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Technology Strategy & Development
By
Dr. Vijay Kr. Khurana
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What is technology strategy ? • --- According to Oxford English Dictionary the
‘ ’ :word Strategy means– - A plan designed to achieve a long term aim– The planning and directing of military activity
.in a war or battle• , According to Mintzberg and Quinn a strategy is
’ the pattern or plan that integrates a nation s or’ , organization s major goals policies and action
.sequences into a chosen whole
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What is technology strategy ? • ’ A strategy serves to allocate a nation s or
’ organization s resources into a unique and viable posture which is based on its strengths
, and weaknesses and anticipated changes in the.environment
• Technology Strategy is the way or plan of attaining technological goals and technological
. changes• Technology strategies are formulated at the
national level and at the enterprise level.
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Technology Strategy at National level
• , At national level two types of strategy options are . usually explored i e internalisation oriented strategy &
. externalisation oriented startegy A nation may adopt any of the two technology strategy or suitable
.combination of bothInternalization Oriented Strategy• This str ategy aims at seeking technological
development with an objective to become internally . self reliant
• This strategy aims at seeking technology transfer by / ( ). TNCs MNCs via Foreign Direct Investment FDI
• / The strategy seeks proactive role in attracting TNCs -MNCs and focusses on ensuring a stable macro
economic environment & good supportive.infrastructure
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Technology Strategy at National level
Externalization Oriented Strategy• This strat egy aims at seeking technological
development with an objective to tap external. market
• , . Under this strategy there is restricted role for FDI / This strategy seeks to foster encourage indigenous
. technology development i e developing domestic technology capabilities in general or in selected
. strategic industries• : Some examples of this type of strategy are Minority
( joint ventures with minor share to foreign), collaborator Technolgical assitance to domestic
, firms Encouraging import of capital Goods
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Technology Strategy at Enterprise level
• , According to Bentz Martino & Mintzberg Technological Strategy at enterprise level
--- “ means A formal set of enterprise intentions that allocates available resources and sets
priorties based on clearly stated technological and enterprise objectives and a perceived
environment in which the process is to be.embedded
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Technology Strategy at Enterprise level
- According to Porter following three factors ’ :influence enterprise s Technology Strategy
• : Sustainability of technological lead Technological leadership can be sustained only
.if competitors cannot copy it• : First mover advantages Enterprise gets many
, -advantages like increased reputation pre , , empting competition early profits new sales
, etc
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Technology Strategy at Enterprise level
• – First mover disadvantages Certain disadvantages and risks can adversly affect the
, first mover like cost of regulatory approvals , , cost of educating buyers demand uncertainity
, low cost imitation by competitors risk of technological discontinuities of existing
/ / technology products processes
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Technology Strategy at Enterprise level
Based on factor analysis, an enterprise may adopt any of following technology strategies.
• – Technology Leadership Strategy Under this, strategy a firm seeks to be the first to introduce
/ .technological changes innovations• – Technology Followership Strategy A
, conscious & active strategy by which a firm chooses not to be first on .innovations
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What is Technology Development / Generation ?
• Generation of technology is the process by / which technology is generated developed by
. various entities• , In communist or socialist countries the
technology is mainly generated by government , owned research institutions universities and
other bodies with a very lesser contribution . coming from private sector
• , In capitalist countries the technology is mainly developed by private sector and there is some
. contribution from government agencies as well• , In countries with mixed economic system both
government and private setor play a significant .role in technology generation
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Technology Development / Generation
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Technology Development / Generation
• The government technology policy framework directly influences technology generation in a
. nation• , Thereafter technology genaration depends
upon the technology strategy of the / . . organization enterprise i e whether it wants to
become technology leader or technology? follower
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Technology Generation • The technology strategy of the organization sets
the direction for technology development in the organization and to some extent also influences . technological strataegies of competitors as well
• / , At organizational enterprise level generation of technology is both an individual & group
, activity but its management is solely an organizational responsibilty and activity
• Technology develops through a process of, .Creativity Invention and Innovation
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What is S Curve of Technology Evolution
• Although the initial development of new technology often appears to be a random process, once a technology comes into existence, its evolution over time displays a reasonable stable pattern.
• Technology Evolution refers to changes in the performance characteristics of specific technology over time
• It is generally perceived that technology evolution follows an S shape curve.
• S-curve of technological evolution” is widely cited to determine at what point managers should shift investments from a mature technology to a new one.
• [ Exceptions: A study done by Sood and Tellis suggests that many technological evolutions do not follow S shape curve.]
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What is S Curve of Technology Evolution
S curve of technological evolution summarizes four major stages in the evolution of performance characteristics:
• 1. Emergence : when the new technology comes into existence, but shows little improvement in its performance characteristics
• 2. Rapid Improvement : When performance characteristics improve at an accelerating pace
• 3. Declining Improvement: When the pace of improvement declines
• 4. Maturity: When further improvements become very difficult to achieve
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Perf
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What is S Curve of Technology Evolution?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
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What is S Curve of Technology Evolution
S curve shape of technological evolution occurs due to following reasons / effects:
• Learning processes – which, in the first stage, generates more or less stable design & process and in the second stage generates rapid improvements
• Technology Limits – Once a technology reaches full potential, technology limits come into play during later stages. These technology limits are also known a technology frontiers –as called by Dosi. In later stages, radical breakthrough occurs, as a result new technology emerges which replaces existing technology, This is known as Technology Progression
• The performance of the newer technology initially is lower than that of the older technology, but because of their relative positions on their respective S-curves, the performance of the newer technology soon surpasses that of the older.
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Perf
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Physical limits of technology
What is S Curve of Technology Evolution?
<TechnologyRegime 2
Technology Progression
TechnologyRegime 1 >
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Technology Strategy & Development
By
Dr. Vijay Kr. Khurana