7)

3.5G2G

4G Air Interfaces

Fixed Wireless Industry

2.5G 3G

802.11 b/a/g

Mobile

Broadband

HSDPA

TDD