Technology Requirements and Initiatives for 5G … Technology...Stationary with Limited Mobility at...

Technology Requirements and Initiatives for 5G Smartphones Dr. Stephen J. Kovacic, Calit2 March 2017

3GPP Standardization Timeline 5G / NR

3GPP 5G NR Rel14

Study Items

Rel15 5G Work Items

Rel16 5G Work Items

Rel17+ 5G Evolution

5G Study Items

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

5G NSA / 5G Trials / Early

Deployments

Rel15 5G Service

Launches

Rel16 5G Service

Launches

Verizon 5G Tech Forum KT Special Interest Group

5G NSA

5G Sub-6GHz for UE Hardware

Development

5G Sub-6GHz for UE Product

Launches

5G mmWave for UE ?

3 Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

Global 5G Spectrum:

5G Spectrum Overview Regional Harmonization Below and Above 6GHz

5G for Sub-6GHz 3.5GHz 5G for mmWave 28GHz

3.55-3.7GHz

3GPP Band Plans in Development


5G Spectrum Overview

5G Spectrum: Above 6GHz Band Plan Proposals

Proposal : Specify 26.5-29.5GHz as a band in the Rel-15 NR WI. In the initial phase of the WI, if it is confirmed that 24.25-29.5GHz is feasible,

re-consider the extended 24.25-29.5GHz band plan

Option 1: One-band plan: 24.25-29.5GHz (19.5% relBW%)

Option 2: Two-band plan: 24.25-27.5GHz (12.5%) and 26.5-29.5GHz (10.7%)


Old and New Players Jockeying For Position

Do 5G ‘Latency’ and ‘Connectivity’ Drive Us to a New Air Interface? Filtered-OFDM BFDM (Biorthogonal FDM) FBMC (Filter Bank Multicarrier) UFMC (Universal Filtered Multicarrier) GFDM (Generalized FDM)

Spectrum? Looking for Big Blocks! <6 GHz 24 GHz, ‘Old’ LMDS (27.5 – 29.5 GHz) 60 GHz ‘Unlicensed’ – no SIM?

Network Architecture & Operation? One Physical Network Different Network Slices (e.g. Connected Car

Slice, HD Video Slice, etc.) Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

NR 5G Measurement Waveforms Settings for measurement waveforms with LTE SC-FDMA as reference

LTE SC-FDMA GFDM UFMC FBMC f-OFDM Number of Subcarriers 2048 2048 2048 2048

Number of Active Subcarriers 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 Subcarrier Spacing 15kHz 15kHz 15kHz 15kHz 15kHz Guard Subcarriers 424/424 424/424 424/424 424/424 424/424

Cyclic Prefix Length (samples) 144 144 144 144 144 Filter - RRC a=0.1 Dolph-Chebyshev RRC a=0.1 Soft Truncation

Filter Length 74 74

Number Subbands 1 40 1

Windowing Method Hanning

Stopband Attenuation 60 dB Overlap Factor K = 4

Cut Transient Response OFF OFF PAPR Results 0.001 % 7.2 > 10.5 >10.5 >10.5 >10.5

0.0001

0.0010

0.0100

0.1000

1.0000

10.0000

100.0000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

Perc

enta

ge o

f Occ

uran

ce [%

]

RMS Power Above Mean [dB]

CCDF

LTE : Ref

GFDM : Ref

UFMC : Ref

FBMCw : Ref

fOFDM : Ref

All the new waveforms show

> 10dB PAPR whereas SC-FDMA is 7.2dB!


5G Physical Layer/Modulation CCDF, PAPR, Out-of-Modulation Emissions

Transceiver and RF Front-End Linearity Assumptions are Critical

Efficiency of UE Tx Critically Depends on RFFE Linearity Assumption

Post PA Emissions with ACLR

5G Candidate Waveforms areSpectrally Clean

Channel Edge Channel Edge Channel Edge

OFDM Excess Emissions

Outside of Modulation(Filtered Outside Channel)

8

“PA Spectral Regrowth Dominates Out of Channel Emission Regardless of Starting Waveform.” David Pehlke, IWPC Korea, April 2016

Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

When is 4G Not Enough?

Traffic Volume will Challenge Mobile Infrastructure Emerging Markets will Show Even Stronger Growth and Higher Traffic CAGRs Where FTTX is Not

Widely Deployed Everyone Agrees that Non-SIM Based Wireless Connections will Outpace Cellular Between 2015

– 2019 (Cellular M2M CAGR ~23%, NFC ~ 31%, BT ~ 16%, Wi-Fi ~20%) Source: m2mevolution.com (2014)

1.5 2.9 5 8

12 16

1 2.2 4

7

11

17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Exab

yte

s p

er

Mo

nth

Offload Traffic

Cellular Traffic

60% CAGR 2013 – 2018

Source: Cisco VNI Feb’14


Impact of Cellular Spectrum Scarcity Between 2013 and 2015

Carriers Activated Meaningful Quantities of New Spectrum to Their Networks, Often at Least Doubling the Amount of Effective LTE Capacity in Major Markets

However, Average LTE Download Speeds Continued to Degrade Across All Four Major Carriers During This Period

Mobile Bandwidth Demand is Greatly Outpacing Any Possible Growth in New Cellular (<6GHz) Spectrum Supply


Nokia: How to Use mmWaves Target: Broadband to the Home

mmWave – 28GHz, 39GHz Small Cell Radius (100 – 200 m) APs on Lamp Posts (6-8m) Fiber or Wireless Backhaul 5G Core Network Fixed CPE, No Mobility Outdoor-to-Outdoor and Outdoor-to-Indoor

Coverage

Indoor CPE drives PA specs to 7-10dBm of linear power per antenna element and

EIRP > 60dBm.


Verizon’s Early Use Case:

Evolution of Fixed Wireless Broadband Service Fiber Drop-off Replacement by Wireless

Stationary with Limited Mobility at Cell Edge Key Parameters: – 1 Gbps+ sustainable/ user Up to 1 km coverage area per access point Fiber comparable services in urban/suburban

topologies Cost effective scalable solution for residential

users, commercial office buildings, retail stores, etc.

Indoor CPE (Wi-Fi router to provide in building coverage)

Flexible, self-contained radio frame structure with Low latency (short TTI) with support for up to 100km/hr mobility but no hand-off!

Verizon 5G Technology Forum Specifications

Download: (www.5gtf.org)

Verizon’s Shammo: 5G pilot in 2017 is all about fixed wireless, not mobility

8 X 100MHz


What Could Go Wrong? mmWave has Great Potential and has a Steep Learning Curve Engineering by Slide Sets Would Have Driven Lord Kelvin Nuts:

“I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science.” Lord Kelvin, 1883

Standardization

(A room full of engineers with Powerpoint slides – Creating Wireless Laws)

Regulation

(A room full of Politicians drafting regulations)

Physics

(Are the standards and regulations realistic?)

Commerce

(Can the standards and regulations make anybody

any money?)


Perils of Technology Push….

Standardized by 3GPP

Implemented by Vendors

Deployed by Operators

Used by Users

Useful Profitable!

GSM vs Iridium vs LMDS

GSM won on cost and the right level of performance


Getting a Little Nuts…. Summary of Carrier Aggregation work as of Sept 2016: Rel-10 3 new CA combinations Rel-11 21 new CA combinations Rel-12 107 new CA combinations including 3 DL Rel-13 123 new CA combinations including 4 and 5 DL Rel-14 546 new CA combinations so far There are Now 900 CA Combinations of the 53 Bands

For Release 13 “Up to 32 Carriers” Can Be Signaled

MIMO Over-The-Air Testing Standards are Still Not Finalized Within CTIA or 3GPP The standards for MIMO have continued to evolve to Release 14 but antenna designers still

don’t have basic 2x2 MIMO performance requirements for the receive path specified in Release 8!


5G Test Challenges are Being Ignored!

Evolution of Cabled/OTA Test Needs

Test Area 4G History 4G Today 5G Future mmWave

Design Verification Cabled Dominantly Cabled with OTA growing

Predominantly Radiated (Non-Spatial and Spatial)

RF/Baseband Conformance Cabled Cabled Radiated (Non-Spatial Cable Replacement)

Radiated Performance Limited to SAR/EMC SISO Established, MIMO Emerging

Radiated 3D Spatial Domain Analysis

Production Cabled Predominately Cabled Radiated (Non-Spatial Cable Replacement)

At Sub 6GHz, the RF Testing Challenge was…. “How Good is My Signal?” At mmWave the new question is… “Where is My Signal?”


Architecture for 5G Radios

There is a Building Consensus That… – Air Interface Will Undergo Two Phases: <6GHz, Then Higher Frequencies

– 5G Will Require Multi-hop and Densely Packed Networks for Capacity

– Infrastructure BS Will Use Adaptive, Steerable, and MIMO Antennas

– However, MIMO Order Drives the Number of Distinct DPD Engines

Generic Massive MIMO-Beamforming Transceiver Topology

Generic Conventional Transceiver Topology


MIMO/Beamforming Architectures

Brute Force! – Provides flexibility and scalability in terms of

number of antennas, transmission modes and beams/streams

– Each antenna element associated with own RF-chain ⇒ overall cost and power consumption of a transceiver

– ADC/DACs consume the most of the power in each RF chain (ultra-wide bandwidths and high data rates)

Source: Juha Karjalainen, Samsung Electronics, 5G New Air Interfaces, IEEE Globecom Industry Workshop 2014, Austin, USA


MIMO/Beamforming Architectures Shared Array Architecture

Provides Flexible Supports Multiple Beams/Users and Transmission Modes Joint Optimization of BFs in RF Domain and Precoder/Equalizer in Digital Domain Hybrid Beamforming with Moderate Amount of RF Chains Combined with Array With Large

Number of Antennas can Provide Compromise Between Performance and Complexity* (*See T. Kim, J. Park, J.-Y. Seol, S. Jeong, J. Cho, and W. Roh, ”Tens of Gbps support with mmWave beamforming systems for next generation communications,” GLOBECOM, 2013 IEEE)


MIMO/Beamforming Architectures

Sub-Array Architecture

Provides a Lower Complexity Version of Shared Array Architecture by Reducing the Number of Phase-shifters and Omitting the Need for RF-Combiners at TX Side

Shared Antenna Array Smaller Antenna Gains Can be Achieved*

(*See C. Kim, T. Kim, J.-Y. Seol, “Multi-beam transmission diversity with hybrid beamforming for MIMO-OFDM systems,” Globecom Workshops, 2013 IEEE)


Mm-Wave Inside the UE Major Challenges:

– Transmit / Power Amplifier Efficiency (<15% today)

– Form Factor for Antenna Array (~ 7 cm for a linear ANT array 8 x 1 @ 28GHz)

– Coherence Length at mm-Waves / Channel Set-up – Very Difficult With Motion

High-volume, Low Cost Technologies (CMOS or SOI) Suitable for UEs Show <15% PAE at Back-off

Dr. Slim Boumaiza, University of Waterloo

22

Early Ideas About UE Antenna

Source: Ericsson Sony 3GPP R4-1609590 UE Reference Architecture for NR


No Time in the Beam…

Channel Coherence Time: How long does it take to move 1/4th of wavelength?

Speed 2GHz 28GHz 60GHz

3km/h 45ms 3.2ms 1.5ms

30km/h 4.5ms 320ms 150ms

120km/h 1.12ms 80ms 37ms

500km/h 27ms 19ms 9ms


Beam Must Track UE and Hand-off to Other Beams as Needed

4G/5G NR Ecosystem


Getting to 1Gbps DL: Phase 1

27

Higher Order Modulation

More Bits Per Symbol

Up to 5CC Carrier Aggregation

(Bandwidth) Aggregate 100MHz Bandwidth

MIMO More Rx Data Streams

5DL (100MHz) CC Inter or Intra Band 4x4 MIMO

LAA, CBRS & B41 TDD Bands

More Bandwidth

256 QAM

1024 QAM

100MHz Bandwidth Needed to Achieve 1Gbps Data Rates

Complex Systems Definition- Ultra, DRx

Receive Sensitivity & Linearity Drives DRx Requirement all Tiers

WiFi/LTE Closely Configured


Vectors

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/laa

Getting to 1Gbps UL: Phase 2

28

Higher Order Modulation

More Bits Per Symbol

MIMO More Tx Data Streams

2UL CC Inter Band 3UL CC Intra Band

2x2 MIMO

LAA, CBRS & B41 TDD Bands

Bandwidth Mainly from TDD Band

64 QAM

256 QAM

>1Gbps Up-Link Enabled by eLAA & CBRS TDD Carrier Aggregation

Up to 5CC Carrier Aggregation (Bandwidth)

100MHz Aggregated FDD, TDD Carriers

SkyBlue™ APT HPUE

Higher-Linearity Power Amplifiers

Uplink PA adder More TC-SAW, Less BAW HB Duplexers

Vectors


Getting to >1Gbps UL/DL: Phase 3

29

Antenna Arrays Antenna Arrays Closely Coupled with Front-End

Carrier Aggregation

(200-400 Bandwidth) Ultra-Wide BW Aggregated

FDD, TDD Carriers

5G New Radio Predominantly TDD,

Higher Linearity

200-400MHz Bandwidth

New Waveform

mmWave Bandwidth Mainly in Higher TDD Bands,

Moving to mmWave

16-32 Antenna Arrays

mmWave Delayed in UE Due to Efficiency, Will Launch in Infrastructure First

Post PA Emissions with ACLR

5G Candidate Waveforms areSpectrally Clean

Channel Edge Channel Edge Channel Edge

OFDM Excess Emissions

Outside of Modulation(Filtered Outside Channel)

<6GHz 28GHz 60GHz

Wide BW

Integrated Antenna Arrays, Phase Shifters

with PA, SW, LNA

GaN or III-V Power Amplifiers for

Efficiency

mmWave is IPD and Ceramic Filter Domain


Vectors

https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/07/12/upcoming-fcc-vote-will-pave-path-5g-advancements-mobilize-mmwave

5GNR Technologies


Advanced Semiconductor Technologies 65 & 45nm CMOS / SOI 55nm & 90nm SiGe BiCMOS 60GHz PA (SE, Fully-Matched On-Die)

15dB Power Gain, Psat > 13dBm

SiGe BiCMOS SOI CMOS

Wafer Size/ Advanced Integration Tooling

200mm/ Yes 300mm/ Yes

Substrate Isolation Good with HR Excellent

HF Power Gain ~350GHz ~300GHz

Maturity Excellent Good

SiGe BiCMOS and 45nm RF SOI Options


Phased Array Technology

3.5GHz 28GHz 38GHz 60GHz 73GHz 83GHz 94GHz

Wavelength mm 86 11 7.9 5 4.1 3.6 3.2

Row/Column # 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Total # 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Width/Height mm 342.9 42.9 31.6 20 16.4 14.5 12.8

Technology

T/R mechanical array assembly

T/R Module or MMIC on

Interposer

T/R Module or MMIC on Interposer

1 or more MMIC on

interposer

Multiple MMICs /CSP Antenna or interposer

Multiple MMICs /CSP Antenna or interposer

Multiple MMICs /CSP

Antenna


SIP vs. SOC: Multi-Chip Laminates

Block Technology of Choice

Primary Reason

PA HBT PAE and Cost

PA OMN PCB Low Loss/ High Q

PA Controller CMOS Cost

RF Switch SOI Cost/Performance

Switch Controller CMOS/SOI Cost

MIPI RFFE CMOS Cost

Filters TC SAW/FBAR High Q


Customer Expectation

1 • First Skyworks Engagement

2 • First Samples in ~6 Months

3 • Total Functional Maturity in First Sample

4 • Spec Compliant in 10 Months (or Less)

5 • Production Ramp in 12–14 Months (or Less)

Design Efficiency Must Be High: Design, Simulate, Fab, and Test

SIP Continues to Provide the Fastest Time-to-Market – 5G Will Be No Different!


What We Don’t Want for 5G…


Summary

Compound Semiconductors and RF SOI Will Continue to Provide a Great Set of Choices for 5G Smartphones

– Excellent RF Performance

– Implementation of both Analog and Digital Circuits

– Potential for Antenna Integration (>70GHz)

For wide bandwidth 5G signals, we need to think again about predistortion techniques – Look Again at Feed Forward (2G)?


Thank You

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Technology Requirements and Initiatives for 5G … Technology...Stationary with Limited Mobility at...

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