Technology in Architecture
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Transcript of Technology in Architecture
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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture
Lecture 16Historic OverviewAcoustical Design
Sound in Enclosed SpacesReverberation
Lecture 16Historic OverviewAcoustical Design
Sound in Enclosed SpacesReverberation
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Historic OverviewHistoric Overview
Greek Theatre Open air Direct sound path No sound reinforcement Minimal reverberation
S: p. 785, F.18.17a
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Historic OverviewHistoric Overview
1st Century ADVitruvius: “10 Books of Architecture”
Sound reinforcementReverberation
S: p. 785, F.18.17b
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Acoustical Design—Architect’s Acoustical Design—Architect’s RoleRole
Source Path Receiver
slight major design primarily interestinfluence
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Acoustical Design Acoustical Design RelationshipsRelationships
SiteLocation
OrientationPlanning
Internal Layout
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SiteSite
Factory: Close to RR/Hwy Seismic
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SiteSite
Rest Home: Traffic Noise Outdoor Use Contact/Isolation
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Distance
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Acoustical Barriers
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OrientationOrientation
Orient Building for Acoustical Advantage
Playground School
Note: Sound is 3-dimensional, check overhead for flight paths
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PlanningPlanning
Consider Acoustical Sensitivity of Activities
Noisy Quiet
Barrier
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PlanningPlanning
Consider Acoustical Sensitivity of Activities
Critical
Non-Critical
Noise
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Internal LayoutInternal Layout
Each room has needs that can be met by room layout
I: p.116 F.5-12
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Mechanical vibration, physical wave or series of pressure vibrations in an elastic medium
Described in Hertz (cycles per second)
Range of hearing: 20-20,000 hz
Acoustical Fundamentals—Acoustical Fundamentals—SoundSound
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Sound PowerSound Power
Energy radiating from a point source in space.
Expressed as watts
S: p. 750, F.17.9
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Sound IntensitySound Intensity
Sound power distributed over an area
I=P/A
I: sound (power) intensity, W/cm2
P: acoustic power, wattsA: area (cm2)
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Level of sound relative to a base reference
S: p. 750, T.17.2
“10 million million: one”
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Extreme range dictates the use of logarithms
IL=10 log (I/I0)
IL: intensity level (dB)I: intensity (W/cm2)I0: base intensity (10-16 W/cm2, hearing
threshold)Log: logarithm base 10
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Intensity Level Scale Intensity Level Scale ChangeChange
Changes are measured in decibels
scale change subjective loudness3 dB barely perceptible6 dB perceptible7 dB clearly perceptible
Note: round off to nearest whole number
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB, what is the total sound intensity?
1. Convert to intensity
IL1=10 log (I1/I0) IL2=10 log (I2/I0)
60=10 log(I1/10-16) 50=10 log(I2/10-
16)6.0= log(I1/10-16) 5.0= log(I2/10-16)
106=I1/10-16 105=I2/10-16
I1=10-10 I2=10-11
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB,
what is the total sound intensity?
2. Add together
I1+I2=1 x 10-10 + 1 x 10-11
ITOT=11 x 10-11 W/cm2
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB,
what is the total sound intensity?
3. Convert back to intensity
ILTOT= 10 Log (ITOT/I0)
ILTOT=10 Log (11 x 10-11 )/10-16
ILTOT=10 (Log 11 + Log 105 )
ILTOT=10 (1.04 +5) = 60.4 dB
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Add two 60 dB sources
ΔdB=0,
add 3 db to higher
IL=60+3=63 dB
S: p. 753, F.17.11
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Sound Pressure LevelSound Pressure Level
Amount of sound in an enclosed space
SPL=10 log (p2/p02)
SPL: sound pressure level (dB)p: pressure (Pa or μbar)p0: reference base pressure (20 μPa
or 2E-4 μbar)
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PerceivePerceived Soundd Sound
Dominant frequencies affect sound perception
S: p. 747, F.17.8
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Sound Meter—”A” Sound Meter—”A” WeightingWeighting
Sound meters that interpret human hearing use an “A” weighted scale
dB becomes dBA
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Sound In Enclosed Spaces—Sound Absorption
Amount of sound energy not reflected
S: p. 771, , F.18.2
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Sound AbsorptionAbsorption coefficient
α=Iα/Ii
α=absorption coefficient Iα=sound power intensity absorbed (w/cm2)Ii=sound power impinging on material (w/cm2)
1.0 is total absorption
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Sound AbsorptionAbsorption coefficient
S: p. 769, T.18.1
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Sound Absorption
Absorption
A=Sα
A=total absorption (sabins)
S=surface area (ft2 or m2)α=absorption coefficient
sabins (m2)= 10.76 sabins (sf)
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Sound Absorption
Total Absorption
Σα=S1α1 + S2α2 + S3α3 +…+Snαn
or
ΣA=A1 + A2 + A3 +…+An
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Sound Absorption
Average Absorption
αavg=ΣA/S
αavg <0.2 “live”
αavg >0.4 “dead”
S: p. 774, F.18.6
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Reflection in enclosed Reflection in enclosed spacesspaces
Acoustical phenomena
S: p. 787, F.18.20
S: p. 788, F.18.21
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Ray diagramsRay diagrams
Trace the reflection paths to and from adjoining surfaces
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
I R
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Ray diagramsRay diagrams
Trace the reflection paths to receiver
Reflected sound path ≤ Direct sound path+55
Note: check rear wall and vertical paths
Note: SR-6=RR-7 SR-6: p.116, F.5-12
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Reflection inReflection inenclosed spacesenclosed spaces
Auditorium sound reinforcement
S: p. 789, F.18.23
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ReverberationReverberation
Persistence of sound after source has ceased
S: p. 771, F.18.2
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Reverberation TimeReverberation Time
Period of time required for a 60 db drop after sound source stops
TR= K x V/ΣA
TR: reverberation time (seconds)
K: 0.05 (English) (0.049 in SR-6) or 0.16 (metric)
V: volume (ft3 or m3)ΣA: total room absorption, sabins (ft2 or m2)
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Reverberation TimeReverberation Time
ApplicationVolume
S: p. 782, F.18.13
ft3x1000 3.5 35.0 350
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Reverberation ExampleReverberation Example
Compile data Material Absorption
Coefficient Material Surface Area
SR-6: p.121
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Reverberation ExampleReverberation Example
Compare to requirements and adjust
S: p. 782, F.27.13
ft3x1000 3.5 35.0 350
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