FROM THEARIZONA BUREAU

OF MINES

Vol. 5 No.2 Earth Science and Mineral Resources in Arizona June, 1975

Technology-The Future of Raw Material Supplyby

William H. Dresher

Director

The production and distribution of raw materials is a problemof global concern - a concern which affects the well-being ofpeople everywhere, the economy and general welfare of allcountries. Our problem is how to assure the availability of anadequate supply of raw materials and energy for future needs, ina viable, practical, peaceful, and economically sound manner. Byan adequate supply, I mean the amount and kind of materialsnecessary to satisfy the essential needs of each country's growingpopulation, each country's security and each country's economichealth. In fulfilling this objective, we have a mandate from thepopulace of nearly every developed country to preventdegradation of the environment while providing these materials.

a As technologists, we are dedicated to the betterment ofwrnankind through improved technology. In the past, we have been

remarkably successful on many fronts - food, medicine, spaceexploration, to name a few. When challenged, man's ingenuity hasbeen truly phenomenal. In recent years we have slowly developedan awareness of two problems which have been steadily increasingin severity: the world's present energy crisis and its pendingmineral crisis. Clearly, no one technology will offer the totalsolution to these problems.

The Value of Raw MaterialsThe crust of the earth, together with its seas and its

atmosphere, is the source of all of mankind's primary wealth.More and more, wealth is defined in terms of utility - not interms of an arbitrarily established monetary value. The recentaction of the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries(OPEC) in controlling the flow of petroleum has clearlydemonstrated this to the petroleum-importing nations!

The history and development of mankind can be traced bystudying the development of man's ability to use the earth'smaterials to his advantage - the food and fiber grown upon theearth, the stone and the minerals found within the earth, andeven the constituents of the air above the earth. With thediscovery of fire over a million years ago, man learned how tomodify to his benefit the raw materials he found in nature. Theworking of clay and of native copper were some of the earliest ofman's technologies. Man learned very early that agriculturalmaterials were renewable, and he planted crops on an annual basis

Itnd raised cattle according to his needs. He also found that othermaterials were nonrenewable, and that he had to seek newsources as he depleted his known supply.

The military conquest of mankind can also be traced to man'sneeds for material wealth. History documents the importance of

mineral resources, starting with the golden age of Greece that wasushered in by military and political conquests financed largely bythe rich silver deposits of Lavrion discovered in 483 B.C., andextending into more recent times to the rapid emergence of theU.s.s.R. as an economic and political power largely due to itsvast mineral endowment. Mineral raw materials had anoverwhelming effect on the course of European history duringthe millenium between the fall of the Roman Empire and thediscovery of America. The settling of the western United Stateswas largely spurred by the discovery of gold in California in 1848.The interest in developing the mineral resources of the westernU.S. was so great that during the first fifty years of its existence,the Department of the Interior was familiarly known as the"Department of the West."

With developing industrialization, demands for raw materialsoutpaced their availability in many parts of the world. Whereasonce explorers were sent out to locate precious metals to fill thecoffers of the royalty of their homeland, beginning in thetwentieth century geologists were sent to the far corners of theworld to assure a supply of raw materials for the industry of theirhomeland.

Thus, we should realize that raw materials have been basic tomanufacturing and service technologies, to national security and

Dr. William H. Dresher

Page 2 ARIZONA B UREA U OFMINES June, 1975

to national and international economics since the beginning ofhistory. We have no reason to believe that this will change.

The Scope of MaterialsToday, the world "materials" is almost infinite in its scope of

meaning - solids, liquids and gases; metals, glasses and ceramics;organic and inorganic; crystalline or polymeric; natural ormanmade. All manufactured products are made of materials. But,the world of materials is so complicated that we have lost track oftheir origin. In the face of abundance in recent years, we haveforgotten that all manmade products have their origins as naturalmaterials. They started either as renewable resources, ornonrenewable resources. All primary raw materials must bederived from the natural resources of our world.

Problems InvolVing Raw Materials

A concern for the future availability of many industrial rawmaterials is finally developing. Ore grades are diminishing,concern for the environment has placed restraints on commercialdevelopment of some mineral deposits, and countries upon whichwe have relied for major mineral materials have becomeincreasingly nationalistic, causing uncertainties in future supply.While the severity of the problem has not yet become apparent tomost laymen, the relatively minor hardships caused by thepetroleum embargo imposed by the OPEC nations have served asa forewarning of things to come. One major aspect of theproblem is that many people, in the United States and elsewhere,have generally taken raw materials for granted. Relatively freetrade with raw material-producing nations combined with theremarkable resourcefulness of technologists and industrialists hasfostered this complacency.

Complacency

If the United States is any example, most people have lostsight of the importance of raw materials in their daily lives. In thetWQ hundred years of the U.s.'s existence, we have moved from anatural resource-based economy - the exploitation of soil,timber, and minerals - to a manufacturing-based eCO{fomy, andmore recently to a serVice-based economy. But, what is littlerealized is that the service-economy, the pinnacle of the pyramid,cannot be sustained without a strong foundation; that is, thecomponents of the economy which came first, the resource- andmanufacturing-based components. While the essentiality of rawmaterials to industry is as high as ever, that essentiality hasbecome invisible. Thus, the sudden shortages have come as a rudeawakening.

The Endowment Nature of Mineral Resources

Mineral and mineral fuel resources, major components of ourraw materials, are a legacy, an endowment left to us by the forcesof nature which have operated over millions of years. Sooner orlater, at any given level of technology, they will no longer beavailable for our use at a price we can afford to pay for them. Ithink it's important to emphasize these last two points -level oftechnology and price.

The literal notion of running out of minerals and mineral fuelsis ridiculous. The entire planet is composed of minerals. Thecrustal composition of the earth averages 5 percent iron - anenrichment ten times greater than the average grade of copper orebeing mined in the U.s. today! All of the natural gas andpetroleum known in the world today constitutes only a smallpercentage of the known fuel mineral resources. The oceans

themselves contain more mineral valuables than mankind can everconceivably utilize.

The problem is not one of literally running out of energy anAmaterials, but one of their availability under conditions which w.are willing to accept - there is a limit to how much money wecan afford to pay for them and to the amount of environmentaldisturbance and atmospheric degradation we can or will toleratein obtaining and using them. In otherwords, the problem is oneof mineral reserves, not one of mineral resources. Reserves aredefined as those resources which can be economically andecologically obtained by existing technology. Technology thusplays a very important role in the availability of mineral-derivedraw materials!

However, while nature has provided an ample supply ofmineral and mineral fuel resources in the earth's surface, she hasnot provided an equal distribution of enriched concentrations ofminerals.

Politico-Economics of Mineral Resources

Historically, various regions of the world have been noted fortheir deposits of economic minerals, and these regions have beensubject to exploitation by one method or another since thediscovery of their value - either by conquest, colonization, orforeign-owned industrial development. However, growingnationalism of the countries in these mineral-rich regions has·caused uncertainty of future supply in the countries which havecome to rely on them. Recently, the mineral-rich,lesser-developed nations have served notice in the form ofexpropriations, nationalizations, and embargoes, on the moredeveloped nations that things are going to be different in thfuture. While the L.D.C.'s desperately need the developmecapital and technology which can be provided by the developecountries, they have generally decided that future resourcedevelopment will be controlled by the host country. Under suchcontrol, the prospect is for increased tariffs, and for increasedprice control by the formation of cartels; both with the intent ofmaximizing the benefits gained by the host country.

In normal times, cartels have been used quite effectively tostabilize prices and thereby proteCt the profitability ofproduction and thus production itself. A dangerous condition canarise, however, if tariffs and cartels are used to politicaladvantage. Unfortunately, mineral resources have been, are being,and will continue to be used as the basis for political, economic,and military advantage of one nation over another.

Recent changes in the investment climate in mineral andmineral-fuel producing nations have had a profound effect on theinternational minerals industry and thus the availability and costof mineral-derived raw materials. The future in this area is notclear. Restoration of the flow of mineral commodities from thesecountries is largely dependent upon at least two considerations:the confidence of investors in the political enterprise of theless-developed nations, and the inclination of these nations todevelop their mineral endowment for export purposes.

Environmental Nature of Mineral Resources

In recent years, there has been an increasing concern for thedegradation of the environment caused by the extraction ofminerals from the ground and the processing of their product_into manufactured goods. Governments, both local and national"are demanding more and more control of how their land is goingto be used and what manufacturing processes may be conductedon that land. Increased population density and mobility,combined with rising incomes in the developed countries of the

FIELDNOTES

have pushed to the forefront health and aesthetic issues.miner'als have been affected, from the locally used products of

gravel to the exportable products for distant industrialDevelopment restrictions and processing requirements

for environmental reasons have decreased availabilityincreased costs of every mineral commodity in commerce.

li1creased Demandsworld's demand for mineral-derived raw materials is

rapidly. This growth is the result of both increasedpOpulation and increased consumption per capita. Continuing

growth rates in many countries are a severeto the future availability of all raw materials. When these

rtil,nt,'ip.c; are the less-developed countries, the problem is doublyIn these countries, the per capita consumption will

bec;omle much larger as their populace strive for equality with thedev'elolped countries (Fig. 1).

to popular belief, increases in consumption in thecountries are, for the most part, due to increased

pOIPl.llatil:>n. The per capita use of some commodities has actuallyin the U.S. (Fig. 2). However, the disparity in the per

GNP and commodity consumption between developedis significantly smaller than that for the developing

amounts of capital will be required by these developingThe only source of this capital is the developed

who in turn require mineral products from theUncjerde'vellC)p(~d nations in return for its capital - a vicious cycle.

a resolution must be achieved if either group is to reachgoals.

Dilnin1ishing A vailability of Energy

In any society, the production of raw materials requires a largenrclnr,rtiion of the total energy consumed. Insofar as minerals and

are concerned, the energy consumption per unit amountmineral or metal produced will continue to increase as lower

lower grade ores are mined and processed. This trend reflectsgreater quantities of rock mined per pound of metal as

intll,,,tn/ is forced to leaner ore bodies. Actually, in the recenthas been substituted profitably for capital or labor in

production of mineral-derived raw materials. Agriculture alsoa similar phenomenon. The impressive agriculture

in the U.s. has been achieved by the use of largeamlounts of fossil energy. Thus, in both mining and agriculture,

has served as a vehicle by which energy can befor human labor and capital investment in the

production of primary raw materials.Metal prices and availability are going to suffer severely unless

energy-saving technology for metal extraction is developed. MiningnonmetalHc minerals will probably be less affected so long as

ore grade remains high, but mineral prices must keep pace withenergy costs if adequate quantities of all these materials are tocontinue to be available.

Since energy itself is derived mainly from mineral fuels (fossilfuels), its availability, until nonmineral sources can be develQped,will also be largely dependent upon the solutions of the precedingproblems. Further, unlike other materials derived from minerals,energy cannot be reused or recycled. Once used, it is distributedinto the atmosphere in the form of heat and combustion productsnever to be recovered nor reused. Thus, energy is in itself theultimate raw material and must be conserved tenaciously! Mineralfuels are the only truly exhaustible raw materials which man uses!

III...o"0oC\JI'­en+­cou; 10r-------------;o-f-:-;--;,.-;-;------/'-------------1cou+­oa.zC)

o+-

a.oU...Q)

a.

So fee: D. Harris, Privole Com~unication11~-----'------'----'----'·----'----'---L.!..c'=-----L--'------''-----'-''--'--'---'--1...J

10 100Per Capita Consumption of Metals

at Constant 1972 Dollars

Figure 1P"er capita consumption of metals vs per capita gross national product,1970. Metals (including raw steel, copper, lead, .zinc, and aluminum) areaggregated at 1972 prices.

~ PEn CAPITA CONSUMPTION (LES) GnOWTH nATE (%)

1951 1970 1951-1970

Iron 1342.8 1124.4 -.91

Chromium 4.0 5.08 1. 25

Mnnganese 13.35 12.76 -.25

Nickel 1. 35 1. 98 2.0

Tungsten .073 .080 .5

Aluminum 12.89 39.69 6.0

Copper 28.18 27.11 -.25

Lead 13.91 12.83 -.42

l\lagnesium 12.29 11.11 -.58

Zinc 13.78 13.21 -.25

Titanium 3.0 4.71 2.4

Figure 2Per capita industrial demand, showing quantities and rates of growth,1951-1970.

A Plan for the FutureIn the face of the foregoing problems, the U.S. reacted in 1970

by the passage of a law - the National Materials Policy Act. Thepurpose of this legislation was to investigate and makerecommendations as to the posture of the United Statesgovernment with regard to a number of concerns:

1. national and international material requirements;2. national and international population size and the

enhancement of environmental quality;3. recommended means of extraction, development, and use

of materials in order to enhance environmental quality andconserve materials;

4. means of exploiting existing scientific knowledge in thesupply, use, recovery, and disposal of materials;

Continued page 9

Page 4 ARIZONA BUREA U OF MINES June, 1975

~

I'I

)

w I

\

\

I

SI Johns

Sifford

\ ..... C')

'\

\ I

l, I------------".,

/

0 /

/(

h

<

>

)

)

llP 110':

N

in indentifying the original source. Theconcession to collect turquoise has beenacquired by W.O. (Lucky) Brown of •Gallup, New Mexico. •

Globe-MiamiThe Globe-Miami area, in Gila County,

is a district noted for occurrence ofturquoise. Turquoise has been producedfrom the oxidized zone of the formerlyabandoned Castle Dome opencut mine(5).

John Sinkankas, in Gemstones ofNorthAmerica (1959), states that veinlets of

I

1I

I

-

Y A V A,.

I\I\

('

'-

,e o)e 0

I

i" / 1

~"""-, \I ' ,

rl"'-;...-

f ! -'\/ / : ~-L-l

I

L Mineral Pork 5. Castle Dome

2. Courtland - Gleeson and Pinto Volley

3. Canyon Creek Ruin 6. Copper Cities

4. Morenci 7. Bisbee

(Number refers to locality mentioned in text)

/ ~i'l,1\ J P " I

I i \ "-I I ""I i ~~\ \~

!---- ----------'--- ---.---~,;--------il:- _! .~\ :\~I Tutson l \\

......... , i PM' \ 2.3~ "",+------+----.:..:......----tf'---4--',~""t_---------,, \

! ,C 0 CHI S E

_1 __----J \i \ ! \

.......... .._J SANTA CRUZ I \... .L -...., I j Bisbee I............ -.!!!!I~S _~ __~ I

50 50 MILESL'---'-,---'-,-'-,--'-,-'- ,

I..

Y U M A

Arizono Turquoise - Post and Present

37. 114: 113'

I

34Y'--T---+~+----'=----J=4==---'lr-~+-+----':'.,g!.:---H--,----~

EXPLANATION

producer, the Morenci Mine (4) of PhelpsDodge Corporation, located-in GreenleeCounty four miles northeast of Clifton, isalso a major producer of excellentturquoise. The turquoise occurs as thinplates and nodules in close associationwith a diabase dike system that crossesthe ore body in a northwest to southeastdirection.

Much of Morenci's turquoise is veryfirm and shows good color. It often hasbright pyrite inclusions which, to manyindividuals, enhances its beauty. Expertsoften use these pyrite inclusions as an aid

Mineral ParkOf the prehistoric mmmg localities,

only the Mineral Park area is presently asource of turquoise. Modern productionin this area goes back to 1883, and it nowaccounts for the largest production inArizona. Ithaca Peak and TurquoiseMountain are within Duval Corporation'sopen-pit copper mine, which is locatedapproximately 15 miles northeast ofKingman. Much of the turquoise fromMineral Park is characterized bychalcopyrite stringers that create aspider-web effect throughout thematerial. Generally, the turquoise occursas seams, masses, and veins in altered,mineralized granitic rock.

Duval realized early in its minedevelopment that mineral collecting andmining could coexist. Lease arrangementswere made with L.W. Hardy of Kingman,giving him the right to retrieve theturquoise unearthed by their miningoperations.

Turquoise at the Duval site runs thefull range of quality from very porous,pale-colored material, commonly called"chalk," to high-grade gem material.Much of the material collected is chalkyand requires special treatment in order tomake it appealing and salable. However,as operations continue, turquoise is beingencountered that is as good as there isthese days. In 1973, Mineral Parkproduced 23,878 pounds of green chalk,54,818 pounds of blue chalk, and 4,344pounds of gem quality turquoise.Stabilized or treated chalk and gemquality turquoise are sold to establishedbuyers.

MorenCiArizona's largest open-pit copper

The use of turquoise by the South­western Indians dates back to at least 300years B.C. Arizona has three areas ofprehistoric turquoise mining.

The most extensive workings occur inthe Mineral Park region (l on the map) inMohave County around Ithaca Peak andTurquoise Mountain, formerly eluledAztec Peak. In the Courtland-Gleesonarea (2) of Cochise County, it has beenclaimed that Indians turned over entirehillsides in their search for turquoise. Thethird major prehistoric area, CanyonCreek Ruin (3), is located in the FortApache Indian Reservation in GilaCounty, on the east side of Canyon Creekapproximately 10 miles north of the SaltRiver.

Arizona Turquoiseby

Robert T. O'HaireMineralogist

Vol. 5 No.2

turquoise occur up to %-inch thick,forming plates of several inches across,while nodules or nuggets up to %-incl!thick occur in placesassociated with clayminerals and sericite. All qualities occurat the mine, from blue chalk to good hardblue. The copper mine closed December,1953; however, the Castle Dome area wasreactivated in May, 1972, when the PintoValley Mine (5) started its development.Pinto Valley, owned by Cities ServiceCompany, is presently Arizona'ssecond-largest producer of turquoise. TtJ-ismine is located 8 miles west of Miami onU.S. Highway 60 and includes the CastleDome workings. All qualities of turquoiseoccur, ranging from chalk to good, hardblue. Approximately 9,000 pounds ofturquoise per month are collected byL.W. Hardy, the lessee.

'The Copper Cities Mine (6), formerlycalled the Sleeping Beauty Mine, is ownedby Cities Service Company and is located3% miles north of Miami. An estimatedseveral hundred pounds of turquoise wasfound there in the early 1950s during theinitial stripping operations. Some goodmaterial was mined from time to time,but in general the quality was morechalky than that from Castle Dome.Material at the Copper Cities deposit isiron-bearing and mostly greenish in color,whereas the Castle Dome material isalmost exclusively turquoise of the bluevariety.

Bisbee

Excellent turquoise has come from thePhelps Dodge mines at Bisbee (7), locatedin the southeastern corner of Arizonaabout six miles north of Mexico.Turquoise on the property occurs asminute stringers in massive pyrite on the1,200-foot level of the Cole Shaft andalso as masses of large size in theLavender Open Pit.

Before Phelps Dodge closed its pit, thegem stone material was collected from aturquoise-bearing waste dump within theopen cut. Since Phelps Dodge stopped itsoperation, its lessee, Bob Matthews, iscollecting from both the pit and wastedumps. Matthews, who is the first andonly individual franchised to collectturquoise in Bisbee, has been operating atthe Phelps Dodge property for the past 4years. By early 1974 he had producedapproximately 2,000 pounds ofgood-to-excellent turquoise, as there isvery little chalky material found on theproperty. Total production is not known.

The turquoise is cut and polished atthe Bisbee Blue Gem Shop. It's thenshipped to Navajo craftsmen or otherIndian silversmiths to be made intojewelry. The finished jewelry is returned

the Bisbee Blue Turquoise JewelryStore, located at the viewpoint to the

Continued page 8

FIELDNOTES

Towards an Explanation

byH. Wesley Peirce

Geologist

Since last Easter weekend, a rash ofrumble and building-rattle incidents wasreported by residents of the Tucsonmetropolitan area. Many phone calls weremade to City, State, and Federal offices;the news media were active; andconjectures ranged from doom and gloomprophesy to facetious remarks ("it'sSmokey the Bear stomping out a fire").

Some folks were amused andobjectively curious while others werefrightened and certain of a disaster tocome. The attempt at resolving this causeof concern represented a communityeffort on the part of many citizenobservers, industry and militaryrepresentatives, news media. personnel,various governmental employees, andscientific personnel related to the fieldsof geology, geophysics, and atmosphericscience. Two things are certain: (1) thereis a phenomenon to explain, and (2) thereis no shortage of opinions about causes.

The principal manifestations noted bymany observers included window anddoor rattles and distant outdoor rumbles.Human directional sensing of noisepropagation tended to suggest a source tothe west, and several observers noted thatlarge windows and sliding glass doors withwesterly exposures were especially noisy.

The uniqueness of these events seemsto be in doubt. Some say that they haveexperienced this sort of thing for yearsbut perhaps not with such frequency andintensity. The informal record availableto us regarding this episode goes back toGood Friday, the 28th of March. In fact,two unrelated and separate observersindependently have stated that the worstof the events experienced (thus far)occurred on Good Friday and that EasterSunday was a bothersome day (furtherinformation concerning Easter week endis solicited). We have the continuouswritten record from April 1, 1975 for onesusceptible family living in anuncompleted residence in the quietercountryside northwest of Tucson on theTortolita Mountain piedmont slope.Through April 18 (noisy Friday!) thenumber of events recorded by them rangesfrom none on the week ends of April 5-6and 12-13, to 12 on Friday the 18th. Atleast one event was recorded for eachweekday except the 4th, when the familywas not at home. Seven events werenoted on the 8th, 11 th, and 17th, andnine on the 15th. This family says thattheir experience with this phenomenon,

Page 5

although perhaps not as intense orfrequent, ranges over three years at thislocation - two in a trailer and one in thehouse.

Newspaper reports initiated during theweek of April 7th drew community-wideattention. The number of observersmarkedly increased as interest wasstimulated Jlnd a commonality ofexperience established.

Doug Shakel, a geologist in theDepartment of Geosciences, College ofEarth Sciences, University of Arizona,expressed his and the Department'sinterest through the two principal localdaily newspapers. A coupon was providedand citizens invited to share theirobservations. On Friday, April 18th, byRose Samardzich of Earth Sciences, andCherri Ralph, Irma Neighbors, DougShakel, and Dr. John Sumner(geophysicist) of Geosciences, over onehundred phone calls were received andinformation recorded. In addition, Doughas received more than 500 of thenewspaper coupon reports, many withappended notes, opinions, and otherinformation. One observer, living inWinkelman, a small town about fifty-fivemiles north and twelve miles east ofTucson, noted the afternoon events ofthe 18th recorded in Tucson, but notthose of the morning.

There is much information to bedigested, and it will be some time beforeit is all compiled and interpreted on itsown merits as well as in conjunction withdata derived elsewhere.

Seeking an explanation

In seeking an explanation for theserumbles and rattles, it seems necessary tobegin with some variety of shock. In thisregard there are two major categories: (1)shocks initiated within and transportedthrough solid earth, and (2) shocksinitiated within and transported throughthe atmosphere. Shocks of the first typecan be further subdivided intoman-caused events such as blasting atmines, and natural processes such asfaulting (earthquakes). Atmospheric­related causes largely have beenattributed to sound barrier penetrationby aircraft (sonic boom) during certainatmospheric conditions.

John Minsch of the U.S. Magnetic andSeismological Observatory in Tucson,utilizing the seismographic record, ruledout earthquakes and undergroundblasting (Tucson Daily Citizen, 4/19/75).Chief Deputy State Mine InspectorEdward Chamberlain of Tucson also ruledout mining activity (Arizona Daily Star,4/18/75). Dr. Sumner, acting both as anearth scientist and one who experiencedthe phenomenon in question, concluded

Continued page 8

Page 6 ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES June, 1975

by Jay C. Dotson

Mining and minerals exploration havelong been important activities in the livesof the inhabitants of the Southwest.There has been a succession of peoples inArizona looking for gold, silver, andother valuable minerals: Indians, Spanishconquistadors, Forty-niners, pioneersettlers, and the Johnnies-corne-lately.

Over the years mining in Arizona, andespecially in southern Arizona, hasincreased in importance until todayTucson is recognized as one of the largestand most active mining centers in theworld.

For many years engineers andgeologists talked about a place for miningprofessionals to meet both socially andprofessionally, but it wasn't untilFebruary 1971 that the Mining Club ofthe Southwest came into existence. Sincethen, the club has strived for growth andincreased recognition by the miningfraternity. The membership has reachedalmost 500, with members from all overthe United States and several foreign acountries. The club offers four categories Wiof membership: resident, suburban,nonresident, and corporate.

The Mining Club of the Southwestenjoys reciprocal privileges with theMining Clubs of London and New Yorkand with the Engineers Club of Toronto.

The club was formed to provide thebenefits and services of a social club,including the recreation, pleasure,fellowship, and education of its membersand the public, and for the advancementof science as applied to mining andrelated industries.

The Mining Clubt

Watercolors by Pat Marohn; Left: Citrinecrystal; bottom: Pyrite. Unfortunately,black and white printing doesn't show thedelicate shading of tones and colors in Mrs.Marohn's paintings; they should be seen incolor. She prepared this series of paintingsespecially for a show at the Copper Gallery,using opals, lapis lazuli, and many differentcrystals as beginnings for these abstracts.

Top: Van Winkle Shaft,pen and ink; right, RedMountain #I, watercolor,both by Ken Hatfield. Mr.Hatfield's drawings andpaintings are exclusively ofmining towns and scenes.A large selection of hiswork is currently beingshown in the CopperGallery.

n

Vol. 5 No.2 FIELDNOTES Page

Top: Eureka; left: To the Hillswith Malapai; bronzes byGeorge-Ann Tognoni. Mrs.Tognoni has always loved animals,and most of her sculptures includethem. When she moved to thesouthwest, she began to sculptcowboys with their horses, and theprospectors shown here. Ashowing of her sculptures beginsmid-July at the Copper Gallery.

Below: some of the old mining equipmentand antique tools decoratively used in themeeting rooms and outdoors entrance andpatio. An old ore bucket and ore car arepictured here. The pipk, shovel, and pan arehung in the reading room.

Some of the facilities and servicesavailable to members include a privatelounge, a private board room for meetingsand special group lunches, a private clubluncheon room, and a small library. Theclub sponsors a gourmet dinner club, poolparties, distinguished speaker luncheons,a tennis competition, bimonthly beerbusts, and the Copper Gallery ofsouthwestern and mining arts and crafts.

The Copper Gallery features numerousartists and craftsmen, and wheneverpossible they're drawn from among theclub membership or from the largermining fraternity. Past exhibitors includePan Eimon, wife of member Paul Eimon,the first club president and manager ofexploration for Essex International, Inc.;Mary Heinrichs, mother of members Waltand Grover Heinrichs; Polly Bowditch,wife of member Sam Bowditch, retiredgeologist from ASARCO; John Beeder,mining geologist with Tenneco Oil Co.;George-Ann Tognoni, wife. of consultinggeological engineer Hal Tognoni; TadNicols, geologist and professionalphotographer; and Betty Herndon, wifeof retired mill superintendent ThomasHerndon.

Our present exhibitor is Ken Hatfield,Senior Geologist with Kerr-McGee Corp.The subjects of Mr. Hatfield's pencil andink sketches and water colors are almostentirely old mines and miningaccoutrements. Mr. Hatfield's exhibit willrun through mid-July. Starting in July theCopper Gallery will feature George-AnnTognoni's outstanding works in bronzesculpture.

Visitors are welcome at the MiningClub of the Southwest. The club quartersare in the Sheraton Pueblo Inn, 350South Freeway, Tucson, and are open11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. each weekday.Mrs. Ruth Kessler is the club manager andofficial hostess.

Jay Dotson is a Professor of Miningand Geological Engineering in the Collegeof Mines, University of Arizona. He isalso a member of the Board of the MiningClub of the Southwest, and has beenmanaging the Copper Gallery.

ie

If the Southwest)/

~

Fig. 3 Seismogram showing recorded blasting event.

Fig. 4 Seismogram showing recorded rumble-rattle event.

Page 8

Rumbles Continuedthat the solid earth was not directlyinvolved and shifted attention to ana tmospheric phenomenon known as"channeling," a condition in which sound

7:28AM

can travel distances (Star, 4/18/75).Richard A. Wood, meteorologist with theNational Weather Service, Tucson, relatedour shocks to atmospheric conditionsthat allowed transmission of sound wavescreated by sonic booms west of Tucson(Star, 4/24/75). These atmosphericconditions related to the position andspeed of the jet stream, and to atemperature inversion, above the jetstream, capable of refracting a soundwave back to earth. Mr. Wood furthersuggested that our shocks were not newand that we were more conscious ofthem.

It is quite natural for us to search forcauses among phenomena that are a partof our experience. As already suggested,it appears as though we must choose,basically, between blasting, internal earthforces, and sonic booms. In assigningcauses there is an inherent potential forinjustice. This can best be minimized btutilizing, objectively, as much relevantdata as is possible. Too, there likely is aninherent tendency to disclaim in the caseswhere subjective fingers are pointed atpossible human-related causes. However,it also would not be fair to invokepotentially dangerous earth forces wherethere is no scientific basis for doing so.

Mining activity is easy to point tobecause there are at least eight propertieswithin 25 miles of Tucson that regularlyengage in blasting. Some of the minesblast daily and have been doing so foryears. The Arizona Portland Cement Co.,which blasts irregularly at its quarry justnorthwest of the end of the TucsonMountains, received many phone calls

ARIZONA B UREA U OF MINES

during this recent episode. On April 17th,plant manager Jack Stoker said that theyhad not blasted for a month but thatthree blasts would be set off on April18th (Citizen, 4/17/75). A representative

7:29AM

of this company called us on the 18thbefore the blasts and also called afterwardto give us the three blast times. We thenasked Dr. Sumner if he would check withMr. Minsch at the SeismologicalObservatory to see if and how thesetimed blast events recorded on theseismogram. He was able to obtain copiesof the primary record and these havebeen examined.

In addition to the blasting at thecement plant quarry on the 18th, all ofthe larger copper mines around Tucsonblasted between 3 and 4 p.m. on the sameday. In our opinion all of these blastingevents are evident on the seismogram(Fig. 3). It also is clear that therumble-rattle events are recorded on theseismogram (Fig. 4). However, it isinteresting to note that the respectiveseismogram records are greatly different.The blasts produce pronounced featureswhereas the rumble-rattle related recordis minor in comparison.

Shakel made a plot of all the timesreported for rattling events and it issignificant to note that not one fallsbetween 3 and 4 p.m. when all of thecopper mine blasts took place. Too, notone overlaps any of the three blasts setoff at the cement plant quarry.

Why is it that the blasts that weretransmitted through the earth and left amore pronounced seismogram recordwere not sensed whereas the events thatresult in a slight record were? The answerseems to be that the shocks wereatmospherically transmitted andtherefore acted directly on theaboveground exterior surfaces of

June, 1975

buildings. This resulted in rattlings ofthings free enough to rattle. Therumblings heard out-of-doors aretestimony to the idea that the shockwaves were set up by a soundphenomenon. It seems, therefore, thatthe available evidence suggests that causesshould be sought that were initiatedabove the ground surface.

The application of the seismographicrecord to this problem is vital in that it isan indispensable aid in evaluatingpossibilities. The State of Arizona hasneither a seismologist nor a seismologicalresearch and detection program. The U.S.observatory in Tucson is being convertedto a remote unit that will send signals toAlbuquerque, New Mexico, and,therefore, will not be available for localapplications. Arizona is a growing stateand its leaders should becomeincreasingly sensitive to the importantcontributions that an adequateseismological program can bring tounderstanding the nature of both thestructure and the earth processescharacteristic of Arizona.

Turquoise continued

Lavender Open Pit. The Store should notbe confused with the Bisbee Blue GemShop mentioned previously. The Shopsells cut stones, predominantly toestablished buyers, but the demand forBisbee material is great and the supply issmall.

Summary

Although it is well known that morecopper is produced from Arizona thanany other state, it is not as well knownthat Arizona also might be the largestsource of turquoise in the United States.Pinto Valley may become Arizona'slargest producing area if the presentproduction of approximately 9,000pounds per month continues. At MineralPark, more than 83,000 pounds ofturquoise was produced in 1973. L.W.Hardy, holder of both the Pinto Valleyand Mineral Park concessions, says thathe believes that these two areaspresently supply more turquoise thanproduced in any other state.

AIm ost all of Arizona'sproduction comes from largebulk deposits where the ec,:mc::>micsmining demand fast handling ofquantities of material.. This has enab:Leuthe collection of largeturquoise in four of these largeotherwise could not haveeconomically.

Due to the present great derha.lldturquoise, the lessees whoto collect at the variousor no material towell-established buyers.

Vol. 5 No.2 FIELDNOTES Page 9

A Simple Test

Chrysocolla

or

Turquoise?

byRobert T. O'Haire

Mineralogist

Chrysocolla is mistakenly identified as turquoise more often than anyother substance. A simple, 15-second test will help identify your samplecorrectly.

A drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid placed on your sample at roomtemperature will react immediately if the sample is chrysocolla. The acid willturn to a greenish-yellow color which can be more easily observed by blottingit with a white tissue. When the test is made on fair to excellent qualityturquoise, no reaction will take place.

If the acid test is positive, meaning the acid turns greenish-yellow, thesample almost certainly Isn't good turquoise and probably is chrysocolla. Butnot all minerals that give 'a positive reaction are chrysocolla. For example,azurite and malachite will change the acid's color (but they will effervescealso - a distinguishing factor to watch for). Not all the samples that reactnegatively are turquoise, though. Knowledge both of mineralogy and othertest procedures is obviously very useful.

When they are in doubt, residents of Arizona who have collected samplesfrom within Arizona are welcome to submit them for identification free ofcharge. Material submitted from out of state is also welcome. However, thereis a charge of $2.00 per sample (pre-payment required) for out-of-statematerial. Send raw material only; please do not send jewelry.

Enough money to cover return postage and handling must be enclosedwith the sample if it's to be returned to the sender.

The commercial grade of hydrochloric acid (HCI), commonly calledmuriatic acid (32% HCI), can also be used for this test. This acid is availablein many hardware stores and swimming pool supply houses. Be sure themuriatic acid you buy is not highly colored; a slightly yellow-colored acid isacceptable. The color can be checked by adding a drop to a white tissue.

Handle acid carefully and read the directions on the container.

.. Technology continued(. 5. means to enhance coordination and cooperation among

federal departments and agencies;6. the feasibility of establishing computer inventories of

national and international materials requirements andsupplies; and

7. which federal agency should be assigned responsibilityconcerning the policy.

Subsequent to the passage of this act, a committee composedof prestigious citizens was formed as the Natural Materials Pol icyCommission. The report of this committee, "Material Needs andthe Environment Today and Tomorrow" was issued in June of1973. The Commission recommended a five-point policy saying" ... it should be the policy of the United States to:

1. provide adequate energy and materials to satisfy not onlythe basic needs of nutrition, shelter, and health, but adynamic economy, without indulgence in waste;

2. rely on market forces as a price determinant of the mix ofimports and domestic production in the field of materials,but at the same time decrease and prevent wherevernecessary a dangerous or costly dependence on imports;

3. accomplish the foregoing objectives while protecting orenhancing the environment in which we live;

4. conserve our natural resources and environment by treatingwaste materials as resources and returning them either touse or, in a harmless condition, to the ecosystems;

5. institute coordinated resource' policy planning whichrecognizes the interrelationships among materials, energy,and the environment."

Thus, for the first time, a policy was prescribed which linkedenergy, and the natural environment. The NationalCouncil's report of the Committee on Mineral

Acr" orroc and the Environment which was released on February1 of this year placed additional emphasis on this prescription.

The Role of TechnologyNo amount of technology is going to cause nature to

redistribute minerals on the face of the earth, nor is technologynecessarily going to modify the political aspirations of sovereignnations. As technologists, however, we do have the capability ofchanging the particular resources upon which our raw materialsare based. We can uncover new mineral deposits by improving ourexploration techniques. We can learn how to extract materialsfrom alternate mineral resources - petroleum from oil shales ortar sands; aluminum from clays or tungsten from brines, forexample. We can alter the consumption pattern of our industryand of our people - not by deprivation, but by more efficientusage of the materials at our disposal. The environmental impactof production and consumption is another area in which wetechnologists can be effective. But, probably the most importantarea of all for us to influence is the increased productivity ofenergy. Energy, as it is now produced mainly from mineral fuels,can no I flgerlJe--st1Wituted for labor and capital. New technology. ~m acknowledge energy for its value as a raw material.

If we view the whole area of materials production andconsumption as a system, the areas of technological concern canbe broken into three basic elements: production, conservation,~e:;vironmental protection.

ProductionThe basic question is: How can we produce needed amounts

.of metals from ores of steadily decreasing grade whileconcurrently producing less environmental damage andconsuming less energy than in the past? Obviously this is the areawhich should be of primary concern to chemical engineers andextractive metallurgists. The traditional methods by whichminerals are currently processed and metals extracted are notgood enough to fulfill today's requirements. Technology must be

Page 10 ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES June, 1975

developed by many countries which will utilize their low-gradedomestic mineral resources in order to offset dependency onforeign mineral supplies. Technology must be developed to moreeffectively use the energy required to mine ores and process themto metals and other minerals.

ConservationThe basic question here is: How can we satisfy our material

needs while at the same time consume less of the world's mineraland energy resources? The answer to this question has threecomponents - recycling, substitution, and efficient design.

While the recycling problem today is largely one of economics,the technology of recycling metals and other materials is far fromcomplete. The problem of separating minor amounts of copperfrom iron in order that the iron can be returned to thesteelmaking process and the problem of separating iron fromaluminum alloy are just two of the problems.

The substitution of plentiful metals and other materials forscarce metals and materials will also offer new challenges to thetechnologist. In the past, only in time of war have we had tomake a concentrated effort to alleviate snortagesby substitution.Normally the forces of the marketplace have controlled the flowand the choice of materials. Now, conservation measures maycause us to again turn our technologists to the consideration ofalternatives.

In the actual application of materials to various uses, engineersin general will have an important responsibility. Machinery andeven household appliances must be designed for optimumperformance in the face of material shortages, for reliabilitythroughout their service life, and for ease of recycling ofconstituent ingredients. Thus, the designer, working with thechemical engineer, the metallurgical engineer, and the mechanicalengineer, will be attempting to utilize metals and other materialswhich are readily available, to cause substitute metals andmaterials to fulfill functional requirements, and to improveproduct durability, maintainability, repairability, andrecyclability.

Environmental ProtectionFinally, the technologist, in all of his activities, will be called

upon to be a watchdog of the environment. In the U.s., theNational Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) was enactedbecause:

"The Congress, recognizing the profound impact of man'sactivities on the interrelations of all components of the naturalenvironment ... (wished) to create conditions under which manand nature can exist in productive harmony and fulfill the social,economic, and other requirements of present and futuregenerations of Americans."

Thus, NEPA is already a part of the U.s. national materialspolicy and the responsibility of all technologists of this countryto implement.

ConclusionOur ability to respond to this world-wide problem largely

depends on the programs that can be established, the professionalskills that can be mustered, and the degree of internationalcooperation which can be achieved. The world energy andmaterials shortages have grown out of a number of causes. Thesolution of these problems will require efforts on a number offronts:- an improvement in the productivity of energy

a decreased rate of usage of raw materialsan improved recycling technologyan improved supply technology AIan improved knowledge of the true extent of the world's •resourcesa modification of the resources normally used for thosemineral commodities which are in short supplya readjustment of the foreign policy of many nations in orderto achieve stabilized conditions of resource development andinternational tradeand, probably an increase in the price of many raw materialsto more correctly reflect their cost and utility to asocial-conscious society.We, as technologists, have an important role to play in the

world today. These problems will be difficult to resolve, but theymust be resolved if the world's society is to continue to progress.

Ultimately, technology must be the future of raw materialsupply, for the true wealth of any society must be measured notjust by that society's mineral endowment, but by the use towhich that society puts the available raw materials 0 in thefulfillment of the needs of its people.

A Dialogue

with Dr. BoydDr. james Boyd, President of Materials Associates, has served

as Executive Director of the National Commission on Materials ePolicy, Director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, President andChairman of Copper Range Co., Vice President of KennecottCopper Corp., and Dean of the Colorado School of Mines.

Q. What do you feel about America's wastefulness?

A. We're a tremendously wasteful people. We can e?<tend ourresources by turning wastes into a resource. The thing that willbring about the recycling of urban waste will be primarily thecompetition between the availability of landfill areas with thecost of disposing of those wastes in other ways, such as recoveringthose resources the wastes contain. This is all within our grasp. Infact, over 10 percent of the available, viable urban wastes are nowunder contract to be treated by industry. The government hasgiven some help on this. For instance, the U.s. Bureau of Mineshas developed a system that uses normal metallurgical practices,and has built pilot plants of the systems that can recovermaterials from urban wastes, put them back into the materialscycle, and probably do it economically.

Q. What about the final point of the National Materials PolicyCommission's report - the environment?

A. The country should realize that everything you do in thematerials cycle affects the environment. Everything you do inindustry, using these materials, depends upon energy. Each ofthese things has an effect on the other. You cannot establ ishpolicy unless you take clearly into consideration the fact that theenvironment, the materials supply, and the energy supply are ..intimately related. They have to be handled together; but we are _violating this concept at the present time.

Nobody is really paying much attention to materials sinceRogers Morton has gone over to the Commerce Department. Weare going to be in real trouble unless we recognize this.

Vol. 5 No.2 FIELDNOTES Page 11

Q. Are we running out of resources?

A. I made a calculation that if we could mine, and ourtechnology improved over the years, we wouldn't have to godown more than a kilometer into the earth's crust (using thenodules on the sea floor and so forth), and we'd probably haveenough materials in the crust of the earth to handle the growth ofthe human race as it presently is growing and improving in itstechnological use of materials for 14,000,000 years. Now, if wecan't solve our balance between population and resources in14,000,000 years we won't be around very long. This is a sillyexample, but it proves in a way that although the earth is a finitebody, the potential resources are so enormous to do what weneed to do that in our equations we can put them down almost toinfinity.

Q. Will one of our main limitations be shortage of capital?

A. A good point. This is what you should talk to yourcongressman about. What is capital? In terms of an ind ividual, it'spurely savings. In terms of a company, it's the profit. The termsare the same. The ability to earn above your needs and wants iscapital. We proved during the last war we could improve ourproductivity and our savings enormously in time of emergency.Our ability in this country to generate capital is extremely large.The ability of undeveloped countries to generate capital isvirtually zero. They can't even get enough money to subsist. Whatwe need to do in the body politic, then, is to encourage thecreation of capital by doing the same things we do to encourageproduction of materials or energy. We have enormous resourcesavailable to us - if we can make our people understand that thisis what is needed. We have to work a little.

Q. Working more means profits - and isn't "profits" a dirtyword?

A. Well, we've got to make it an essential word in order to keepour quality of life being further distributed to people who don'tyet have it. Most of us can do without a little of this so-called"quality of life."

Q. Doesn't part of that responsibility fall back to the White Houseand Congress? You're asking a lot of the individual citizen to befarsighted enough to see that he should put his savings into thelongterm picture from the materials and energy supply standpointinstead of something else.A. Absolutely. But now, is it possible for a democratic politicalsystem to carry out anticipatory legislation? If it isn't, then wehave a hopeless situation. I don't know the answer to thisquestion. If we're imaginative enough we should be able to makeour congressmen realize we're not going to vote for them unlessthey strengthen our economy. We have got to come back to thegrassroots.

Q. Do you think that technology can be expanded in anunlimited way?

A. To put a limit on technology is a very difficult thing to do.You can assume there's an enormous, almost unlimited horizonfor technology. When that's balanced against the financialresources, the willingness to work, we might find someconstrictions.

Q. How do we get a handle on estimating how fast technology isexpanding in relation to today's problems?

A. I think technology is probably expanding too fast for thesocial structures. But the question is: is technology causing theproblems, or do the problems cause the need for technology' Idon't know the answer to that. '

Q. Why has the percentage of copper that's recycled stayed at 30percent for the past 30 or 40 years?

A. I don't know of any real waste of copper. I suspect most ofcopper is going into use; we're improving the capital base of thiscountry. The copper's in communications and transportationsystems and is still in use. There is a little waste in urban landfill.

Q. I want to bring up the possibility that you can't predict reallynew technologies. You can only show a rate of change of existingtechnologies.

A. You can predict with some certainty that new technologieswill develop. The timing is impossible to predict. I'll even stickmy neck out and predict with some certainty that we'll be usingthe hydrogen atom in the fusion process for generating energy. Itmight be 2 or 3 generations from now - it'll come along when weneed it.

Q. While on the National Materials Policy Commission, did itever look at the social problems caused in part by thetechnological advances made during the last few years?

A. We had endless debate about this, but I don't think we evercame to a concl usion. Our directions were pretty clear: it was aMaterials Policy Commission. We did have people on the staffwho would constantly pull us over to the social side.

Q. Don't you thing one could get into trouble making policyrelating to one aspect of our existence without taking intoconsideration the impact it has on the other aspects?

A. We do this every day. Everything we do is in a cell by itself.One of the principal recommendations of the Commission wasthat there be a central coordinating body.

Q. Is this possible?

A. Last year Congress set up a Supplies and ShortagesCommission. They appointed immediately the senators andcongressmen to that commission, and Mr. Nixon appointedmembers of his administration, but there were also to be 5 publicmembers. They picked 5 economists. Then Hugh Scott and MikeMansfield said, "look, we want somebody who knows somethingabout materials; the National Materials poncy Commission sayswe're faced with these particular problems, and we should havesome coordinating body that can give Congress some forewarningof these shortages." With that, they tried to find someone whohad no conflicts of interest, but who knew something about thematerials industry. There isn't any such person. That's where it'sstuck right now. I got word from Washington recently that theyare reopening the question, though. There had been no shortagesthe last five or six months, so it'd gone clear out of their minds.They are beginning to realize now, however, that they could befaced with shortages again.

Q. What's OTA?A. This is a new concept in political science. For years thescientific and engineering communities have been trying to getCongress to assess their problems technologically. About two orthree years ago the Office of Technology Assessment was formedin the Congress. It's a body of Congress like the General

Page 12 ARIZONA B UREA U OF MINES March, 1975

Accounting Office or Library of Congress. They set up aTechnology Assessment Board consisting of, I think, 6 senatorsand 6 congressmen. It's completely bipartisan. The chairmanshipchanges each session of Congress from the Senate to the Houseand back again. They're there to take requests from congressionalcommittees to assess technologically what the impact will be oflegislation they're considering. If they had had this office whenthey wrote the Pure Air Act or the Pure Water Act, we mighthave had a different kind of legislation. Congress is beginning toask these questions - in fact, they're snowing the Board a bit.The Board works through a series of advisory committees; there'sa materials advisory panel - I'm chairman of that.

What Congress is trying to do is set up a mechanism wherebylegislation can have the impacts on the other disciplines, theeconomy, and the social structure all taken into consideration.

Q. When is the dependency on imported materials too great?

A. When the other countries cut you off. No, really, this is a lotof nonsense. The United States has never been independent of the

rest of the world for resources, ever. We are still one of the richestnations in resources in the world. We've gotten excited about theArabs and their oil, but they have no other resources to speak of _- except sand, if th.ey can make that a resource. .,

Even in wartime, with the stockpiles we had, we were alwaysdependent upon trading with the enemy. We would go aroundthrough Portugal or China or someplace, but we had to havecertain resources.

Q. It seems to me that government is probably the mostinefficient way to control anything, so I count on themarketplace for short-term solutions. But can we count on themarketplace to develop the long-term solutions to our problems?A. No, you can't entirely depend on the marketplace. Theremust be a certain amount of government planning. Someone ingovernment must be looking down the pipe, as the Forest Serviceand Bureau of Mines have always done. And you have to have thedevices to nudge the marketplace in a given direction, to equaterisk into the economic formula. To do this, you have to havesome government planning.

Arizona Bureau of Mines Publications UpdateNew reference source

Bulletin 190, Bibliography of theGeology and Mineral Resources ofArizona 1965-1970, by John S. Vuichand Jan C. Wilt, is now available from theArizona Bureau of Mines. This bulletin, asupplement to ABM Bulletin 173,presents a comprehensive listing of theliterature on the geology and mineralresources of Arizona released betweenJanuary 1965 and December 1970.

Containing 155 pages of bibliographicreferences and indexing, Bulletin 190's6-year span of coverage contains nearlyone-half the quantity of listings found inBulletin 173, which covered the previous117 years.

Bulletin 190 costs $2.00. If ordered bymail, 20¢ should be included for handlingand postage.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONAARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES

TUCSON, ARIZONA 85711RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED

"Mineral and Water Resources"reprinted

Mineral and Water Resources ofArizona, Bulletin 180, has been reprintedand is now available for purchase.Originally published in 1969, Bulletin180 is a joint effort of the U.S.Geological Survey, the U.S. Bureau ofReclamation, and the Arizona Bureau ofMines. The bulletin contains 638 pages,and the cost is $4.50 ($4.95 if ordered bymail).

Fuel resource bulletin reprintedCoal, Oil, Natural Gas, Helium, and

Uranium in Arizona, Bulletin 182, hasbeen reprinted. The bulletin, whichincludes a packet of 19 separate maps,was originally printed by 1970, authoredby H. Wesley Peirce, Stanton B. Keith

and Jan C. Wilt. It costs $4.50 ($4.95 bymail).

To receive a free list of availablepublications, or to order the abovebulletins, write to:

PublicationsArizona Bureau of MinesUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ 85721

FIELD NOTES

Volume 5 No.2 June, 1975state of Arizona

Governor .•...•.•.. Hon. Raul CastroUniversity of Arizona

President ........••.John P. SchaeferArizona Bureau of Mines

Director .. • •..... William H. DresherEditor ..... '•...•..•.Judi Goodpaster

ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINESTHE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

TUCSON, ARIZONA 8S721

LIBRARY

INE 1852