Technology in the IR

Technological Revolution

FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

Labor shortage so far from society Start using water wheels

Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion Multitude of jobs done with water power

More ideas for new uses of technology

Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s

Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769)

Larger bellows can get hotter

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Finally able to smelt iron completely

Stronger & more metal for building steam

engines

Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br.

Develop coke from coal for hotter fires

Develop steam pumps vs.

water seepage in coal mines

New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods

Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X

threads

Mech. handloom (1733) Could

double textile prod.

British textile prod. & profits soar

Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone

Adoption of the clock in W. Eur.

W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe



Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

Invention of clock in China (FC.57)


Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

For the accompanying text, go to View then to Notes Page in slide one.

Why not China?FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

Why not China?-Irrig. Authoritarian & rigid Tech seen as a threat


Water power

• Water plentiful in England• Great increases in efficiency of waterwheels

provided power for the IR• Limited location of factories• What do you do in drought?

FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China?-Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threatCistercian monks do what?




Q: Why not China?-Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat

Labor shortage so far from society ?





Grk. waterwheels





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient

Breast wheel combining the undershot location with the overshot’s better efficiency





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills

In the early 1800s many Americans were experimenting with different new waterwheel designs. One of these men, Calvin Wing of Maine, patented the reaction wheel in October 1830.

It consisted of a hollow iron disk with a large hole on one side to allow pressurized water in from a penstock and six angled holes on the rim to allow water to exit. The force of water squirting through these six angled jets turned the wheel in reaction to the force of the exiting water.

The reaction wheel, in some ways the predecessor of the modern turbine, operated on water pressure obtained by confining the water as it fell. It was fairly efficient, could operate in a wide range of water levels, including flooded back-water conditions.

Its cast iron construction made it extremely durable, so it didn’t rot like a wooden wheel. It was also compact, achieving high speeds and generating a lot of power while taking up little space and eliminating the need for costly gearing. It did require precision manufacturing and installation, and thus was somewhat expensive compared to a simple wooden wheel. The 1830s miller who bought one was taking a risk and making an investment in new technology.

Modern Hydroelectric TurbineWater power is still a vital source of energy in the 21st century. However, instead of generating mechanical energy to be used on-site, the energy of falling water is converted to electrical energy and transmitted for use elsewhere. In a turbine water is smoothly funneled into a restricted space where it turns the turbine’s blades which are connected to a gear box and electrical generator.






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank

What new sorts of jobsCan now be done?






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt

Here the waterwheel performs two tasks, one with the crank and one with the cam. The crank in the back works a bellows to stoke the smith’s furnace. The cam on the right (D) operates a trip hammer (E).

Sawmill






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur

Wilkinson’s cylinder borer (1775)

This milling complex at Arles in Roman Gaul had 16 waterwheels that could mill enough grain to feed 80,000 people. Since the local population was probably only about 10,000, we figure the milling complex at Arles was the center of a vast redistribution network, indicating the large scale of trade in the Roman Empire.


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur














Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver








Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km







Two watermills operating between bridge abutments. Notice the spiral shaped millstone in the foreground being taken in the replace one that is worn down.

The numerous depictions of waterwheels in European art are further evidence of their ubiquity.


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources








Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres







Other Sources of Power

• Wind – if site and weather is helpful• Animals – but only for 12 hours a day• Tides – have to wait for tide to come in

A horse-powered treadmill in Belgium for threshing wheat


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres - Tidal mills







1

A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank.

1 2

A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. When the tank is full and the tide goes out the higher pressure in the holding tank forces the gate shut (2).

2

1 2 3

A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. When the tank is full and the tide goes out the higher pressure in the holding tank forces the gate shut (2). Then a second gate can be opened to let water down to turn a water wheel (3).

2


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres - Tidal mills1690 - 80k flour, 15k indus & 500 iron mills in France









-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology









Clocks

• Help people do science better• An analogy for the universe – the hands move

by the movement of the gears inside, therefore we need to look closely at the universe to discover the ordered mechanisms which make it work (e.g. gravity, chemistry)

The first mechanical clock was built during the Sung Dynasty in China around 900 C.E. It was an astrological/astronomical clock with seven faces to mechanically track the motion of the sun, moon, and five known planets at that time (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn).

It was also a water clock with sophisticated machinery to regulate the flow of water in order to keep time. The clock was a royal monopoly to help emperors decide propitious times for acts of state, such as making war or peace. The emperors relied on it so much that, when an ambassador to the north reported that the heavenly bodies were not in line with the clock, the emperor replied that the clock was right and the sky was wrong.

Somehow, the idea and design of the Chinese clock made its way west, where an Italian, Giovanni di Dondi, built the most sophisticated clock of the Middle Ages between 1348 and 1364. Like the Chinese clock, it had 7 faces showing the movements of the sun, moon and five known planets. It had no hourly dials, which he said were too simple, and was so sophisticated that it wasn't duplicated until the 1800's. One difference from the Chinese model was that his clock was weight driven with a mechanical escapement system since water froze in the wintertime. There is a working model of di Dondi’s clock in the Smithsonian Institute.

The inner workings of a clock in Salisbury, England

Clock feverWhile some of the earliest European clocks, such as the town clock in Prague, continued to chart the heavens for astrological purposes, Europeans scaled them down just to keep daily time

Is it us keeping time….The first clock recorded as just striking equal hours was in Milan in the early 1300's. From then on, it was a matter of pride for every medieval town to have its own clock tower, and they appeared in rapid succession in Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), and Paris (1370).

Sighisoara,Romania

Ottery, England

St Albans, England

Milan

…or time keeping us?However, it was the clock in Paris that triggered a real turning point for Western Civilization in 1370 when Charles V of France ordered churches to ring their bells on the hour in coordination with the clocks, thus subordinating the Church’s schedule to that of secular business. While Charles may have thought that he was capturing time, to a large extent time was capturing us, tying us to ever more precise schedules over the coming centuries so we know exactly when we have to get up, be at work, eat lunch, get off work, pick up the kids at soccer practice, and get to watch our favorite TV show. I could continue this list, but I don’t have time.

Clocks and clock-like devices even started showing up in medieval art, indicating a more mechanistic view of the universe centuries before Newton’s work. Along those lines, there was an emerging cultural mindset that was tuned into mechanical principles and how to exploit them. Even more striking was an expectation, replacing the static unchanging view of the universe that such innovations would keep coming indefinitely. In short, people were starting to think in terms of something called progress.

"Never will we find truth if we content ourselves with what is already known... Those things that have been written before us are not laws but guides. The truth is open to all, for it is not yet totally possessed."--Gilbert de Tournai (c.1200-1284)

"We are as dwarfs mounted on the shoulders of giants, so that although we perceived many more things than they, it is not because our vision is more piercing or our stature higher, but because we are carried and elevated higher thanks to their gigantic size."--Bernard of Chartres (c.1115)

"Not all the arts have been found; we shall never see an end of finding them. Everyday one could discover a new art...It is not 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses which help one to see well, an art which is one of the best and most necessary in the world. And that is such a short time ago that a new art which had never before existed was invented..."--Fra Giordano (1306)



-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock













-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock-Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), Paris (1370)















-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock-Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), Paris (1370)1370- Charles V of Fr orders bells to ring acc. to clock, not sun













Steam Power

• Needs fuel (wood, coal, nuclear) for heat• Needs strong metal for boilers• Many advantages

















Problem with

ripsaws?


















What do they find to replace charcoal?


















- Grks invent steam eng. Not used

Problem with deep shaft mines?





















How do they deal with water seepage?

Hiero of Alexandria’s aeropile, the first known steam engine. However, because of the abundance of cheap free & slave labor, the Greeks and Romans never exploited the potential usefulness of this invention.







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Larger bellows

?











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Finally able to do what?







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- Grks invent steam eng. Not used- Rolling & puddling stronger iron 30x production

A puddling furnace, as the name implies, gathers the molten iron into a puddle, exposing it to air pumped in from above which burns off extra carbon, giving a crude type of steel known as wrought iron







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Importance for the industrial revolution?







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Iron also made possible iron bridges with much longer spans than possible with masonry bridges







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- Grks invent steam eng. Not used- Rolling & puddling stronger iron- 30x production

Problem British texile ind’s had in 1700s?







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1st invention?







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Flying shuttle (1733) impact on

textile prod.?

impact on textile prod.?







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Flying shuttle (1733) Could



















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Problem that slowed weaving &

solution?







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Spinning Jenny (1760s)How much

faster?







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The Evolution of the Textile Mill

The first new technology to revolutionize the textile industry was John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733), the funny little thing labeled I in the figure above and also shown above. On wider looms, a second person was needed to take the shuttle with the weft thread across the warp threads. The wheeled shuttle (as Kay called it) could be thrown across the loom by one weaver at “a speed which cannot be imagined, so great that the shuttle can only be seen like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant.”—Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique

Not only did the flying shuttle vastly increase the speed of weaving and cut in half the number of weavers needed per loom, it effectively doubled the number of looms that could be worked by a number of weavers, thus more than doubling production.

Now the weak link in production was the spinning wheel, which could only spin one thread at a time, although we should keep in mind that it had revolutionized textile production in its own way when it was introduced in the Middle Ages.

In 1764 James Hargreave invented the spinning jenny (below), which could spin seven threads at once, although with the right amount of power, it could spin a hundred, or even a thousand, threads at a time.

Four years later, Richard Arkwright solved that problem with a much larger spinning machine, the spinning frame. However, it was so big it had to be powered by a water wheel, and thus came to be known as the spinning frame or water frame.

Until now, both spinning and weaving had been handled in homes through a decentralized system known as the cottage industry. Women traditionally would do the spinning, while men did the weaving. However, the water frame was too big for individual cottages, so spinning was moved into factories that could make full use of adjacent waterpower.

For the first time, families involved in making textiles were split up, the women working in factories and the men working on looms at home. Since these spinning factories looked like regular water mills for milling grain, they came to be called textile mills. For this reason, and his use of clocks to regulate workers, Arkwright is often credited with inventing the factory system.

The Carding MillBefore wool could be spun into yarn for knitting or weaving into cloth, it had to be brushed, or carded. Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves were also instrumental in mechanizing this tedious task with a machine that could card as much wool in a minute as a hand-carder could do in an hour.

Since 1773, carding machines have had the same basic design as they do today. They consist of a series of round brushes that align wool fibers as the wool passes from one end of the machine to the other. Each cylinder is covered with bent iron wires, which grab wool in one direction and release it in another.

A cross-section of a mill below shows how its waterwheel powered the factory’s looms through a branching series of drive shafts and pulley belts.

An interior view of the series of drive shafts and pulley belts driving the machines

From Looms to ComputersIn 1728, a new weaving device, : the Falcon’s loom (left) used the Frenchman Basile Bouchon's invention of perforated paper rolls, the holes operating as binary on/off switches to determine if a particular color thread was used in that row of fabric. A century later Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom (right) using punched cards to control the patterns in the fabrics in a similar way. Despite worker riots against the replacement of people by these machines, virtually all industrial looms were using this system by 1900. Not only that, it was being applied to other industrial uses, such as riveting patterns on the large steel ships bringing millions of immigrants to America. Just in time, someone found another use for this concept.

90741771

The Hollerith machine (1890)The 1890 US census provided the impetus for another step toward inventing the computer. Because of the huge influx of immigrants, people figured the 1890 census wouldn’t be finished before the 1900 census came around. To the rescue came the Hollerith machine. Using punch cards like those designed for Jacquard Looms, census takers would punch out chads on the appropriate places for numbers of family members, males, females, etc. Back at the census bureau, secretaries placed the card in an electronic machine with contact points for each space on the card. When the lever was lowered, only tabs for places with missing chads would complete the electronic circuit by touching the electrified plate underneath the card. This would automatically register the appropriate number on a counter. Like the Jacquard loom, this was using a basic binary, on-off, concept that is still central to computer design.

The history of mechanical calculators, forefathers of the computer, goes back to 1642 when Blaise Pascal created an adding machine, the Pascalene (below) that automatically carried digits from one position to the next. It had several dials that could be turned with a stylus. Underlying gears turned as each digit was dialed in, the cumulative total displayed in a window above the "keyboard". However, Pascalenes remained little more than curiosity pieces in private parlors until the debut of Thomas De Colmar’s Arithmometer in 1820. Able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, it was the first commercially successful calculator, being the model for calculators into the 1900s.

Babbage’s Difference Machine.

The Englishman Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was obsessed with using the steam engine to power a device that would calculate navigational, celestial, and mathematical tables. From 1822 to 1849 he worked on the design for his Difference Machine, which could do four functions (add, subtract, multiply, and divide). He even got a grant from the British government, probably the first government grant for researching computers. Although he never built one, he is often considered the father of the computer. In 1991, to mark the bicentennial of Babbage’s birth, a working Difference Machine (left) was built. To prove that it was feasible to build such a machine in the 19th century, the project used only the technology available then.







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British textile prod.?











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Problem with powering these factories?







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Solution?

The Newcomen Engine used for pumping water out of mines. Unfortunately, it was so inefficient, it used up nearly as much coal as was being mined.

1. When the steam valve (green) opens, steam (pink) from the boiler (A) is injected into the cylinder driving the piston up.

2. When the cylinder is full of steam and the piston is in the up position, the steam valve shuts and the the cold water valve (red) opens, letting cold water (blue) into the cylinder.

3. The cold water cools and condenses the steam (now purple) in the cylinder, reducing the pressure and pulling down the piston.

4. Repeat.

The main problem with the Newcomen engine was it had only 1 cylinder for heating and cooling, making it very inefficient since so much energy was wasted in repeatedly heating and cooling that one chamber.

The major innovation of James Watts’ engine was having two cylinders, one for heating and one for cooling. Which saved considerable amounts of fuel by not having to heat and cool the same cylinder.

1. Steam (red) drives piston down. 2. As the piston goes down, it pulls the suction pump (left) up, drawing up water (blue).

3. A valve opens allowing steam down into the condenser. As steam condenses, pressure in the cylinder equalizes, allowing the heavier pump to descend and pump water into the container (far left)












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Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

Technology in the IR

Engineering

Transcript of Technology in the IR