ContentsR...il" 'h'''' i.I itH.,,u.la !.i''3If.Bijii'' h''3lt.B' "i.i2'U·B

Switch on 11'. myjob M ake your poi nt ~~te~~~st I li stenin g Reading Speaki ng I language spot Vocabul ary Pron unciati onPai rwork

Problem -solving

1 Ways in to technology _ p.4

Product sand StuartCo le: Ordering a A college St udyi ng Course -;ngform and to Word famili es Unstressedcourses Engineeri ng presentation prospectus t echnology components infinitive syllables

Apprentice

2 Food and agriculture . p.1O

Agricultural Beginni ng a Food preservation Precision Scanning- Testingfruit Past Simp le vinventi ons presentat ion agricult ure Pedalling wate r Present Perfect

3 Bridges and tunnels . p.16

Famous bridges Sandra lighter: Bridgesfor The Great Belt Bridge types The PassiveTunnel Engineer shipp ing routes East Bridge

4 Plastics _ p.22

Prope rties of Describing a pie Plastics - names The history and Packaging Abili ty and Collocations in Disappearingplastics chart and codes properties of tech nology inability plastics sounds and wor d

plastics l inking

S Alternative energy _ p.28

Sources of Decentralized Wave Energy Makin g Past Continuous v Grouping wordsrenewable energy energy Innovato r infe rences-Wind Past Simple

power

6 Aeronautics _ p.34

Cont rolli ng a Alan Bueno:Ai r Making Silent aircraft Ghdersand First and Secondplane Traffi cCont ro ller tele phone cal ls Jet engines hel icopt ers Condit iona ls

7 Future homes _ p.40

Future hom es Labelling a Eart h hom es tnsfde th e fut ure Obliga tio n and Adject ives w ithpredicti ons diagra m of a wa ll home necessity ·ableand ·ible

Special izedaccommodation

8 Mass transportation _ p.46

Transport qctz Matt Haydon . Persuasion Skimming- Fast t rains Comparat ive and Compoun d ShowingMari ne Engineer A European superlative adjectives and enthusiasm

project review nouns

Wr iting Bank . p.52

Emails Mem os ReportsDescribin g graphs Instru ct ions Writ ing ban k key p.66CV (Curriculum Vitae) Health and safety

9 Petroleum engineering . p.68

Identifying oil - Michae llennon : Oil platform s A rotary derrick Oil ref in ing Present tense Collocatio ns in bew ith th ebased products Drill er review pet roleum Present

technology Conti nuous

10 Environmenta l eng ineering . p.14

Causesof lu tzWerner: Cleaning wate r China'seco-cny Reported Reportin g Show ingenvironmenta l Environmenta l speech verbs disbeliefpoll utio n Engineer

11 Robotics . p.80

Matching robot s Jaako Ikonen. Partsof a Sensors How robot swork Assessing Causing.to t hetr Senior presentati on Robot design explanat ions preventin g.andappli cation s Manufa ctu rin g competi ti on enabling links:

Syste ms Engineer cause to.make.prevent.stap.allo w re.enablere,let

12 Household technology . p.86

Domestic Asma Bakour : Ref rigerator Mak ing kit chens Eco-appuances Questio n review Verbs mate.do, Pol it e requestsapplian ces Kitchen Designer have, and take and responses

13 Defence technc lcgy e p.92

Civilian uses for Grvmg a poster Military The futu re of Visby: a stealth Non-lethal Preposit ionsdefence presentation technology w ith defence war ship weapons reviewtechnologies a civi lian

applicat ion

14 Elect ronics . p.98

Circuit sym bols Brian Jones: Evaluating a Explaining how a Electronicalarm Complex Collocat ions in Readin gElect ronics presentati on circuit works circuits sentence review elect ronics componentTechnician values

1S Career development . p.l0 4

The stagesof a Preparing fo r an M ilkround Interview w it h a Job ad and Second interv iew Future review Keyskillscareer inte rview Netw ork Designer covering lett er task

Technologygame

Pai rwork acti v i t ies . p.nD Grammar re fe rence . p.114 list ening scripts . p.124 Glo ssary . p.131

4 Unit'

--------------- ~ .

-, Ways in to technology

Aeronautical engineering Informatio n technology

1

Switch on

Aircraft maintenance Manufactu ring engi neeri ng PairworkWork in pairs.Aand 8. Each ofyouhas a list of threecomponents from four of the technology courses listedin Switch on. Decidefirst which ofthe four courses youhave .Then find out the components of your partn er 'scourses.Ask for one component at a time and guesswhich course it is for .Note all the com ponent s of yourpartner's courses.

Automot ive engineering

Civil engi neering

Comm unicationsengineeri ng

Computer-aideddraughting

Comp uter game stechnology

Ma rine technology

Me chanica l eng ineering

Mediaengineering

Medicalt echnology

Musictech nology

Student A

Stude n t B

Goto p.ll0.

Goto p.1l2.

Defence tec hnology

Electrical eng ineering

Elect rical insta llat ion

Elect ronics

Enviro nmenta ltechnology

Network comp uting

Radio and digi ta l audio

Security tech nology

Sports technology

Vehicle ma intenanceand repair

WebquestWork in groups of four. Search the Web for furtherdetails of two courses w ith th e same or simila r titles tothe courses included in Pairwork .Rep ort your find ingst o others in your group .(Tip:sea rch for urls whichin clude .edu or .ac,as this will make your searc hquic ker.)

ReadingStudying technology

The texts describe different ways of studyingtechnology.Work in groups of three. Read one texteach and note the information.

Which way of studying technology does your t extdescribe?

2 Why did the student choose this way?

3 What kind of courses do the students take?

4 How long does it take to complete their study?

5 What kinds of jobs can they do when they completetheir studies?

2 Now find out from the others in your group about t hetexts they have read.

o University

Crist ina is a second-year st udent of Electronicengineering at university. She decided to study atuniversity because she wants the best choice of careerand because she's interested in doing research indigital communications in particular. Most degreestake three years to complete, bu t some take up to fiveyears because they include periods of work experience.

Degrees may have a broad focus, for example Electricalengineering, or focus on a specialized area, such asPower and High-voltage engineering. Cristina's courseis broad-based to start, bu t she can specialize in digitalcommunicat ions later.Engineering can be studied incombination with other subjects. Cristina is tak ingGerman because she wants to spend six months in aGerman telecommunications company. This workexperience w ill earn her credits towards he r degree.

There is a wide career choice for graduate Engineers indesign, production, quality assurance, and other fields.They may also work in marketing or becomemanagers.

Cristina hopes to become a Resea rch Engineer,findingnew and better ways of doing things.

Ways in to technology 5

In this unit• readin g for inform at ion and exchanging informat ion

wit h ot hers• speaking about course components• -ingform and to infinitiveafte r certai n verbs• ordering and delivering a short ta lk

[]] Technical college

Okan is a first-year student at a technical college. Hechose to study full time because he wanted to get aqualification before he started work. He thinks thatbeing at college will give him more time to decideexactly which career he wants to follow and thathaving a qualification first will help him to get the kindof job he wants.

Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications.Courses combine applied science, practical skills, andtechnical know-how. An Electronics Technician, forexample, studies physics to understand the principlesof the subject, learns how to find fau lts in equipment,and acquires a great deal of knowledge aboutelectronic devices and components. Courses alsoinclude Communication skills to help students dealwith communication at work and with the public.

College courses may take a year for a certificate andtwo years for a diploma. When he graduates, Okan canstart work as a Technician or go on to further study atuniversity.

[I] Apprenticeship

Alessandro has just started as an apprentice AircraftFitter with a large defence industry company.Apprenticeships are a way of combining work withpractical training. He chose an apprenticeship becausehe wanted to leave school and start working andearning money as soon as possible.

Today, apprentices combine wo rk,on-the-job training,and part-time study ona day-release basis at a localcollege, paid for by their em ployer. Apprenticeshipslast from one to th ree yea rs. In Alessandro's case, overthe next two years he can obtain vocationalqualifications to become a skilled Techn ician.He canalso study to obta in entrance qualifications for higher­level studies so he can go on to become an AeronauticalEngineer.

6 Unit l

Gadget boxMoodle is a course management system {(MS) - a free ,OpenSource software package desig ned to he lp ed ucato rs createeffective on line learni ng comm un ities .The Mood le app roach to

education em phasizesth at learners (and not just teachers) can

contribute lathe educationa lexperience in many ways.What

softwa re packages doyou use in your learning?

Problem-solvingWork in pai rs.List the questions you expect to findanswered in a description of a course in a collegeprospectus .

EXAMPLES

Which subjects will ! study!

How much will thiscoursecost?

How long wil l thecourse last?

Z Now study th e cours e descripti on . Each sectio n beginswith a question,as in theexamples.Fill in the questions.

With the help of the text ,explain these te rms .

1 vocationally-focused

2 conventional entry requi rements

3 work-based learning

4 prior knowledge

5 in-course assessments

6 sustaine d growth

Further study:The Foundati on Degree inComputing (Web Technolo gies) hasbeen designed to enable successfulstudents to progr ess to the finalstage of the University 's Honou rsDegree in Computer Studie s shouldthey wish to do 50. This w ouldinvol ve just one more year of full­tim e stud y or two years of part-timestudy.

A career:A Foundation Degree opens up thepossibility of a career in a wid erange of areas throughoutcom merce, industry. entertai nment ,and the public sector. There issustained growth in employmentprospects fo r atl lT specia lists.

A ll units are assessed and grade d.Most units involve in-courseassessm ent s. Systems Desig nand Netw or ks andCommunications are assessed byexamination. To be awa rded aFoundatio n Degr ee. you mustpass a mi nimum of ten modules .

8 _

7 _

The programme of study requiresyou to study twelve modules overtwo or th ree yea rs.

For the tw o -year cou rse : studentsmust have at least one year ofexperien ce in related employmentand an employer w ho is willing tosupport them by providingsuitable work-based learningprojects and academicmonitoring. Prior knowledge ofcom put ing is helpful but notessentia l.

Studying over two yea rs req uiresatte ndance fo r one day pe r weekfrom 9 a.m . ti ll 9 p.m . wi th breaks.

Th e co urse is de livere d usin gtutor-led classes. workshops.prac tical sessions. and tu to ria ls.Add itional support is given w henreq ues ted.

5 _

s _

The Foun dation Degr ee inComputing (Web Technologies)wi ll include IT Applications(Access and Excel), SystemDesign. User Support. andProfessional Studies. Additionalmodules enab le particu larspec ialisms to be developed.These incl ude Webs iteDevelopme nt. Visua lProgr am m ing. Database Sys te ms.Networks and Com m unica tions.and Webs ite Management.

Foundation Degree - Level4 - PartTime

What does this cours e involve ?/ 3Who is this cours e for?/ Whatare the course aims?Th is co urse is a voc atlonallv­focused high er ed uca tio nqualificatio n. It provides the hig hlevel of tec hn ical skills that w ill beneeded by many organizations. Lf _Fou ndatio n Deg rees are designedfor learne rs fro m a wide range ofbackg rounds. including thosewho have wo rk experience bu t donot have conventional entryrequirements.

2 _

ClDarlingtonCollege, 2006.Adaptedfrom onnne prospectus

Ways in to technology 7

mean

preferstart

prom isewant

intendlikelove

decidehopelearn

• With some verbs, we can use both the -ing form andthe to infinitive with little change of mean ing ,forexample:begincontinuehate

We use the to infinitive afte r cert ain verbs, forexample;affordaimchoose

» Go to Grammar reference p.114

Fillthe gaps from an interview with an apprentice. Usethe correct form of the verbs in bracke ts.

Ididn't enjoy (study) very much.

But I was always good at (work)with my ha nds . Ienjoyed working on motorbikeeng ines .

I learned (repair) elect ricalequipment with my fathe r's help.

4 Hesuggested (take) a course atcollege.

But 1wanted (sta rt) work as soonas possib le after school.

Idecided (apply)for anapp rentices hip with a local company.

• Language spot-ingform and to infinitive

Study these examples:She started working and earni ng money.He's interested in doing research.Research Engineers find new and bet te rways ofdoi ngthings.She wanted to leave school.He wanted to get a qualification.He decided to study.

• We use the -ing form after prepositions and aftercertain verbs, for example:avoid keep (on) suggestenjoy practisefin ish stop

It's myjob

Before you listen to Stuart Cole,an EngineeringApprentice, look at Cin Read ing on p.5.Try to predictthe answers to these questions.

How does he spend his wor king week?

2 How long w ill his app renticeship last?

3 What sorts of skills will he acquire?

:z ~ Now listen and check your answers.

J ~ Listen agai n and answer these questions.

What does Stuart's company ma ke?

What stage in his ap prenticeship is Stuart at?

Why is the re a lot of paperwork?

Why do you think he has two days a week at collegenow?

5 When does he study?

6 How much studying does he do?

7 What are the attractions of becom ing a teamleader?

4 ~ Work in pairs. Listen to what Stuart says int he last section of th e record ing (from '1likelearn ing ... ').Help each other to make a comp leteand accu rate version.Then compare wit h the Listeningscript on p.124.

Fill in the missing wo rds. All the words are used in thisunit.

VocabularyWord families

8 Unit l

Scientists investigate thatwhich already is. Engineers

create t hat which never was .Albert Einstein

1 Use the correct form of t he verbs to complete the gapsin these sentences about jobs in technology.

become do measureconnect maintain repaircut make transferdesign manufacture turn

Maintena nce Technicians are responsible for______and equipmentin a factory.

Estimators calculate the costs of _and a product .

Research Engineers find new and better ways of____ __things.

4 Fitte rs are responsible for newequipme nt to the network.

Design Engineers aim ideas intoplans.

Control Engineers atte mpt andregulate all the variables in a system.

Product ion Enginee rs plan thingsin the mos t efficien t way.

They look at ways of prod uctioncosts.

Some Enginee rs decide tomarketi ng.

10 Others choose managers.

PronunciationUnstressed syllables

Verb

t ransmit

perform

propel

install

develop

mainta in

specialize

qualify

Adjective Noun

elect ricity

regulation

medicine

environment

Study t he Glossaryen try for the word environmentalon p.132.In addition to giving its meaning,it te lls youhow to pro nounce the word .The stressed syllable ofthe word comes after 1'1.When we stress a syllable, wesay it more clearly; we take a litt le longer to say it andwe prono unce th e vowel sou nd fully.

~ Listen to the nou ns in the completed Vocabularyt able. Mark the stressed syllable in each word wit h a 1'1.Note th at someti mes the st resse d syllable shifts inrelated verbs, nouns,and adjectives. Forexample:

mechanic /ma'kremk/ mechanism "mc kanrzam/

2 In unstressed syllables, the vowe l sounds are wea k.Inthe Glossary th ese are marked wtth /o/, This is one ofthe com mo nest sounds in English .Note th e IJI sound inenviro nmental:

/mvarran'mentl/

~ Listen to t he nouns in the Vocabulary t able.Underline the wea k I ;}/ vowel sounds.

Make your pointOrdering a presentation

The firs t step in preparing any ta lk is to make notes ofthe things you want to say and to put these notes inthe best order.Read the advice from Lee Avata r.

• Note downwhat your audiencewants to know orneeds to know about the subject .

• Somet imes it helps to make a set of questions you

intend toanswer for your audience.Eachof yourpoin ts should help to answe r these questions.

• Arrange yourpcintsin a logicalwaythat youraudience can follow. Don't jump from onepoint toanother in a haphazard manner.

• Give examplesto help your audienceunderstandyou r points .

Decide what is the bes t order to present these points ina student talk on hybrid cars.

a Why are hyb rid cars becoming pop u lar? _ _

b Howisthebatlerycharged? _ _

c Whatisahybridcar? _ _

When are both t he engine and motor used? __

e The future of hyb rid cars __

f When is t he petrol engine used?

g Some popul ar makes _ _

h The two bas ic types __

i Whenistheelectricmotorused? __

Z Now make notes about you r course for a one-minu teta lk.Practise you r t alk in a group of three. Ask the otherstudents at least one qu estion after the ir ta lks.

Waysin totechnology 9

ChecklistAsse ss you r progress in th is unit.Tick (.I ) t hestat ements which are t rue.

I can use the -ingform and to infi nit iveafter certain verbs

I can work out t he meaning of wo rdsfrom context

I can recognize the difference between

stressedand unstressedsyllables

I can order and deliver a short ta lk

My read ing and liste ni ng are good

enough to unde rstand most of each

text in this unit

KeywordsAdj ect ivesaeronautical

environmental

skilled

Nounsappre ntice

deg ree

know-how

marke tingmedia

paperworkproduction costs

qualification

quality assurance

work experience

Verbs

earn moneyfind faults

Note here anyth ing about how English is used

in technology that is new t o yo u.

10 Unit 2

Switch on

DJ [3] - - - - - -

• Study t hese examp les from Switch on .What ten seis used?When did Jethro Tull invent the seed drill?The Am erican frontier moved westwards during the

19th century.Seed was often eaten by birds. (passive)

• We use the Past Simple to ask ques tions wit h Whattime? or When?, and to make sta te ments abou t whenthi ngs hap pened.These are common pas t t imeexpre ssions we use wit h the Past Simp le:when dur ing the 19th century in 1793200 years ago the last century yesterday

• We use the Prese nt Perfect Simp le,often wit h since orfor ,for act ions which hap pened dur ing a per iod fromthe pas t to the present. We also use it for past eventswhen no specific time is given or when the time isun importa nt, or to show that the event is relevant now.

Over the years there have been many similar inventions,but this one has been the most popular.

The same princip le has been used in machines eversince. (passive)

• We use the Present Perfect Conti nuous to emphasizethe activity itself. The activity mayor m ay not becomp lete .We use t he Present Perfect Simp le to answerHow many? or How much?

A They' ve been harvesting wheatfor the last threedays. (The fields are looking bare.)

B How much grain have they harvested?A They 've filled f ive silos.

» Go to Grammar reference p.114

• Language spotPast Simple v Presen t Perfect

Thi s machine for harvestingwas the first ste p in themecha nizatio n of farm\vork. The first version cutstanding grain mech an ica lly,a nd two men swept thegrain into piles . It was fivetim es fas ter than cut ting byhand . A mor e adva ncedmac hine could a lso tin thegrain into bundles. It wasoveutually replaced by th emodern combine ha rvest er- operated by on ly on eper son .

When seed was scattered byha nd . it was often eate n bybird s or failed to germinate.Th is horse-drawn machinema de a hole and plantedseeds au tomatically instra ight rows. su reducingthe amount of waste.

As th e America n frontiermoved westwards duri ngthe l Uth ce nt ury. therewas a shortage ufwnodcnrails a nd sto ne . As a result.there was a need for analte rn at ive materia l forfencin g structures. Thismater ia l allowe d largear eas of lan d to be dividedinto fields .

Look at the pictures of some famous ag riculturalinventions.Match the pictures A- Dwith theinventi ons 1-4. What do you think th ey were use d for?Which one do you th ink was invented first?

1 barbed wire (invented by Jose ph Glidde n)

2 cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney)

3 reap er (invented by Cyrus McCormi ck)

4 seed drill (invented by Jethro TuB)

Z Read the texts and write th e name of the invention onthe lines .

Th is mechanical devicerem oves the seeds, hulls.a nd other small objectsfro m the fib ri ls, a processwhich had been verylab our-intens ive before.The inve ntion of thisim plement quickly led tofurth er industrial [I]inventi ons for pro ducin g ---- --- -fabri c. such as spin ningand weavi ng machines .

m- - - - - -

Foodan d agriculture 11

In this unit• study ing the impact of agricult ural inventions

and develop ments• Past Simple v Present Perfect• how to begin a present ation• scanning a t ext for requ ired informat ion

2 G Listen to Barry Stones ,an Agricult ura l Engineer,talking about precision agr iculture and see if yourideas were right.

G Listen again and answer the questions.

1 What sort s of variations could there be ina field?

2 Why is it not a good idea to apply chemicals to afield uniformly?

In what way s can information about the field becollected?

What example does Barry give to show th e savingsthat can be made?

4 Note the advantages and disadvant ages of the twosystems for collecting information.Then listen againto complete and check your answers.

Comple te the t ext about th e histo ry of tractors. Put theverbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple orPresen t Perfect Simple, active or passive .

Tractors 1 (use) on farms since the

sta rt of t he twentieth cen tury. The first mechanical

implements 2 (draw) by horse.

Around 1920,petrol -engine d tractors

_ _ ___ _ , (begin) to replace the horse ,These

ea rly tractors 4 (pu ll) im plements

from a drawbar.Arou nd 1940,tractors

___ _ _ _ , (begin) to use a hydraulic lift

system.In addition, it 6 (be) poss ible

for far mers to use a power take-off sha ft for tra iled

imp lements, such as manure spreaders. Since the

ear ly 1950s, there '(be) many

improvements in design .There 8 (be)

changes in the tractor cab, making it safer and more

comfortable. Computer systems _

(make) it possible for farmers to check on operations.

The eng ine power for tractors _

(increase) over the years .For many years it

_ _____ n (be) 2D-40h p,bu t it

___ _ _ _ ra(rise) t o over 120hp, and

some times over 200hp.

Z Use the notes to write sentences in t he Present PerfectSimple or Present Perfect Continuous.

He I work I on this project I since joining thecompany.

How much field data I you I collect?

Erik and All study I ag riculture I for two years andthey are really enjoying it.

4 They I design I a robot system to kill wee ds andthey I demonstrate I it to potential manufacturersover the last few weeks.

Since the 1980s manufacturers I made I a number ofimp rovements in design.

They I not I use I this machine for long.They stillneed some time to get used to it.

ListeningPrecision ag ricultu re

Advantages Disad vantages

12 Unit 2

OUo Rohwedder wastheonly personwho saw the

point of sliced bread .He spe nt year s trying to dev ise a

system for holding th e slices to gether after they were

cut .His fir st invent ion used hairpin s. In 1928 he

fi nally succeeded,and only afew years later,80%of

all bread sold in America was pre-slfced.

Pairwork Problem-solving

chemical preservation

4 salti ng

5 past eur ization

6 ferm entation

7

Work with a partner.Use the word s to fill the gap s.

act ivity conditions destroyed disea se

The principle behind food preservation is to slow

down the I of bacteria whi ch could

potentially cause 2, or to kill bacteria

completely. In addition, enzyme s which cause food

to discolour or decay can be 1 in certain

food preservation methods. Preservation mod ifies

the 4 which favour bacteria or enzyme

activity.

2 With your partner ma tch pictures A-G with th e foodpreservation met hods 1-7.

1 refrigeration andfreezing

canning and sea ling

de hydration

In the pas t, the only way to test the sweetness orfirmness of fruit, such as apples.peaches, andapricots, was to select samples of the new ly­harvest ed fruit and eat th em! Farme rs ass ume d thatif t hey used this ty pe of dest ructive testing on a fewfru its, th ey would know abo ut th e condit ion of all theothers in th e batch. Now,every individua l fruit can betested using non-destructive technologies to gradeand sort them. Imaging spectroscopy ormu ltispectral imaging can measur e the sweetnessand firmness of frui t .An optica l detecto r fuses fourlase r beams,each at a differen t waveband of light,into one .An imaging spect rograp h, a digital camera,and a computer analyze the amount of laser lightthat is absorbed by the fruit .This indicates thesweetness of the fruit, while the firmness ismeasured by the amount of light bounced back .

This te chnology has many other applications inindu stry and in space exploration,but in the fru itindu stry it is used to sort frui t just after it ha s beenpicked .

Workin pairs,Aand B.Each of you has a short textabout te chnol ogy used in fruit production. Read yourtext and then an swer the questions.

1 What is the technology us ed for ?

2 What equipment is used?

3 What does it mea sure?

4 How has thi s technology benefited the growers?

Student A Go to p.uo,

Stu dent B

2 Ask your partner the same qu estions about his I he rtext and ma ke notes.

Matc h these principles with the one of th e methodsin 2:.

a Benzoates, nitrites, or sul ph ites eit her stop bacterialactivity or kill bacteria.

Yeast produ ces alcohol. which kills bact er ia.

c Sodium chloride draw s out the moist ure and createsconditions wh ich are no t favo u rable for bacteria.

Cool conditions slow the activity of bacteria, whilevery cold con ditions make bacteria totallyina ct ive.

e Boiling food and sealing it in a container with no airdest roys any bacteria already present and preventsany mo re entering.

Boiling to between 62.8C and 72.8C destr oys somebacteria and disables certain enzymes.

Bacteria die or become inactive in dry conditions.

MakeyourpointBeginning a presentation

As an expert in your technical field, you will have topresent techn ical iss ues, often to people who do nothave a technical background.

tC;l Work in pairs.Listen to Lee Avatar talk ing aboutpre paring a presentation .Matc h t he pictures wi thsome of the points Lee m akes in his talk. Expla in whateach one rep resents.

Laundl oftheX380Z

Food and ag riculture 13

Z Work in small groups. You have to give a presentationto a group of visitors about the town where you live.Practise giving the introduction to the others in yourgroup.Use Lee's Useful language.

USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR THEINTROOUCTION

Goodafternoon.Hello. It'sgood to seeyou[alii .Myname's ... andI'm [j ob title].I'm... and Iwork in the department.I'dlike to explain how works.I'd like to give you some information about ..First of a ll, we'll lookat .. . , and then .. . Finally, . .If you want to ask me any quest ions, please interrupt.I'llexplain first of all and then you can as kany questions

at the end.I'dlike to as k you to keep any quest ions until the end.

When you have finished,discuss the good points ofeach other's presentation.Think of ways you couldimprove it.

Point 3

INTRODUCTION

• Point 1

• Point 2

• Po;nt3

14 Unit 2

Gadget boxThe German com pany Alcoa has produced a new wine bot t le stop per

called Vino -Lok.The device is made of a glass bu ng sur rounded bya plastic

membrane and held in place byan alum inium cap. The manufacturer

claims it is100per cent neutral,resealable.and recyclable.What doyou t hink are t he advantages of using t his stoppe r rat her than

cork or a screwtop?

ReadingScanning

Look at th e picture and the title of the text. What doyou think the article is about?

Pedalling water

In m an y parts of the world fa rml and s are sup pliedwith wate r through irrigation syste ms so th at cropscan be grow n. Irrigation is necessary in parts of th ewor ld where rainf all is low or where rainfall isrest ricted to cert ain m ont hs in the year.

The tr eadle pump is an effective and environ me nta lly­friendly tech nology used in ma ny areas of Africa andAsia to lift water from sha llow aquife rs or ca nals. Itcosts abo ut a quarter of the price of a motorized pum p-from as litt le as U5$12 to abo ut $3 5-and costs lessto ope rate. The operator uses his / her body we ight an dleg muscles in a wal king movement to pump thewa ter. The pump can lift water from a dep t h of up toseven me tres and pro duce between 3,500 and 5,000lit res of water per hour. It does not require a gre at dea lof effort. so can be operated by anyone in the family,from children to gra nd pa ren ts. It is ideally su ite d toareas where t he water ta ble is at a high level. Thet rea dle pump can provi de water for up to 0.5 hectaresof la nd and is very su ita ble for most small fa rmerswho cultiva te less than this.

The pump consists of two pistons positioned insi detwo cylinders.Two t readles are connected to thepistons by a piece of rope . By treading on the twotreadles in a walk ing motion, the pistons rise and fall,crea t ing a vacuum that allows water to be pum ped.The user has a ha ndle to grip and the whole pumpstands on a wooden base board.Water is drawnthro ugh a hose, pressurized, an d t he n discha rged in asteady flow t hrough the discharge pipe to the field.

For many farmers these low -cost irr igation pu mpshave removed their reliance on a sing le crop, allow ingthem to grow more crops out of season.They canobta in higher yields and grow high er-value cropssuch as fru its and vegetables. This technology ishelping t he poorest in th e wor ld escape pove rty an dbeco me more entrepreneurial.

2 Beforeyou read, lookat the table. Then,quickly scanthe text to find the information to complete the table.Don't read the who le tex t, just try to focus on t heinformat ion you need .

Tread le pump

Cost

Energysource

lifts water froma dept h of

Quantity of water produced

Area of land t hat can be irrigated

Qualifications required to operate

Now do the same to locate the information in the textyou n eed to label the diagram .

PULLEY

VALVE BOX

Food and agriculture 15

ChecklistAssess your progr ess in th is unit .

Tick(.I ) t he st ate ments which are true.

I can ta lk about the im pact of agr iculturalinventions and developments

J know howto use t he PastSimple,PresentPerfect Simp le and Conti nuous

I know howto begin a presentat ion

I can scan a text for required info rmation

My reading and listenin g are good enoughto understand most of each text in this unit

KeywordsNounsbarbed wirecanningcropdehyd rationfermentationgrainharvest ingirrigat ionpasteurizationpreservationrefrigerationseedyield

Verbsgerminatepressurize

Note here anything abou t how English is usedin technology that is new toyou.

16 Unit3

_._-------------------------

3 Bridges and tunnels

Switch onLookat the bridges A-F.Do you know where they are?Can you name them?

Z What other famous bridges do you know?

ReadingBridge types

Study the diagrams of bridges A- D.Can you matc hthem ta the bridge types 1-4?

1 truss 3 sus pension

2 arch 4 cable stay

Z Read this description an d t ry to match it to one of thefour bridge ty pes in 1.

Beam bridges are the simp lest ty pe.They have develo ped from

asimple logacrossastreamto the largeboxgirder bridgesinuse today.There are manydifferent types.Theone shown is a____bridge. The resists tension.

compression,and shear. The forces on the supports of thesebridges act directlydownwards.

Work in groups. Read t he te xt your teacher selects. Tryto match each description to one of th e bridge types in 1.

DJ____bridges have been in use for thousands of years.

Origina lly built in stone and lat er brick, t hey are now built in

reinfo rced concrete or steel. The newer materials allow muchlonger, lowe r spans to be built. bridges carry

thei r load by tra nsfer ring it to the supports at either end.

illBoxgirder bridges cannot have a span of more than 500met res because the spans would bend under thei r ownweigh t. bridges allow longe r spans- up to 1,000

met res.The box girder deck is supported by super-strongcables tied to ta ll piers.

IIJ_ _ _ _ bridges have a deck suppo rted from overhead

cables.Thesecables, supported by tw in towers, require stronganchor points at each end to resist t he inwar d tension of thecables.The deck is strengt hened to control distortion by

moving loads or high winds . Such bridges are Hght.andtherefore the most suitable for very long spans.

4 Exchange information with the others in your group sothat each diag ram in 1is labelled .

t

Bridges and t unnels 17

In this unit• key te rms incivilengineering- in particu lar bridge

const ruction• the Passive• linking informat ion from tex ts (writt en and spoken) and

graphics• evaluat ing t he best solut ion to a sit uat ion

• Language spotThe Passive

• Lookat the diagram and the sta ges 1-4 for makingthe towers of a suspension bri dge in a river bed .

1 A reinforced concretecofferdam is p laced in theriverbed.The water is p u mped ou t.The tower is const ructed.The cofferdam is fi lledwith concrete .

We often describe processesusing the Present Passive.

• Sentences 1-4 are in thePresent Simple. We makeother tenses in t he sameway using t he appropriateform of be and the pastparticiple of the verb. Forexample:The Golden Gate bridge wasopened in 1937.

Truss bridges have been usedfor centuries.

• Moda l verbs must,can ,etc. are followed by be an d th epast participle. For example:Bridges mu st be design ed to withstand the highest windspeeds recorded in the area.

• We often use the Passive for safety signs in the workplace.These include prohibit ion signs (things you mustnot do) and mandatory signs (things you must do).

Forexample:High -visibility clothing m us t be wo rn on the run way.

• We often do not mention the agent (the person orthing responsible for an action) as t he act ion is moreim portant, or the age nt unkn own.

If the agent is important, we can add the informationlike this,The tower is constructed by engineers.

» Go to Granunu reference p.llS

18 Unit3

------------- -

High Speed 1link s London totheChannel tu nnel. The first part of

the proj ect consist sof two parallel tunnels from 5t Pancras

st at ion to the RiverThames .Ihese'twtn bore'tunnels pass under

2,600 properties.7 mil es of surf ace railway,12 exi stin g tunnels

- including 4 Londo n Underground st at ions - and 600 gas,w at er,

and sewage pipelines.

A-..1 Describe each of these processes for making the deck of

a bridge using the Passive .

1 They make each decksection from steel.

Barges float thesections into positionbelow the bridge.

Cranes hoist thesections.

They hang each sectionfrom the cables.

They weld eachsection into place .

Z Complete this short history of bridges using the correctform of the verbs in brackets.

The first bridges th at , (build) were Simple

beam bridges: a tree used to cross a stream. Timber

bridges 2 (use) eve r since. Stone bridges

_ ___ 3 (build) by the Romans based on a simple

arch .The new railways of the 19th century meant that

longer bridges 4 (need) to cross Wide

valleys.Different materials s (use) in

their construction.Viaducts of brick or stone

____,6(construct) in Europe. Timber

____1 (use) in parts of the USA.The expansion

ofroads in the 20th century • [lead] to

the use of concrete bridges.

~ Convert each of these signs into a written warningus ing the Passive.

EXAMPLE

Checkfire alarms weekly.Fire alarms mu st be checked weekly

1 Do not use mobile phones!

2 Wear eye protection.

3 Do not remove thi s extlnguisherl

4 Switch off this machine before servicing.

5 Clean up spillages.

6 Do not unload vehicles here!

4 Work in pairs .Study the diagram of a tunnel-boringmachine (TBM)and try to explain how it works .

Convert these sentences to the Passive to make adescription of tunnel construction. Include the agenteach time a new agent is mentioned.

Construction Engineers use a number of methods tomake tunnels.

They employ a simple cut -and-cover method forshallow tunnels.

They use explosives for tunnels in very hard rock.

They use a tunnel-boring machine (TBM)to makedeep tunnels in soft rock.

5 The TBMprotects workers and machinery.

6 Arotating cutterhead at the front cuts the rock.

7 Machinery at the rear removes the refuse.

S Hydraulic jacks push t he TBMforward.

9 The segment erector builds a new tunnel ring every1.5-2 metres.

10 It places concrete segments in the right position toform the ring .

It's myjobDiscuss the questions with a partner. Read the textabout Sand ra Lighter, a Tunnel Engineer, to check youranswers.

What problems are there in cutt ing tunnels under alarge city like London ?

How accurate do you thin k tunnel-boring machinescan be?

2 Read about Sand ra aga in and answer the questions.

What does th is tunnel ma ke poss ible?

How is it possible for the tunnel-boring machines towork so accurately?

What was the solution to the problem of wetgro und?

4 Why we re t here more problems nearer the centre ofthe city ?

What damage did the tunnel suffer?

Why does she say, 'This is the reas on Ibecame anEngineer'?

Bridges and tunnels 19

Sandra Lighter :Tunnel Engineer

I'm a Tun nel Engineer.I'm31.I've got a degree inEngineering fromManchester University. I'vebeen work ing on theChannel Tunnel Rail Link forthe last three years .It's ahigh-speed rail rout elinking the centre of Londonto the Channel Tunnel.

There aren 't many womenin my position, in charge oflarge gangs of men ,but Idon' t have any prob lems.I'd like to see more womenEngineers.

Two long sections of theline through London are intunnels - a total of 17.4kilome tres .

We used six huge laser-guided tun nel-boringmac hines. They cut 100 metres a day with astonishingaccuracy- a to lerance of just 25mill imetres.They ha dnames, like ships - Annie , Berth a, Judy,an d so on.

It was a rea l engineering challe nge. In some areas nea rthe Thames the ground is so wet th at th e tunnel isalmost float ing .There were pumps running 24 hour s aday to drain the water away . Nearer the centre we hadto avoid tube tunnels an d sewers,and dig underbuildings without weakening their foundations .

There are always dangers in tu nnel construct ion,butwe had only two serious incidents - a t ruck fire thatdestroyed much of t he concrete lining in one area anda collapse whe re several gardens in east Londondisappeared into the tunnel.

It's been a fant astic project. It makes it possible to reachParis in two and a qua rt er hour s. It will be here for atleast 100 years, probably muc h longer. This is th ereason Ibecame an Eng ineer.

20 Unit3

Thelongest suspension bridge,theAkashi KaikyoBridge.hasa

central spa n ofl ,9 91 metres.

The deepest road tunnel,265 met res below sea -level. is in Norway.

The longest tu nnel, the New YorkCity-West Delaware wate r-supply

tunnel, is169 kilometres long .

2 Match each of t hese verbs t o one of the bri dges.

Problem-solvingWork in groupsoffour.Studythese pictures ofbridges.These bridges share a common fea ture. What is it?

Functio n

location

Designer

Compa re your group's solution with those of othergroups.

Find out more abo ut one of the bridges in Problem ­solving wit h the hel p of the we bsites below or by usinga search engine.Describe its m ain fea tures to the restof the clas s. Complete at least the follow inginform ation for each bridge.

Technical data and illust rations of thousands ofstructures including bridges• www.st ructurae.de/egjs tjuc tures

A gateway site to ma ny Webpages on bridges• htt p;lH2~l'plo re.,om/J:>r i dge.htm

Non -specialist exp lanations• www.trav~.howst uffworks.(om/br idge

An online encyclo paedia w ith a lot of tec hnicalinform ation• http.z /en.wlklpedta.org/

Yearcomplete d

Type

Webquest

Together decide whic h of th e bridge types you havestudied in the unit would be best forthese cross ings .

1 to t ake roa d t raffic across a busy shipping route -the span is 120metres

to link a number of islands in a shallow sea ­shipping mu st be allowed to pass

to carry a railway across a valley- the width is 1,500metres

bridgeverb

lift

pivot

t ilt

swing

Take one bridge each and explain simp ly to the ot her sin your group how it operates. Use the correct verbfrom the ta ble .

ListeningThe Great Belt East Bridge

Study these th ree designs for th e Great Belt East Bridge.Tryto name th e types of br idges.

1 ~ Listen to th e record ing wit hout stopping it. Try toput the designs in t he correct sequence.

~ Listen to th e recording again as often as you wa nt.This time.listen for detail.Add to each diagram theyea r of the design and any measurements which aregiven .

Bridges and t unne ls 21

ChecklistAssess your progre ss in this unit. Tick(/') thesta teme nts which are tr ue.

Iknow the keyte rms in bridge cons t ruction

1can use the Passive in tec hnicaldescriptions

Ican evaluate th e best solutio n to asitu atio n

My reading and listening are good enoughto und ersta nd most of each t ext in t his unit

KeywordsNounsaccuracycablecompressiondistortionliningpierprojectreinforced concretesewe rshea rspansus pension bridgetensiontolerance

Verbsweaken

Note here anything abou t how English is usedin technology that is new to you.

22 Unit4

Lookat the pictures of plastic products.Discu ss whyplas tic has been chosen for each of these items.

EXA M P LE

Plasticsareusedforf ueltanksbecause theyareresistant to chem icals.Fuel tanks have to be strong and

last a long time.and plasticsare durable.

2 Make a list of the properti es of plastics that mak e th emsui table mat erials for such a wide ran ge of produ cts.

ListeningThe history and properties of plastics

What were the first pla stics made from ?What areplastics produc ed from today?

2 (jl Listen to two Technology students talking aboutplastics.As you list en ,complete the table of rawmaterials and th e plastics made from t hem .

3 ~ Listen agai n and note the advantages an d problemswit h each of the different type s of plastic, as well asrecycled plastic-4.

Raw mate rial

cellul ose

and

starc h from plant s(e.g.wheat)

Plastic

polyet helene. nylon.polyeste r

Advantages Problems

• Language spotAbility and inability

• Study the ways the speakers talk abou t what is I isnot poss ible:They couldn't make things to a high standard ofquality.Manufacturers can use plastics to produce almost

anything nowadays.We'll be able to use other raw materials in the future.In the mid -nineteen hundreds plastics production was

rea fly ab le to ta ke off.Plastics cou ld be madefrom plants in the future.

• We use can/cannot or is/are (not) able to for presenttime, could/couldn't or was/were (not) able to for pasttime, and will (not) be able to for future time oropportunities.

• To form sentences in the passive we use be + pastparticiple of the verb.Things couldn 't be made toa high standard ofqualityPlastics can be used to make almost anything nowadays.

• For the future, we often use It will/won't be possibleto ... , not will/won't beable to.lt will be possible to use other raw materials in the future.

This is better than:Other raw materials will beable to be used in thefuture.

» Go to Grammar reference p.llS

Match Aand Bto make sentences.

A B

1 Scientists couldn't a can be ma de verycheaply.

Manufacturers we re b cannot be sold due toable high costs.

Modern plastic c be recycled effectivelyproducts with good plastic

collection systems.

4 Bacteria can d to develop a wide rangeof plastics from oil, coal,and gas.

Plastics can e mould the first celluloseplastics.

More biodegradable break down plant-plastics based plastics.

Plastics 23

- ''-- ..

In this unit

• listening t o people discussing raw mat erials and plastics• talkin g about ability and inab ility• ident ifyi ng plast ics codes• describing a pie chart• disappeari ng sounds and wo rd linki ng

.1 Discuss manufacturers' ability to do these th ings in thepast present. or future. Use the notes in brackets tohelp you .

EXAMPLE

Mass-produce itemsfrom celluloid. (not possible in past)Manufacturers couldn't / weren 't able to mass-produceitemsfrom celluloid.

1 Mould modern plast ics into complex shapes.(possible now)

Colour casein, which was made fro m milk.(possible in past )

Make cars completely from plastics .(not possib le now I possib le in future)

4 Use plastics to help designers reduce weight inaircraft. (possible now )

Replace metal components in engines with plastic.(possible now)

6 Recyclewaste thermoplastics. (possible now )

7 Recyclewaste thermoset plastics. (not possible now)

8 Produce nylon in 1900. (not possib le in past)

24 Unit 4

Make your pointDescribing a pie chart

Lookat the pie chartshowing the different sectorswhichuse plastics.What do you thinkisthe largest sector?

1% FOOTWEARI __% _

2 _ _ % _

3 _ % _

4 _ _ % _

5 _ % _

.. 6 _ % _

7 _ % - -

8 _ _ % ~~--

9 _ % _

10 L-_ _ .....

Where would you find the following symbol sI

2 Find out about these symbols.What do they mean andw hat is their purpose?

These sites may help,e www.pac-it .org• htt{J::/ /en.w.J!9ped ia.org• htt(l' :/ Ia mertcaopta sttcsccuncn.crg

Problem-solving

Webquest

There arewell overa thousand different plastics.Workin pairs and match upthe codes with the names ofthese most widely- used plastics.

1 LDPE a unsaturated polyester

2 HDPE b polysty rene

3 pp c acrylonitrilebutadiene styrene

4 PVC d polypropylene

5 PS e polyethylene [low density)

6 EPS f polyesters

7 PA g polyethylene (high den sity)

8 ABS h nylon

9 PETIPBT I polyvinylchloride

10 UPResin expanded polystyrene

2 Tryto find the names and codes of other plastics.Thesesites may help:• www.bpf.co.uke ww w.eng.morgan.edu

z ~ listen to LeeAvatar giving a presentation describingthe use of plastics andcomplete the chart.If necessary.listen again.

Gadget boxA maker of t rad it ional musica l inst ru ments, ledBrewer, hasdecided t o use a special-effect resin

to make his inst ruments mo re visuallyattractive. He can create a specia l tight feat ure

byusing two super-bright w hite LEDs.Byusing

a the rmoset resin he can ach ieve high

perfo rmance and design flex ibility. Injection

moul d ing allows the creation of un ique designs

w hich give excellent sound quality .Can you play a m usical inst ru ment? Would a

colourful inst rume nt like this encourage you tostart playing or pract ise mo re?

Plast ics 25

~ Read Lee's Usefu l Language.List en to Lee'spresenta tion aga in and tick the express ions you hearhim use.

USEFULLANGUAGE FOR REFERRING 10 VISUALAIOS

I'dlike to show you apiechart which represents .. 0This piechart represents.. 0If wetakea look wecansee.. 0Youwill notice.. 0I'dlike to drewqourattentlcnro .. 0As youcansee,.. 0_a_M _ 0You will see.. 0You canseethat . 0

4 Work in pairs.Youhave information for a pie chartbelow.First draw a pie chart to represent yourinformat ion th en prepare a short presen tat ion andgive it to your partn er.Your partner should liste n, takenotes,and give you feedback on your presentation.

UKconsumption of plastics by type

Plast ic Per cent

l / llDPE 20

pp 16

PVC 16

HDPE 11

PET/P BT

PS

ot hers 26

PronunciationDisappearing sou nds and word linking

In fast speech we often don't pronounce a fina l to r d

sound when it is followed by a conso na nt sou nd.Whena fina l w,y,or r is followed by a vowel sound we link thetwo words and pronounce the lette rs.

to! Lookat the bold letters in the sen tences. Listen andtick (.1') the sentences where you hear the bold letters.Place a cross (X)beside the sentences wh ere you don' thear the bold letter.

A This is a thermoset plastic.

B This is a thermoset app lication.

A It's used in househol d ite ms.

B It's used in household products.

A One process is blow moul ding.

B It's used to make hollow ite ms.

A It meets safet y sta ndards .

B They mus t use safet y equ ipment.

A It's a softe r mate rial.

B It's a softe r option.

to! Listen again and check.

2: Look at the exam ple below.Then cross out the lett ers insentences a-e which you expect to disappear, and markwhere you th ink sounds wi ll be linked.

EX AMPLE

Powde (js heatedJ"va closed mould.

a Light stab ilizers prevent light damage.

b Plasticizers are used to make plastics softe r.

c Even the st reet lights are made of plastic.

d Plastics production was really able to tak e off.

e Polyester fibres are used a grea t deal in cloth ing.

(;. Now listen and check your answ ers and then repeatth e sen tenc es.

26 Unit4

The world's annual consumption of

plastic materials has increased from around

5million tonnes in the early 19505tonearly 100 mil lion tonnes today.

VocabularyCollocations in plastics

Some words are often used together. Fillthe gaps insentences 1-6 with a word from the list that often goeswith the word in bold .

appliances industry mouldingcomponents materials process

Oil and nat ura l gas are the main raw______ used in the production of plastics.

Compression moulding is one example of aproduction _

Plastics are used in t he production of a wide rangeof household _

4 Reinfo rced plast ics a re a major building materia l inthe construction _

The car industry uses high-precision______ in th eir vehicles.

The ma jority of plastic part s are manufacturedusing inj ection _

Z Match a word in A wi th a wo rd in Bto fill th e gaps insen tences 1-6.

A

medica l fibres

tex tile containers

man-made properties

food life

chemical devices

expected polymer

A plastic is a type of syn thetic or _

Polyme rs can be moulded into various shapes ordrawn in to filaments that can be used as

Additives are added to improve the mechanical.physical.or _

Products which have an _______ of more than three years are

known as durables.

____________that are used to

treat or monitor patients are non -durables and arenot expected to last longer than three years .

PETis clear. tough,and a good barrier to gas andmoisture, so supermarkets find it ideal for

ReadingPackaging technology

In the supermarket. why is food wrapped in clearpackaging?

Read the first paragraph of the text and check youranswer.

Z Now read t he rest of the text.

I \ , .. ,

»~ .

U'

Green and intelligent

Food shopping is changing and so too is th e way food iswra pped for sa le. Clear plas tic w rapping allows th econs ume r to see t he sta te of t he food inside at th e sametime as preve nt ing conta mination from dust an dbacteria. But now su permarkets are looking at newtypes of packagin g.

Some su per ma rkets ha ve decided to w rap their fres hfru it and vege tables in biodegrad able plastic packaginginstead of conventiona l plastic. Biodegrada ble plas ticsor bioplas t ics can be ma de from pla nt- based materialssuch as sta rch from corn,whea t,or potatoes. In theenviron ment, micro-orga nisms are able to break downt hese plastics easily and quickly to produce carbondioxi de and water. Biodegradable plastics can also bemade by some bacteria tha t are capable of prod ucinggranules of plastic (PHA/PHB) in t heir cells.Biodegradable plastic packaging can be composted andallowscustomers todispose oftheir own waste at home.

Active packaging is a new deve lopment th at canint eract wit h the product to impro ve it or prov ide thecons umer with informatio n about the fresh ness of theproduct. An Am erican company has developed a labe lth at indi cates the tem perature a package has beenstored at. Ache mical in th e label polyme rizes andbecomes darker in colour if th e temperatur e rises.

Anot he r compa ny has developed a mem brane w rapperwhich cha nges its per me ability to oxygen an d carbondioxide as the te m perat ure changes so th at the best°

2/ CO

2ba lance can be ach ieved inside the packaging.

3 Complete the t abl e with th e different packagingtechnologies me nt ioned and their advan tages.

Plastics 27

ChecklistAssess your progress in t his un it .Tick (.I ) th esta te me nts which are tr ue.

I ca n ta lkabout ability and inability todo things

I know codes for plast ics

I can desc ribe a pie cha rt

I know when to prono unce t he final soun din a wo rd

My reading and listening are good eno ughto unde rstand most of eac h text in t his unit

KeywordsAdject ivesbiodegradabledurablethermosetversatile

Nounsbacteriacellulosecomponentcons umerpackagingpigmentplasticize rraw materialsthermoplast icwrapping

Verbdispose of

Note here anything about how English is usedin tech nology t hat is new to you.

Pac kaging techn ology Advantages

4 Wha t effect do you thin k t hese new technologies willhave on the enviro nme nt? I the plas tics industry? I th econsu me r?

--28 UnitS

Switch onIdentify th ese source s of a lte rna tive ene rgy. Work ingro ups an d discuss how ea ch can be used to rep lacefossil fue ls like oil, gas ,and coa l.

ListeningWave Energy Innovator

Youare going to hear a radio programme about waveenergy.Before you listen.work in groups and discussthe questions.

1 Lookat the picture,what do you think this is?

2 What problems are there in usi ng wave energy?

3 What is a wave farm ?

4 What are carbon em issions?

5 What does it me an if a project is commerci allyviable?

:z I(;) Now listen to the programme and an swer thequestions.

What doe s Richard 's company make?

How mu ch power will the wave farm produce whencomplete?

Where did Richard study?

What names have people given to previous waveconvert ers?

Why did Richard call it Pelam is?

How did Richard find th e name?

3 (i;l Listen again an d note the answers to the questio ns.

1 How does he describe Step hen Salte r?

2 What expression does Richard use wh ich me an s't alking endlessly abo ut some th ing '?

Wha t expression does Richard use wh ich means'follow up your words w ith action'?

What does Richard feel about 'making clever things '?

His com pany has tw o objectives.One is to earnrevenue for people.What is the other?

Alternativeenergy 29

In this unit• keyterms inalternativeenergy• Past Continuousv Past Simple• making inferences fromwrittentext• strategiesforrememberingtechnicalwords

• Weuse the PastSimplefora seriesof past actions.Wedid a qUick Googlesearchon seasnakesandfound

Pelamis .

• Wenormallyuse the PastSimple,not the PastContinuous,to describestates and actionswhich takevery little time.And we liked that.Isaw that peopleweredoingsomethingreally

important.Theaccident happened suddenly.

» Go to Grammarreference p.116.

• Language spotPastContinuous v PastSimple

• Study this example ,Jdiscovered waveenergy when Iwas doing myPhD at

Edinburgh University.

• Weuse the PastContinuousforan action in progressin the pastwhen something else happened,ortodescribethe backgroundto an accountor report.

• Weuse the PastSimpleforacompleteactioninthe past.

• Thesetenses areoften used togetherwhen oneactioncomes in the middle of anotherlongeraction.Sometimesthis is signalledby time wordssuch aswhile.when.oras beforethe longeraction.

---...--I was doing my PhD at Edinburgh Unive rsity.

a while most people(sleep).

he (meet) ProfessorSalter.

c they (have)toalterthe design.

part of the tunnel(collapse).

e the aircraft (crash).

when he (split) theatom.

When Richard(study),

When they (construct)the bridge,

The earthquake(happen ) late at night,

4 Asit (come in) to land , d

Matchphrases1-6 with phrasesa-f to makesentences.Putone verbin the PastContinuousandthe otherinthe Past Simple.

1 When they (dig)underLondon,

Rutherford (work)in bManchester

2 Putthe verb in bracketsin the appropriatetense - PastContinuousorPastSimple.

We (do)a Googlesearch and_ ____ _ (find) the answer very quickly,

Whenhe (work)in Nigeria,there______(be)a seriousaccidentonthe oil rig.

WhenTrevor Baylis (hear)aboutcommunicationproblemsin Africa.he______ (decide)to build a radio withoutbatteries.

4 While the operation (goon) inFrance,doctorsin othercountries _(beableto)assist using telesurgery.

The police (use)a Taser gunbecause they (think) the suspectmight hurtsomeone.

He (not wear) a hard hat when theaccident (happen), so he hurt hishead.The motor (run) when he______ (remove)the guards.It was astupid thing to do.The accident (be)his own fault. He____ _ _ (use)a grinder witho ut wearingeye protection when it (happen) .

9 While the generator (run),a fault___ _ _ _ (develop)in the main bearing .

10 Asthey (build)th e wind farm,protestors (damage)some equipment.

PRESENT

I discovered wave energy.

tPAST

30 Unit5

Z Now read the text and check your answe rs to 1.

ReadingMaking inferences

g relay s power to the geartransmi ssion

h produce s elect ricity

blades

gear transmission

low-speed shaft

brake

hou sing (nacelle)

4 high-speed sha ft

5 generator

Match components 1-8 with th eir functions a-h withthe help of this simplified diagram of a wind turbine.

A B

1 hub a tran sfers power to thegenerator

b links the blade s to thelow-speed shaft

c contains the maincomponents

d stops the turbine

e capture the windenergy

increases the speed ofthe shaft

Wind power

Wind power is renewable and non -polluting and can beused to drive wi nd turbines like the one illustrated.Wind farms consisting of numbers of turbines areincreasingly being constructed both on land, usually onhigh ground. an d offshore .

Wind speeds increase with heig ht. so turbines aremounted on towers,typically 50 to 80 metres in heig ht.Most towers are tubular to allow safe access formaintena nce.

The rotor blades capture th e wind and transfer its powerto the rotor hu b,which is attached to the low-speedshaft of the turbine .Each roto r blade measures about 27metres in length and is desig ned much like an aerop laneWing.The rotor rotates quite slowly,at about 30 Lp.m.

The nace lle,th e casing at the top of the towe r,containsthe most important compone nts includ ing the gear box,gene rator, and computer .The low-speed sha ft transmitspower from the hu b to the gearbox. It contains pipes forthe hydrauli c syste m, which ope rates t he aero dynamic

brakes. The gea rbox increases the speed of the rotorsha ft by about 50 times.The high speed shaft drives theelectrical generator.It ha s a mechanical disc brake foremerge ncy use.

The gene rator produces elect ricity by electromagneticinduct ion.On a large tur bine, the power generated isbet ween 600 kW an d 3,000 kW.The power is sent bycable to t he na tional grid.

The anemometer and wind vane on top of the nace llemeasur e t he speed and directio n of the windrespectively and send this in formation to the computer.The comp uter activates the yaw motor,w hich turns therotor into the wind. It starts th e tur bine when th e windreaches about five met res per second. The computercontinuously monitors the conditions of the turbine.Itcontrols t he speed of th e rotor by varying the pitch ofthe blades. If the wind reaches storm force, about 25met res per second, th e computer closes down theturbine to prevent damage.

Alternative energy 31

Gadget boxPhotovoltaic roof ti les not only keepthe rain out , but generate 50 watts ofelectricity for every 0.5m 2 of tiles.What area wou ldyou need to poweran average home?

3 Put the sentences in the correct order to describe theoperation of the turbine.

a The computer uses the yaw drive to turn the turbineinto the most effective position._ _

b The gearbox increases the speed of the rotor shaftby 50 times .__

c The high -speed shaft drives the electric generator.

d The wind strikes the blades which turn the low­speed shaft ._ _

e The power is sent by cable to the national grid.

The generator converts the mechanical energy intoelectrical power .__

The anemometer and wind vane determine thewind speed and direction and transmit th is to thecomputer.__

h The computer sta rts the turbine when wind speedreaches 5m/s. __

Making inferences

Sometimes the information we want when we read isnot stated clearly in the text .We have to infer it.Thatmeans we have to work it out by linking differentpieces of information in the text or by combining textinformation with our knowledge of the text topic. Forexample:

Question What are the best places on land tobuild a wind farm and for whatreasons?

• Informat ion from the text:

1 usually on high ground

2 wind speeds increase with height

• From our knowledge of the text top ic:

3 preferably near existing transmission lines tosave costs

Possible an swer On high ground, because wind speedsare greatest, and preferably nearex isting transmission lines tosave costs.

4 Use information from the text and your ownknowledge to answer the questions.

Why are some wind farms constructed offshore?

Why are wind turbines grouped together in windfarms?

Why do tubular towers provide safer access thansome other kinds of tower?

4 What is the approximate diameter of the win dturbine rotor in the picture?

5 At what speed does the high-speed shaft rota te?

6 Why is a gearbox necessary?

7 What is the maximum output from this type ofgenerator?

What is the difference between the anemometerand the wind vane?

Why does the yaw mechanism turn the turbine intothe wind?

10 What is storm force in km/h?

32 UnitS

Nuclea r ene rgy may just be the energysource that can save our planet fromcatast roph icclimate ( ha nge.PatrickMoore, eo-founderof Greenpeace

ProjectThis diagram shows how a comm unity could beself-sufficie nt in en ergy. List the different ways itshows of pro viding power to ho mes.

Solar t hermal panels

Z What do you think th ese fea tures shown on th ediagram are? Check your answers wi th a goodtechnical dictio nary or use Google. (Tip: enter define:followed by th e unknown te rm.)

1 a cogene ration plant 3 a gas ificatio n plan t

2 a trigeneration plant 4 a thermal sto re

Find th e answers to the questions.

1 How is street lighting powered?

2 What is organic waste used for?

3 Why is it an advantage t o be near woo ds, hills, and ariver?

4 What kind of private tr ansport is used ?

4 With a partner list th e form s of en ergy show n in th ediagram which could be used to make your ow ncom munity m ore self-sufficie nt in ene rgy.Giverea sons for th ose you choose and those you reject .

Community wind farm

Trigenerat ion plant

WebquestWork in groups .Research one of th ese topi cs and reportyour fin dings to the rest of the class.

1 Avede re-z multi-fue l power plant,Denmar k

2 Trige ne ratio n

3 Combined Heat and Pow er (Cogen) use in Rott erdam

4 Renewa ble en ergy projects in Malm 6,Swe den

5 Thermal stor es

Thes e sites ma y help:

w~_~.cogene.rat iolJ, net/l!.igene ra_tlo!1ExpJanation. htm

w.ww.power.:technology.com/project s/avedore['!'1ww,elJecho.met i ,gQJR/engl is h/ell~!gy~

UK Depa rtment of Trad e and Indu stry :WWW,Qtl.goy.ukaenewa plel

Dan ish Wind Indu st ry Associa tion:I..Xww.wlrldpPW~,Qfg/~D1.

Alternat iveene rgy 33

. " '

ChecklistAssess your progress in thi s un it.Tick (.r) t hestatements which a re true.

VocabularyGrouping words

One w ay to rem em ber your growing tech nical vocab ularyis to grou p words int o sets, for exam ple words whichdescribe sha pes, treat ments, or prope rties of materia ls.

These ver bs all desc ribe movement in mec hanisms.Use eac h verb once to comp lete sentences 1-8 ,whichdescribe t he mechanism in t he picture.

drive rota te stop tran smitincrease/decrease sta rt transfer turn

I know the English wo rds for a lte rna tiveenergy sources

I know t he important differences betweenthe Past Continuous and t he Past Simple

I can make inferences whe n I read

I know ways of remembering technicalwords

My read ing and listening are good enoug hto understand most of ea ch t ext in t his un it

KeywordsAdjectivecommercially viable

Adverboffshore

Nounscarbo n emiss ionsconverterfossil fue lgea rboxhydraulic systemrenewable ene rgytu rbinewavewind

The chain power to the rear wheel.The gea rs Of _

th e speed of rotation of the rear wheeL

4 Each time th e chain wheel turns, t he rear wheel___ _ _ _ _ th reetimes.

5 At 30 km/h .,the cha in w heel at 238 r.p.m.

6 To th e bicycle,use the brakes.

7 Whe n you to pedal, you have toovercome stat ic friction.

Verbsactivatecollapseconvertt ransmi t

Note here anyt hing about how English is usedin tech nology t hat is new toyou.

The fron t w hee l the dynamo.

Another way is to remember wor d partners,wordswhich go together like f oss!l +fuel.

sola rmec han icalnucle arpot entia l

conversio nelectricalheat

Z Each of t hese wo rds is used w ith energy.Separate theminto words wh ich go before and wor ds which comeafter energy.

changechemicalcons ervatio n

34 Unit6

a used to slow the plane orhelp it descend

b provide stability,keepingthe plane level

c houses all the instrumentpanels andthe pilots

d provide lift and usuallystore fue l

e supports the plane on theground

providegreater wing area,givingmorecontrolforlanding and takeoff

provide thrus t

landing gear

stabilizers

spoilers

flaps

engine s

7 cockpi t

Match the parts of the plane 1-7 with their fu nctionsa-g .

1 wing sLabel the diagramwith the fourforces -lift,drag ,th rust, and weight.

Switch on

2 Look atthe picturesthat show the differentmovementsof a plane and label th em yawing.pitching.and rolling.

Now label the par ts of the plane whic h contro lyawing.pitching.and rolling.

[I]

~~~

Aeronautics 35

In this unit• keytermsabout flight• reading abou t air tra fficcont rol• First and Second Condit ionals• checking informat ion on the phone

follow the movement of aircraft in the air

comes towards the airport

the height a plane flies at

There are actually several different jobs that Air TrafficControllers do. Interestingly, only 20% work in a towerat an airport.They are Aerodrome Contro llers .Theywork in the visual control tower,but at busy airports,the job will actually be split between AirControllers,who have to guide aircraft during landing,and GroundControllers, who manage aircraft on the runway.Theyinstruct the Pilot about taxiing to and from parkingstands and holding areas.

Then there are Area Controllers. I'm an Area Controllerand I have to handle aircraft in flight. I could be incommunication with several ai rcraft at the same time.I work at a control centre, away from the airport itself,where I track the exact position of aircraft from mywork station using radar and computer systems as we llas radio equipment, I'm in constant radio contact wit hPilots, updating th em with information about thewea ther, special conditions, and any relevantinformation. It's my job to manage the airspace andissue instructions about which route a plane shouldtake ,the speed and the altitude they should hold .

Approach Controllers take over from Area Controllersas the plane approaches the airport. They make thedecision about where and when a plane lands and alsodecide on the order in which planes land .

In addition,AirTraffic Controllers have to respond todistress calls. If a plane becomes lost or its equipmentfails, we can give the Pilot details of his/her positionand guide them to safety.

Tobe an AirTraffic Controller, you have to be able towork calmly under pressure and take decisions quickly.Youhave to be able to interpret data from differentsources and be confident with technology.Youalsoneed good spatial vision and a good memory.

When Iwas nineteen, Iapplied to AirTraffic Controlcollege .After a tough selection process,I spent twelvemonths at college .Then Iwas a trainee at a controlcentre for two years working under the supervision ofan experienced instructor. Once Iget a bit moreexperience, I could earn as much as £80,000 a year!

Alan Bueno:Air TrafficController

Responsibilitieslooksafterplanesarrivingand depa rting

radio messages asking for help

the places where aircraft park at the airport

What does an AirTraffic Controller do? What skills doesa person need to do this job?

Read the text again and answer the questions.

1 What equipment does Alan use in his job?

2 What sort of information does the Controller have topass on to Pilots?

How can an AirTraffic Controller help a Pilot who islost?

How did Alan train to become an AirTrafficController?

4 Find words in the text with similar meanings to 1-6.

EXAMPLE

continuespeakingon the radiomaintain radiocontact

moving on the ground at the airport

2 Read about Alan Bueno,an AirTraffic Controller.Listthe different jobs Alan mentions and note whatresponsibilities each job involves. List the tasks whichare common to all jobs.

EXAMPLE

JobAerodromeController

-36 Unit6

Problem-solvingLookat the design for the SAX-40plane. How isit different from conventional aircraft designsuch as the A380? Make notes.

:z Complete the table to compare a conventionalaircraft with the SAX-40.Choose from theboxes on p.37.

Conve nt ional a ircraft

irregular surfacescausenoise

lift is created bythe wing shape

engines below the wing create most noiseat take-off

4 no soun d-absorbing materia ls in the engi nes

e ngines suspended be low the wingscausedragand noise

high-speedengine exhausts create noise

air around the land ing gear creates noise

airflowing from the top surface of thewing off t he tra iling edge producesnoise

blended wing design

fa ir ings cover th e w heels andbraking systems

Result

noise isabsorbed

reduce trailing edgewing noise

Aeronautics 31

<~-.

Gadget boxTheMol/er Volanto fc an operate upto threemet res above any surface: land,water,sand,snow ,swamp,and grasslands. lt is a vert ical­take -off-and -tandlng vehicle (VTOL). lt has amaxi mum speed of 160kph.Thevehicle usesstate-of-the-art fly-by-wi re comp ute r

technology to mon itor.controland maintainstabili ty of t he vehicle.This technologymeans th at it is simp le and easy to operate.

List the advantages that th e Volantorhasover a car,helicopte r,or plane.

• Language spotFirst and Second Condit ional s

• First cond itiona l and time clausesEd Ithinl?this design is great. but will it everfly?Mari Well,® the tests run satisfactorily, it could be in

th e air by 2030.Ed But what' llhappen ifthe project runs out ofmoney?Mari As soon as people realize the envi ronme ntal

adva ntages of a plane like this, th ey'll be happy tofinance it.

Ed Icertainly th ink th at ifwe wan t to reduce noise.we'll have to come up with some radical designs.

Mari Yes.but un less there isalso an increase in fueleffi ciency. the investment won't be there . Theresearche rssay tha t it' ll be morefuel-effi cien t ifthey remove some ofthe notse-reductnofeotures.

• We use the First Cond itional to talk about a possi blescena rio or act ion and the probable resu lt. We usuallyform the result clause with will.but it is also possible touse could. The time or conditional clause is in thePresent Simple.

Und.~rlin~ the t ime or condition al clauses above.®the conjunction of tim e or condi tion.

ezJ reduce noise when~ plane can make aclosed but maximize slower approachfuel efficiency when and so reduceopen at cruising noisealt itude

SAX-40

o long engineexhaust ductsprovide space foracoustic liners

[Q) enginesembedded in theframe

RESULTS

[Q] upper surfaceshields people onthe grou nd fromthe noise

~create smoothairf low below theaircraft and so lessnoise

00 trailing edgebrushes can befound at the backof the w ing

IDengine intakesabove the w ing

msmooth airframereduces turbulentairf low and noise

~ aerofo il shapemeans the wholebody creates lift

mvariable exhaustnozzles on theengines can beclosed for take-offand landing

Z reduce drag andnoise

Z Complete t he following sen te nces w ith the correctform of t he verb in brackets .

Wewon 't have th e necessary skills to deliver R&Difwe (not encourage) more studentsto study Aerospace technology.

Unless we have more skilled Software Engineers. we_ ____ _ (have) problems developing newprogra ms.

I think there will be many changes to the designbefo re it (be) manufactured.

When you (finish) your training,you'll work as a trainee at the airpo rt.

If Designers use a blended wi ng design.there___ _ _ (be)less tur bulen t airflow.

Unless the aircraft (make) a slowerapproach.there will be too muc h noise .

• Second ConditionalIf everyone had their ownflying mach ine, the airspace

would be very crowded .The project wouldn 't be possib le ifwe didn 't have the

support of the airlines.IfConcorde still fl ew to America,people would get there

in four hours.

• We use the Second Conditional to talk about animaginary scenario and to speculate on the result. Theconditional clause is in the Past Simple tense and weexpress t he result with would + infinit ive verb form .

Complete the sen tences wi th your own ideas .

Ifeng ineers succeeded in creati ng a silen t aircraft,

Aircraft would be more enviro nmenta lly-friendly if

If Design Engineers didn't have such adva ncedcornpu tertools. _

4 If more students studied Aeronautical engineering.

It would be difficult to te st how a new aircraftperformed if _

» Goto Grammar reference p.116

38 Unit 6

TheSpruceGoose,built bybillionai re

Howard Hughes. was on e of the biggest

planesin history.It hadawingspan of

97.5 metres and was 24.2 metres high.

Itonlyeverflew 1 mile.

PairworkWorkin pairs.Eachof you has a diagram of a flyingmachine and a text about a different machine .Lookatyour diagram and think of questions you can ask yourpartner so that you can label it. Readthe text. Askandanswer questions to label your diag rams .

2 With your partner, complete the table.

Glider

How is lift achieved?

Which partsprovidethrust?

Helicopter

St udent A

Student B

Gotop.l1l. How does the pilotachieve yawing?

How does the pilotach ieve pitching?

What provides stability?

What are the advantages of these two flying machinesover conventional aeroplanes? List examples wherethese machines can be used where conventionalaircraft cou ld not be used.

WebquestJet engines

Lookat the we bsite and com plete the table.www .ueet. nasa.gov/St ude ntSitelengines. ht ml

2 Using the same site, find out about different types ofjet engine. Work in small groups. Each of you shouldchoose a different engine. Make no tes and thenprepare a short presentation for your grou p to explainhow it works and what it is used for .

A glider is anon-powered heavier-than-air craft .Togive the most efficient flight. gliders are as small andlight as possi ble. The wings are longer and narrowerthan conventional planes. This extra wingspan meansless drag for the amount of lift. Just as on conventionalplanes, ailerons provide roll, the elevators on the tailcontrol pitch, and the rud der on the tail controls yaw.The horizontal stabilizer on the ta il provides stability.After the launch, the glider achieves lift in threedifferent ways. Rising colum ns of warm heat, calledthe rrnals, lift th e glide r.Hill or ridge lift is created bythe wind blowi ng against a hillside and being forcedupwards. Wave lift is created when air passes over amo untain.

As there is no engine, the pilot has to generate thrust ina different way. This is done by reducing altitude togain speed.

Engine part

fan

compressor

combustor

t urbine

nozzle

Function

comp resses air andso increases pressure

Make your point Telephone messageMaking telephone calls To: M Bravl1

(;) Listen to the te lephone call. From : r ral1/( fiall

Lookat the note the secreta ry Date: 4tltMay

left for Mr Brau n. How m an y Tim e: 1030mistakes has she made? M essage

Z Workin pairs.Discusshow you M r fiall called Needscould prevent misunderstandings ranqeforMD-11« nason th e phone. fal1qe6,840 for

~ Now listen to the second freiqltter

call. How does Mr 8raun make fies ovt after 4sure th e informa tion is 0112466390001correct?

Slql1ed: S DobbyWha t is h e goi ng to do now?

4 Read the advice from LeeAva tar .

It isve ry important to make sure that you understa ndtechnicaldetails,especially over-the phoneor radio.Askthepersonto repeatif youarenot sureand let them knowyouhaveunderstood,oftenyoucandothis byrepeatingwhat they havesaid.Hereis someuseful language.

Could you repeat that , please?Sorry, I didn't get I catch that.Didyou say two thousand and six?2,340? Is that right ?Couldyou spell that, please?

Now, work in pai rs .Sit back to back .You each have twosets of information to give you r partner over the phon e.Use Lee's ex pressions. When you h ave fin ished, ch eckthat your partner has writte n down the correct de ta ils.

St udent A Go to p.112. Stud ent B Go to p.1I0.

Aeronaut ics 39

ChecklistAsses s your progr ess in th is unit. Tick (......) t hesta te me nts which are tr ue.

I know key te rms ab out fligh t

I understand the difference betwee n Firstan d Second Conditio na lse nte nces

I know how to check informa tion on thephone

My read ing and liste ning a re good enoughto unde rsta nd most of ea ch te xt in this uni t

KeywordsNou nscockpitdragflapslandi ng gearliftpitc hingrollingrotorspoilersstabilizersthrusttrai ling edgeWingspa nyawing

Verbsapproach

Note he re any th ing a bout how English is usedin technology that is new toyou.

40 Uni17

Switch onWork in pairs . Discuss these predictions about futurehomes.Decide if they will happen within 15or 75 years,or never.

15 75 NEVERYEARS YEARS

At least25%ofhomeswillbeself-sufficient inpower.

We will develop ahousewhich isdisaster-proof,capable ofwithstandingearthquakes,hurricanes,andflooding.

Houseswillrequireverylittlemaintenance suchaspainting.

• Many homes willbe builtunderground orinpartunderground.

You will beabletomoveinternal walls andchangethecolourofroomsat thetouch ofaswitch.

ListeningEarthhomes

101 Listen to Peter Carpenter,a des igner of earth homes,and tickthe advantageshe mentions.

a long life expectancy

b better energy savings than other designs

c architecturally exciting inside

d condensation is not a problem

e proof against earthquakes

does not contributeto,and is less affectedby.globalwarming

costs no more- maybeless - to buildthan aconventional house

h unaffected by wind and weather

i kind to the environment

j providesgreatersecurityk no draug hts - minimum infiltration

I exceptionally low fire risk,so lower insurancepremiums

m construction possible on steep slopes

n usually provides low visual impact

o very little structural maintenance

p quiet and private,but light and airy

• Language spotObligation and necessity

• Study these sente nces:1 You don 't have to paint the walls.

=It's not necessary

You have to get planning permiss ion.= It' s an obliga tion (requ ired by law)

The roof m ust be strong .= It's necessary

• We use have to to describe things w hich areobligations required by rules and regulations or th ingswhich someone forces us to do.

• Negatives and questions are formed with do.Doyou have to install air conditioning?

• In positive sentences we can use mus t in a similar way,but the em phasis is because you think it is necessary.

• Note t he difference between don' t have to andmu stn't :You don 't have to spend a lot on heating an earth house.= It's not necessary.You mustn 't build an earth house without planningpermiss ion. = It's not perm itt ed.

» Go to Grammar reference p.117

Show th e me an ing of each of these sentences bymar king them: obligatio n,necessary, not necessary,or not permitted.

You mus t use materials of th e right sta ndar d.

You don't have to use wood; plast ic is acceptab le.

The walls mus t resist th e pressure of earth round th ebuilding. _

You mu stn't bu ild within one metre of anothe rbuilding. _

You have to lay proper foun dat ions . _

Allelectr ical w iring ha s to be test ed.

You don't have to pa int plast ic w ind ow fram es.

Allap pliances have to be earthed. _

Futu re homes 41

In this unit• ways to describe obligation and necessity• adject ive endings• making inferences from writt en te xt• t ransferring informat ion from a text to a diagram

2 Complete t he sentences wit h mu st,mu stn 't,or don 't /doesn't have to.

The structure be stro ng enough tobear th e weig ht of ea rth.

You let the ho use overheat.

You use stone for t he front wa ll;brick is fine .

You make sure no wate r gets intothe house from the surro und ing soil.

Yourhouse be deep under ground;l.Sm of earth above the roof is enough to fullyinsu late the bu ilding .

The weight on the roof is about 3 kN/m 2 so you___ _ _ _ use pre-stressed concrete roofbeams.

The hou se is very we ll insulat ed, so you_ _ ___provide much heati ng.

The re are strict rules about whe re you can bu ild.You_ _ _ _ _ build wit hou t plan nin gpermission.

Make a sentence about each of these buildin gregulat ions using an appropriate form of mustor have to.

EXAMPLE

Agricultura l buildings must not be usedfor liVingaccommodation.

. .Not to be used forlivingaccommodation

1 Atleast 100 metres from a house

2 Fireexitrequired

3 On site for no more than 28 days

4 Sleepingaccommodation notpermitted

5 Planning permiss ion notrequired

6 Alarmsystems required

7 Disabledaccess required

42 Uni t 7

ReadingInside the future home

:I CO! Now listen to t he words and underlin e the stressedsylla ble.The first one has been done for you in th e tab leabove.

S Interior walls willrun on t rackssorooms can be usedin different ways.Some parti tio ns w illbe made of glasswhich becomesopaque whe n acurrent is passedth rough it .

, Wall-mounted flatscreens will replaceTVs.Thesewil1alsoact as computersand (CTV monitorsfor securitycameras.

7 Robotswill carryout tasks such ascarpet cleaning anddusting

Gadget boxThe microcompact house is a 2.66m cube with a timber frameand an anodized a luminium ctadding.It conta ins two compactdo uble beds.a shower/toilet. and a kitchen with sink.microwave.fridge. freezer ,and hob .It is fitted with heatingand air-conditioning. It weigh s 2.2 tonnes .

Who do you think the microcompact home is intended for?

adjective

be adapted

vary

be put into effect ormade t o work

last a lon g t ime

be seen

beconverted

be predicted

VocabularyAdjectives with -able and -ible

Many adjectives ending in -able or · ible describe theability to do something.Complete the table.All thewords have been used in this or earlier units.

can ...

Houseswil l be smaller becauseofthe increase in population and

shortage of building land. Theywill

be ada ptable to meet the needs oftheir owners at all stagesin life.New mater ials will be used to

minimize mai ntena nce andincreaseli fespan.Wewill fill ourho mes with labour-saving devices

an d sma rt technology to improveour healt h and comfort.

Work in pairs .Make a list of ways in which homes ofth e future will be different from homes of today.

Z Study the diagram and read the associated texts.Compare your list in 1with the information.

~.,----- 2 Enoughpowerfor ~

domestic .usewill be Igene rated by windor solar ene rgy,or acombination ofboth . -:--........

9 Fridges will monitorthe 'bes t before 'dates on food stuffsand will reportwhen food ha s beenstored too lon g.They will suggestrecipes based on theingred ie nts youhave in your kitchen .

3 As wate r becomesscarce , ultrasoundclea ners mayreplace washingmachines anddishwashers as amo re efficient andless wasteful wayof cleaning.

Future home s 4 3

opaque (adj) not clea r enough to see through or allowlight thr oughdust (v)clean su rfaces with a clothbest before date (n) date printed on a food packageadvising you the produ ct willnot be of such goodqua lity afte r thi s date

The t ext s give the reason s for some of the pred ictionsabout fut ure home s,but not for all. In your notebooks,list the rea son s for these prediction s where they aregiven.

Predict ion

Houses will be smaller.

Interiorwallswill run on tr acks.

Some pa rtitions will be mad e of glass wh ichbecomes opaq ue whe n a current is passed th rough it.

There willbe convertibl e furniture.

Wall-mounted flat scree ns willreplace TVs.

Ultrasound clea ners may rep lace wa shing machinesan d dishwashe rs.

Robot s will ca rryout tasks such as carpet cleaningand dustin g.

Fridges willmonitor t he 'best before'date s on foodst uffs.

Newspap ers will be down loaded onto elect ronic pa per.

Medicine containers will monitoryour use.

Enough powe r for domesti c use will be generat ed bywind or solar energy,ora combinat ion of bot h.

4 With your partner,write your own rea son for eac hpredict ion wh ere no reaso n is provided in th e t ext s.Use inf eren ce skills to combine information given inthe text s with your ow n knowledge.

EXAMPLE S

Robot s will carry out t asks such as car pet cleaning anddusti ng because th is saves work and time by humans.

Fridge s will mon itor th e 'b est before ' dates on

foodstuffs to m ake sure we don 't eat dangerously old

f ood.

44 Unit 7

-------- - •• 0 __

In a country threatened byflooding, thesafest placeto be isactually on the water.Then your house just goes up and down .KoenOlthuis ,j1ooting houseArchitect

Problem-solvingLookat the diagram of a section of wall used in anearth home.Tryto guess what the key parts of thestructure are and what they are made of.

o-----1~I___- A

I oll-----I-I~- B

D

2 Now label the diagram using the informationcontained in the text.

BACKAND SIDE WALLS

These are multileaf concrete and insulation. Theoutermost envelope. which is built first, is 150 mmconcrete block (1) with a few sup porting pillars

outside . This acts as a permanent shutter for thehea vy waterproof tanking membrane (zt.fnstdethat is the main structural wall (:{)ma de from

660 mm dense concrete block . Th e insulationcomprises 100 mm slabs of expanded polyurethane

(4) and these ar e fixed to the concrete wall withadhesive. all the cracks and joints being tilled withaerosol PU foam . The insulation is protected with avapour harrier of polythene and the final layer of100 mm concrete or brick IS} is built inside that .These walls have to be very strong. completely and

permanently waterproofed , insulated to the higheststandards. and vapour-proofed from within toprevent deterioration of the insu lation. The back wallis altogether just over till thick and is sup portedat -lm inte rvals by the structura l counterforts whichseparate OIW room from the next.

ProjectWork in groups, A.a,and C.The pictures showexamples of accommodation designed for particularsituations. Decide in your group what the situations areand how technology has been used to meet theirrequirements,

Z In your groups, research more about the buildings in 1and make notes. The websites will give you plenty ofinformation.Follow the links to find out as much asyou can .

Group A www.g~~!te rs,-c;on:l1

GroupB WWW....J!l9DQ!ltbic.com/

Group C www. a!!!~n:t ica.a c. uk/

livin8-and_workinglresearcbstatto ns/halley/h alleyvi/

Form new gro ups of t hree w itha person from A,B,an d C.Tellyour group what you havefou nd out abo ut the bu ildings.

c

1 - - - - - - - - -

Futu re homes 45

ChecklistAssessyour progre ss in t his unit.Tick (.I) thest atements wh ich are tru e.

I can tra nsfer info rmatio n from a text to ad iagram

I know ways to describe obligation andnecessity

I can make inferenceswhen I read

My reading and listening are good enoughto underst and most of each text in th is unit

KeywordsAdjectivesadaptableconvertibleself-suffi cientundergro undwell-ins ulated

Nounsaccessaccommodationcondensatio nenvironmentfoundatio nsglobal wa rmi ngstructureventila tion

Verbsconstr uctresist

Note here anyt hing about how English is usedin tech nology t hat is new to you.

46 Unit8

8 Mass transportation

Switch onDo the quiz,

..1 Who invented theinternal combu stionengine ?a Henry Fordb Etienne l enoirc Nikolaus Otto

2 How much of the energyin petrol do petrolengines use?a Three quartersb One th irdc One fifth

3 Where was the world'sfirst motorway built?a Germanyb The USAc Japan

4 A shows a PRTsystem.What doe s PRTstandfor?

a Personal Rapid Transitb People Revolutionary

Transpor tc Private Regional

Transfer

5 Which sente nce abo utThe Freedom. the world 'slargest ship, is not t rue?a She willprovide

accommodation for40,0 00 people.

b She willrise 104mabo ve the water level.

c She will travel veryquickly,

Ei What is the uniquecharacte ristic of t his'Pendollno' in B?

a It travels very fast.b It t ilts as it t ravels

round bend s,c It travels on a single rail.

7 What is a Maglev?a a diesel t rainb an elect ric tra mc a magnet ic train

B What type of boat doesC show?a hovercraftb hydrofoilc surface-e ffect ship

ReadingSkimming

Skimming, or reading for general understanding, is askill you need to develop fo r studying.By iooking at t hetitle of an article and any images - ma ps, diagram s.etc .- you can often get a general idea of what the article isabout before you read.

Look at the title of the article and th e pictures anddecide what the article is about.

2 Now read the first underlined sentence in eachparagraph:t his should give an overview of the text.Decide which of the points in the table will be includedin the text.

Yes No Perh ap s

how the parts of the A380are transported

how the A380 ismanufactured

where the parts are ma de

abo ut the French townof Toulouse

about prob lems with movingthe wing

details about a ship

about different forms oft ransport used to transportA380 pa rts

about Germanmanufacturers

about cities in Europe

J Now read the whole text quic kly and check youranswers.

4 Work in pairs. Without looki ng at the t ext again, seehow much you can rem ember.

How many different m ethods of transport werementioned?

Which countries were mentioned?

Mass t ransportation 47

In this unit• skimming - reading for general unde rsta nding• form ing compound adject ives and noun s• comparative a nd superlat ive review• how to show ent husias m in spea king• how to persuade othe rs

A European project

The main parts of the Airbus A380 are manufactured indifferent locations in Europe, wit h the final assemblyin Toulouse France. The parts have to be transported toToulouse using a variety of methods. Because of its size,the Airbus A380 requires the biggest Wings everconstructed and it is a major un dertaking getting themto Toulouse from the west coas t of Wales in the UK.

At the UKfactory. the winWi~cUnto a jtgthatsupports it on its journey.This jig is placed on a 96·wheel, 200-tonne multi-purpose veh icle (MPV).Thisunmanned vehicle is controlled from a mobile conso lecarried by the operator as he wa lks ahead of the load.Cables are buried in a groove in the roa d. It is 1.7km byroad to the river Dee.Here the wi ng is moved onto aspecially-built, flat-bottomed river craft that extendsonly 2m below the waterline.This craft transports thewing downriverto the port of Mos tyn on the coast.

Anew roll-on I roll-offvessel called the Ville de

Bordeaux has been speCially built to transport thesections of the Airbus to the French [l'ort of Pauillac. Theship is 154m long and 24m wide. It has a cargo deckspace of 6,720m an d the largest water-tight stern door(22m x 14m) ever built. It is equipped with a system ofintern al ramps, doors, and hoistable decks toaccommodate the ai rcraft com ponents, and travels atan average speed of 16 kno ts.

Fuselage sections manufactured in northern Germanyare transported aboard the Ville de Bordeaux from thefactory in Hamburg. The vesse l stops en-route atMostyn to load the wing before continuing to theFrench coastal town ofSt Nazaire. Here the completeforward fuselage w it h cockpit and a complete centrefuselage are loaded on board.At the town of Pau illac,the vessel berths alongside a specially-cons tructedquay with the stern aligned to a 150m floatingpon toon.Here t he parts are t ransferred onto specially­constructed barges to be taken down the river Garonneto Langon, 95 km away. A new dock has bee n bu ilt he reso the water depth can be adjusted to enable th e bargesto unl oad thei r ca rgo on to new road tr ansport ers.These vas t new compute r-guided lorries take the pa rts240 km to Tou louse alo ng roads that have had to bewidened and straigh tened to accommodate th e convoy.

---4 8 Unit 8

The shortest regular scheduled

fl ight is between two of th e

islands in Orkney in th e north of

Scotland. It takesonly

2minute s.

------_...--

VocabularyCompound adjectives and nouns

Choose a compound noun to complet e the sent ences.

airbag powerb oat seabedBoat-bu ilder radio signa l traffic congestioncontainer ship safety belt waterline

Passengers travelling in a car are obliged to wear a

Bull et tr ain

Go to p.112.

Go to p.ll0.

M aglevtrain

Technology

Each of you has some info rma tion. Ask and answerque stions to complete the table.

Max spee d

country

Student A

Student B

PairworkWork in pai rs.Discu ss the las t time you travelled by t rain .Why did you take the tr a in ?Do many people choose tot ravel by train in your country? Why? I Why not?

Z Lookat the pictures.What types of train are these?

controlledbreakingingoingconditioneddistance

airremotelongbuiltoceanrecord

John works as a for a smallcompany making sport and leisur e boats.

When the is we ak, reception ispoo r.

Most good s that are t ransported at sea are packedinto containers that are loaded onto a

Two words can be joined together to make acompound adjective,which is usually wri tten with ahyphen.

Tohelp you remember new vocabulary,try to learnwords in phrases.Find t hese com pou nd adjectives inth e text and write down the noun they de scribe .

EXAMPLE

computer-guided!£!:!xmulti -purpose _

roll-on _

96-wheel _

Z Match a word in A w ith a word in Bto make compoundadjectives.

A B

I11

Part of the hull of a sh ip sits be low theFuel

Track

In city centres and on major roads_______has be come a major problem.

Efficiency

3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Mag levand Bullet t rains.Make notes.

Mass trans portation 49

"• 0

-_ .....------ - ........ ..... ............. ......

........................... ---. _. ~~...~~~

EXAMPLE

Travelling by car is the most dangerous fo rm oftransport. Walking is slightly safer, but it is considerablysafer to travel by bus.

A group of peop le we re asked to rate car,bus,andwa lking as forms of transport . Lookat the table and th eexample below .Then write sent en ces to compa re theother feat ures.

Car

Convenience ./././ ./ ./

Walking

,f

,f

,f,f

Bus

H £

xxx

,f,f,f

,f,f,f

,f,f,f,f

HH£

xxxxxPollution

Safety

Cost

Journey t ime ././././ ./

• How much do you remember about comparative andsuperlat ive adject ives?

~the correct form.1 Air travel isquicker / more quicker than travel ling by

car.It's most dangerous / more dangerous travelli ng bycarthan by train.Passengers are usually happier / more happy to payfor quice con nect ions than beautiful interiors.

4 501km/h was the fa stest / mo st fa st speed achievedbya Maglev train in 2003 .City plannersmust try to find moreefficient / themo st effi cientf orm ofpublic transport.The cheap est / The less expen siveform oftransportis not always the good / best answer.

• Can you explain th e rules?Go to Grammar referencep.II8 and check your answers.

• To tal k about the similarities or differences in moredetail, we can use adverbs before the comparativestructure.

• Language spotComparative and superlative review

2 Underline the adverbs in this paragraph.

Compared to ships and road vehicles, Maglev trainsmove passengers and goods at much higher spee dsand cons ide rably lower cost .They also use a good dealless energy. Compared to air transpo rt. Maglev trainsmove passe nge rs and goods at a lot less cost and inmu ch more volume.Overall,Maglev tec hnology is amu ch bett er way to move people and goods th anexisting modes.Aswe ll as being a great dea l cheaperan d a lot fas ter, it has a far longer se rvice life.

• The adverbs in the paragra ph refer to largedifferences.Can you think of adve rbs we use to refer tosma ll differences?slightly

Which adverbs are more informal?

» Go to GIamrnar reference p.I IS

50 Unit 8

Mark my words .a com binati on alrplane andmot orcar iscoming .You may smile, but it

wlllcome.Henry Ford 1940

Pronunciation Its my job

~~I was really exha usted.

'"'\ ~[was absolutely exhausted.

2 Work in pairs, Aand B.Take turns to read the sentencesbelow. Reply to each one using real/y orabsolutelyan dan adject ive from t he box.Remember to soundenthusiastic!

Showing enthusiasm

We can show how enthusiastic we are in the words wechoose and in the way we speak.

Ci'tI Listen t o how we can use really or absolutely tomake a strong adjective stronger.The story ofth e Airbu s A380 is really fascinati ng.When you stand near tt.you realize it 's absol utelyenormous.

Notice how we pronounce really. absolutely. and astrong adjective

II,

delightedeno rmousessential

fascinatingluxuriou smarvellous

terrifiedunbelievable

(;I Listen to an interview with Matt Haydon . a MarineEngineer, and put the ques t ions in the correct orde r.

a What hours do you work on the Ship? _

Are there any risks? _

c Wha t'syourjob? _

So,what sort of t ra ining did you have to become aMarine Engineer? _

e Would you recom mend this job to oth ers? _

f How much time do you get off? _

g What are you responsible for in your job? _

h What's the most challengi ng part of the job?EXAMPLE

A The story ofthe Airbus is interesting.B Yes, it's reallyfascinating.

Stud ent A

The story of the Airbu s is interesting.

Have you seen the new Airbus A380?

They have had to rebuild road s and develo p newquay s to tr an sport the parts.

4 My new car has satellite navigation .

Student B

5 Is pub lic tra nsport important for reduci ng carbonem issions?

Most cruise shi ps are like five-star hotels

Youmu st have been pleased to w in the designer ofthe year award!

8 Did you enjoy travelli ng at 430 km /h on the Maglev?

Now change an d do th e exercise aga in.

(;I Liste n again and answer the questions in 1.

Discuss with a partner.

1 Would you like to do this job?

2 Would you like to work for fourteen weeks an d th enhave fou rteen weeks' holiday?

Why do you think it is 'st ill a man's job '?

Make your pointPersua sion

Jo Illich wa nts to per su ad e a grou p of town plann ers toaccept his solution to ease t raffic congestion in his city.He deci de d t o visit Lee Avatar t o he lp him prep a re hispresentation.This is th e chec klist Lee sent to Jo.

• Preparewell.Gatherall the relevant details. You musthaveall thenecessary facts and figures,andtheymust be correct.

• Givesufficient background information,but don'tboreyouraudience.

• Bepreparedto giveclearreasons foreachsuggestion.• It's best to prepareprintouts givingdetailed financial

andtechnological data.That allowstheaudiencetoreadat their ownspeedandto referbackwhennecessary.

• You shouldsoundenthusiastic.Smileandmakeeyecontact.

• Don'tbe afraid of silent pauses while you put visua lsin place.

• Don'trus h!Take your t ime and spea k clearly.• Be prepared forquestions!

2 !OI Listen to Jo's presentation and look at Lee's checklist.Use th e check list to eval uate 10's performance anddiscuss w ith a partner how persuasive he was.

Work in small gro ups . Prepare a shor t, persuasivepresentation about the advantages of a mode of publictransport. Think about noise and air pollution I energyeff iciency I safety and comfort I land u se I jo urneyt ime .

Give ot her students feed back on th eir presentationsbased on the checklist.

Mass t ransport at ion 51

ChecklistAssess your progress in this unit. Tick (..') th esta tements w hich are true.

I can for m com pou nd adjectives an d nouns

Ican for m com paratives and supe rlat ives

I know how to express enthus ias m w he nspeaki ng

I know what is impo rtant when t rying toper suade ot hers

My listening and reading a re good en oughto unde rstand most of ea ch text in t his unit

KeywordsAdjectivesfascinati ngmag neticpropose d

Nounsba rgecargocongestioncontai ner shipgoodslocat ionmotorwaypassengerpublic transportrailst at ist icsvessel

Not e here anyt hing about how Englis h is usedin t echnology th at is ne w to you.

52 Writingbank

Writing bank

II,

1 1

II

EmailsArethese statements about emailstrue or false?

If you know the recipient we ll,you can leave out the openinggreeting and complimentaryclose.

Emoticons :.)© can be used inany type of email.

Tostress a word, write it inCAPITAL LETTERS.

4 Youshould keep your messageshort.

It's not necessary to answer anema il quickly,

Youshould never writesomething you don't wantothers to see.

Youshould try to be amusing.

2 Read the email and answer thequestions.

1 Who is CarolLarque?

2 Who is Hartmut Schwandner?

3 What does Carolwant?

4 Why does she tell Hartmutwhere she works?

Match the parts of the emaill-7with the sect ions a-g .

a Reason for writing

b Sender's position

c Subject line

Complimentary close

e Sender's name

f Opening greeting

g How Carol knows aboutHartmut

Dear Mr Schwanc ner ?

I was interested to read the article in the Engineering and

Technology Journal last month abo ut the revolutio nary

earplug you have developed."

I work for a woodworking company in centra l Sweden and

I would be gratefu l if you could let us have technica l details of

this prod uct as we ll as price and minimum order

requirements. s

I look forward to hearing from you.e

Carol Larque

Health and Safety Officer ?

1

4 Read the two ernails and answerthe questions .

How does Per begin the mainbody of th e ema il?

How does Per make politerequests?

How do Per and Larrteopen andclose their emails? Which one ofthem knows the person they arewriting to?

A Write an email to ask fortechnical information about theheat pumps advertised in TheEnergy Journal last week .VOU

also want to know about thecost and details for installi ngthe m.You th ink you couldinstall it yourself. Askabout thelength of the guarantee.Write70-90 words.

Ifyou are looking for a safe and

environmentally-friendly

alternative to fossil fuels. heat

pumps are the answer.Heat pumps provide the safe

solution to heating the house

and reduce costs by up to 700)'0 .

B Write an email to PlasticsIncorporated asking for deta ilsof the ir apprent iceship or younggraduate schemes .Write 35-50words.

Writing ban k 53

- .>;!

-~I Per Lowi

~I Ken Trim

~lSubject: I Security cameras

1-

Dear Ken

Following our telephone conversation this morning regarding the

installation of security cameras at your factory, I wou ld be grateful if

you could send me a detailed map of the premises. We need to be

able to assess how many cameras we would need to cover your

premises and the most suitable places to fix them so that the whole

area can be seen. Can you also indicate on the map where you would

like the monitors to be placed? For example , you could have them in

the recept ion area or main office where they are constantly on view.

Best wishes

Per

--Cl.>;!

-~I Larrie Dale

~I info@barrierdesigns.com

~ISubject· I Catalogue

Dear Sir/Madam

As a consulta nt to the oil industry I am very interested in your safety

products . Could you please send me your cata logue and latest

price list? We are part icularly interested in providing our customers

with effective gas detectio n systems.

I look forward to hearing from you .

Yours faithfully

Larrle Dale

Dale Products

Tel: 001519 1557323232

24 Alberta Road , Newington, Londo n, Ontario

~

54 Writ ing bank

Fig.4

slightly.

during th is time , but there was agrowt h in the amo unt of nuclearelectric power after 1970 , reachingapp rox imately 8,000 millio n billi onJou les in 2005. The fall in energycons ump tion in the years around1980 was probably due to the w orldoil crisis.

The rosetemperature f---------+........:::......:-------1

Rice fell significant ly.produc tio n

There dramatic rise in solarwasa energy

product ion.

WORLD ENERG Y CONSUMPTION

• COAL

• NATURAL GAS

+-_ _ _ _ _ 0 PETROLEUM

• NUCLEAR ElECTRICPOWER

• CONVENTIONALHYDROElECTRICPOWER

• WOOD, WASTE,ALCOHOL

• GEOTHERMAL

SOLAR

III WIND

o~~~1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 YEAR

45 ,00

40,00

35.00we 30,00Qz;

25,000

g20,00

z0a 15.00

:110 ,00

5,000

Fig.3

rising rapidly to reach 42,000 millionbi lli on Joules by 2005. The secondand thi rd largest sources of energyw ere natural gas and coal, whi ch eachaccounted fo r about 25,000 milli onbillio n Joules in 2005 . The grap hshows that insignif icant amounts ofenergy came from renewa ble sources

Fig.2

increasedmode ratelysha rpslowlysteepwent up

Complete the tables with thewo rds below.

Describing graphs Fig.1

conside rablydecreaseddroppedgraduallygrowt hincrease

2 Look at th e gra ph in Fig.4.

1 What is the topic of the gra ph?

2 What does the horizo ntal (X)axis represent?

What are th e figures on th evertical (V) axis ?

4 What were the most importantsou rces of energy? Why are1978 and 1983 significant? Whatdo you notice abou t alternativesources of energy? Whichsource of energy grewsignifica ntly after 1970?

Read t he description ofthe graphin Fig.4.

1 Whalis the purp ose of the firstsentence?

What is the purpose of thesecond sentence?

Wh ich words have a mea ningsimilar to approximately?

The graph in Fig. 4 shows how muchenergy from different sources wasused between 1950 and 2005. Wecan see that ove r this period theamount of energy used increasedsharp ly and the largest amount ofenergy came from petroleum . In1950 just over 13,000 milli on bi llionJoul es was used but this f igure rosesharply to reach a peak of roughly40 ,000 mill ion billion Joul es in1978. There was a dramatic fall tojust over 30,000 million billion in thefo llow ing five years before

II,

Writi ng bank 55

CARGO TRANS PORTATION I N CROATIA

_ 48% ROAD

c==l 32 % SEA AND COASTAL

c:::::J 11% RAILWAY

c==l 8% PIPELINE

c==l 1% INLAND WATER

c==l 58% ROAD

c==l 32% RAILWAY

_ 9% SEAANDCOASTAL

_ 1% AIR

PASSEN GER TRANSPORTATION I N CROATIAFig.S4 Lookat the pie cha rts in Fig. 5.

1 What do they show?

Read t he description of the piecharts.

What does respectively mean?

The word while is used tocontrast two pieces ofinformation .Find two ot he rwords which have the samefunction.

5 Choo se the correct answer.

A line graph I pie chart shows arelation ship between twovariables.The variable on the Xaxis is often time.We use a linegraph I pie chart to show increasesand decreases.

A linegraph/ piechart is dividedinto sectors which repr esent aper centage of the whole.We use aline graph I p ie chart to compareand cont rast da ta .

The pie charts compare the use of diff erent modes of passenger and cargotransportat ion in Croatla. Jt can be seen that more than half of all

passenge rs choos e to trave l by road, accou nti ng for 58%, w hile just unde rhalf of all cargo is carried by road . Abo ut a thir d of all passengers use rail

transport but only 11% of Croatia's cargo go es by rail. Croetle has a longcoastline and just under a thi rd of Croa tia's cargo is transpo rted by sea.

How ever, only 9% of passengers use this form of trans po rt . Th is is pro bably

because sea transport is cheaper for cargo but too slow for passengers.Pipeline and in land wat er transp ortat ion acco unt for 8% and 1% of cargotranspo rtatio n respectively.

--S6 Writing ba nk

6 A Use expressions from the ~ UK OIL CON SUMPTION AN D PRODUCTIONClipboard to write a description

4,000of t he graph in A.In your firstsentence describe what thegraph is about by using t he

~ 3,000tit le,X,an d Yaxis. In the seco ndsentence give an overview of

'"cthe trends shown in the grap h. ~ 2,000

The n describe the graph inc,

mo re detail. Write 80-100 ~wo rds. ;;; 1,000

B Write a description of th e piechart in B.Write 80-100 words.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005YEAR

II,

Clipboard

Language for describing grap hs

The graph shows

The graph provides inf ormation

abou t

The cha rt compares

Between 2004 and 2006

From 2004 to 2006

Over this period

In 2005

During this time

Reach a peak

Accountfor

7 Carry out a class survey of themeth od of t ransport used byst udents to get to class.Display theresults in a pie chart and thenwrite a description.

_ CONSUMPTION

_ PRODUC TIO N

WH Y PEOPLE USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

_ 34% TO AND FROM WORK

c===J 3% WORK RELATED

c===J 13% SHOPPING

c===J 11% FAMILY / PERSONALBUSINESS

_ 13% SCHOOL /CH URCH

5% MEDICAL / DENTAL

c===J 2% VACATION

c===J 8% VISIT FRIEND

c===J 11 % SOCIAL RECREATIONAL

ProfileI am a highly motivated a nd ha rd working young graduate with excelle ntacademic qua lifications and appropriate wo rk experience in the field ofecology. I wo rk very well in a team, have exce llent communication andorganizational skills,and enjoy encouraging and motivat ing others,including child re n.

Education an d qu alifications2005 - 2008 University ofleeds

BSc(Hons ) 2.1Environmental biogeoscienceMy personal resea rch project on collecti ng biodata in the riverDanube flood pla in is to be pu blished by t he Worldwide Fundfor Nature in t he ir quarterly magazi ne.

Modules st udiedEnvironmental Risk:Science ,Policy,and ManagementAir quality: Science and PolicyEarth System Science : Biochemical CyclesSoils and Environmental ChangeSust a ina ble Development:Cha llenges and Practice

CV (CurriculumVitae)Read Ma rc's CV.He is applying forgraduate schem es specia lizing inEnvironmental con sultancy andIm pac t assess m ent. Answer theque stions.

Whi ch schooi did he go to ?

What subjects did he study atschool?

At which university did hestu dy ?

What subject did he st udy ?

What did he do while he was inGermany?

6 Where is th e Eden Project?

7 Whatdidhedothere l

8 What doe s he think hi sst rengt hs are?

What doe s h e do in hi s freetime?

Marc FosterDD.B. 03.06. 1986Email: mfoster@worldwide.co.ukTe" home 01295670026Nationality: British

Writing bank 57

mobile 07884 128831

1998 - 2005 Polam HallSchool. DarlingtonASlevel: Business studies (C),General St udies (B)Azlevet Chemistry (B), Mathematics (A), Biology(B)9 GCSEgrades , 2A",4A, 2B,lC

Z Write a CVfor yourself. In your CVyou have to sell yourself. Unit 15will give you ideas of differentskills. Once you have com pletedthe CV,write a covering lett er to gowith it . Work Experience

July/August 2006, 2007

Summer 2004, 2005

Worldwide Fund for Nat ure, Ge rma nyTot al of 12weeks spe nt assisting with speciesand habitat management .su rveyinga ndmoni to ring activities, a nd t he collection ofbiodata .This provided valuable experience ofecosystems as we llas wo rking in aninte rnational tea m.The Eden Project, Cornwa llSum mer ass istant w ith respon sibility fo r se llingtickets, gufdlng visito rs around the centre a ndassi st ing with ed ucational activities fo r child ren.This helpe d me develop my skills work ing w ithchildren and mem be rs ofthe pub lic as we llasexplaining issues re lated to the enviro nme nt .

InterestsItake great pleasure in travelli ng to expe rience differen t cultu res, meet newpeople .an d lea rn f rom new expe riences. Ienjoy playing t he piano a ndsing ing . Ihave bee n a me m ber of th e unive rsity ope rat ic socie ty fo rt he lastthree yea rs.

58 Writ ing bank

MemosRead th e mem o and answer t heque stion s.

What is the pu rpose of them em o?

How will ap prentices bechose n?

What should the team leadersin the MaintenanceDepartme nt do now?

Clipboard

KEY STONE ENGINEERING

122- 128Highland Street

Newby

1.1:0044 547m 134email:enguirles@keystone.(o.uk

Memo

The appre nt ices hi ps wi ll be f o r th ree yea rs and wil l cons istof on- t he-job tra i ni ng unde r s upervision i n t he Mai ntena nceDepar t ment and day release one day a wee k t o t he lo calcollege.

A deci s i on has been made by se ni or management t hatapprent i ceshi ps for s i x Ma i nt enan ce Techn i et ans wi11 bemade ava 'i l abl e t o s ta r t i n Sept embe r 2008 . Adve r ti sements

i nvi t i ng ap pli cants wi ll be pl aced in nat ion a l news pap e r si n June . In t e rv iews wi ll be arrange d f or t he week beg i nning3 Ju l y .

II,I

A memo is an internal com panydocument that is norm allyimp ersonal and forma l in style .It can be sent to one person or anumber of peo ple within theorganization and may be put ona noticeboa rd. It should:

sta te who i t is to

state who it is from

have a ti tle exp laining what it isabout, an d a date

state the purpose in the openingparagrap h

be as brief as possible.

To

From

Subject

Date

Ma; nt en a nce De par t men t

Trai ni n9 Mana ge r

Six Apprent ices hi p pl aces sta r t i ngSeptem be r 2008

14 May 200 8

Woul d team l eade r s pl ease a t t end a meet i ng in room D onThurs day 17 May at 9 a .m. to di scus s poss i bl e s ki l leds upe rvi so rs f o r t he appre nt i ces and t he apprenti ces' wo r k

rot at i on .

Writing bank 59

manager.

___ _ _ _ _ __6 for one ofthese dates with their group

Kirb Corn onents

Kirby North Industrial EstateKirby

General Manage r

GPS vehicle navigation system for all delivery vehicles

24 November 20 08

From

S ubject

D ate

As part of the company efficie ncy programme, _

over the next few weeks. This equipment will allow drivers to find their

way to delivery addresses more quickly and 4 .

To

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 on how to opera te the equipment will be run

on Monday4, Tuesday 5 and Thursday 7 December at 8.30 a.m.

2 Complete the memoby puttingthe informat ion a-f in the correctplace.

a all transpor t vehicles will befitted with GPSnavigationsystem equipment

b Short briefing courses

c Would all drivers please sign up

d Memo

e so improve the efficiency of ourdelive ry service

Transport Department

A Write a me mo to all staffworking in the FoodDepartment at BritewaysSupermar ket. Use the notes in Abelow. Provide a companyaddress, date, etc. Write 80-100words.

B Start Enginee ring have recentlysig ned a contract with aGerman company, Poch AG,tosupp ly them with compo nentsfor the next th ree yea rs.Agroup of Senior Managers fromthe compa ny are coming tovisit Start Engineering. Write ame mo to all staff using thenotes in Bbelow.Write 70-90wo rds .

oClw1j~ i",fru.it eM v'jeteblo peck.eJi'13 ­willstop u.Ji'13 pleJtictreyJ.

N~w treyJ compoJteblt, Jterti'13 'teXtwu,",tit

Less ~ttr~ctive. so steff V/Ud to r~SSj..{ re.

C-tutome.rs

(ompe",y edvertisi'13 cempel9'"to promot»:them eJ mviro"""'~'l-telly-fri~Mly'teXtww'l-tit

Ev~ryo"-O to ett~M Jhart tmi>u'13 JUJio",Frideylp.m., rOom D

TlwJO u.","bl~ to MtoM, speak: to li"-O -"'"3~r

Wvisit 10 - 13 Apnl

be prepared toanswer technical questions­be helpful

be prepared toexplainproduction procedures- be informative

arrange lunch andrestbreaks sothere isalways someone available toanswer anytechnical questions

60 Writing bank

InstructionsMatch the hand signals with theinstructions to the driver .

LowerMove forwardMove backwardsRaiseStop

1 What instructions do thesesigns give?

EXAMPLE

A Do not smoke.

When we give instructions. we usethe infinitive of the verb .Togive awarning or prohibit an action weuse do not.

Have you ever used a fireexti ngu isher? Would you use thesame ext ing uis her for an elect ricalfire as for a paper fire? Why?IWhynot?

Find the nearest fire ext ing uishe rto your room and read the ty pe offire it is sui tab le for.

Use the words below to completethe instructions for using a fireextinguisher.

Do not 1 a fire if th ere is

a) considerable heat

b) significant smokeor fumes

c) a poss ibilityyou will betrapped.

_____ _ 2 th e fire emerge ncyservices

_ _ ____3 t he correct extinguisher

AimBeCaUChooseFightHold

PointPuUautReleaseSqueezeSweep

___ ___ 4 th e pin

_ _ _ _ _ _ 5 the nozzle away from you

_ _ _ _ _ _ 6 the locking mechanism

_____ _"low

_ _ _ ___et he extinguisher upright

and aim at the base of the fire

____ __9 th e trigger .

_ _ _ _ _ _ 10 prepared for t he force and

noise of the ext inguishing agen t

____ _ _ 11 th e nozzle from side to side

Writ ing bank 61

~,:~: : ',

rn~N: i i i, -,y.----.!:.>--, ',

main st ructureplywood or other board materialinteriorblack pain ted metaliidglassreflective pane lsalum iniu m foilcorrugated cardboard

Write 50-70 words .

Clipboard

Useful verbs

Place Attach

Connect Cut

Paint Measure

Cover Use

Estimate Fix

Calculate Try to

4 Look at th e sketches tha t showhow to make a solar oven.Write aset of instructions on how to builda solar oven to accompany theillustrations. Include all t he pa rtsan d materia ls from this list:

62 Writ ing bank

Health and safetyLookat part of a completedaccidentreportform.

1 Who was injured?

2 How old is he ?

3 What we re his injuries?

4 Why do you think the driverdidn't see the boy?

Name of inju red person

Address

Phone number

Age

Female/Male

Jobt itle

Abt!vlAzIZI

Tt,;;267, Block 65, NewDty,B,rmfllqham

0121121212

9

Male

notappl,cable

Clipboard

,/

Kind ofaccident

Contact withmoving machinery

Hit by moving object

Hit bymoving vehicle

Hit so methi ngfixed

Injured while handl ing,lifting,carrying

Slipped, t ripped, fell

Trapped

Drowned

Exposed to harmfulsubstances

Exposed tofire

Exposed to electricity

Injuredbyanima l

Physically assaulted bya person

Whowastheinjured person?

Employee

On training scheme

Onworkexperience

Employedbysomeone else

Self-employed

Member of th e pub lic

Past SimplePastSirnple

(Passive)

Past PerfectAbdu/ had entered ...

Whenwe write an incident reportwe use past tenses .Ja/an Balog saw ...

Abdu/ was hit.. .

Language of injuries

Hecut hishandand neededstitches.

Shebroke her leg/had a broken leg.

Hewas knockedunconscious.

He burnthisarm.

She has a bruisedface.

Hewas knocked down bya car.

Heslipped on/t ripped over ...

Hesuffereda majorinjury/a brokenneck.

Descriptionof what happened Abt!vl washit by a movfllq t!vmpertrvckwhich wascarryfllqearthonthecMstrvctliJnsite fII Mafll Roat!. Thetrvckdovert!it!notseeAbt!vl, whoMt! easerea thesite..folan&110'!- Siteroremal/, 8(JW theaCCit!entant!callet!anambvlance..Jolanant!twootherworkers stayet!With Abt!vl vntil theambvlance arrlVetI. Athospital,Abt!vlwasX-rayet!ant!(ovnt!to Mveabroken leqant!brVl$et!arms.

Writi ng bank 63

Give any recommendations to avoid similar accidents occurring

Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given _

Time: _

About the person who had theaccidentName _

Address _

Occupat ion _

Reportnumber Date _Signatu re _

About the accident

When did it happen? Date: _

Where did it happen? _

How did it happen and why? _

About you, the person filling inthe reportName _

Address _

Occupation _

An Accident InvestigationInspector has produced a Healthand Safety report followingAbdul's accident. Match thepa ragra phs A-Dwith the correctpart of t he report 6.1-7.2.

Health and Safety report

:z Dan Skrebows ki, 22,has beeninvolved in an accident at workduri ng his tra ining in elect ricalinstallat ion.Look at the pictur esbelow,and the n fill in the reportform.Use imaginary personaldetails for Dan .Use theexpressio ns in Clipboard and thePast Simp le to describe hisinjuries. Write 60-80 words.

[K) Vehicle access point s to the site

shou ld be manned duringconstructio n work to preventpersons accessing the sitewhen gates are open.

[[] Vehicle access po ints to thesite were constantly open andunm anned .

[fJ Site should be securely fencedoff to prevent unauthorizedaccess by member s of thepubli c. Any breaks should bef ixed imm ediately.

@] Site had not been securelyfenced off. Temporary fencinghad fallen ove r in tw o placesand had not been put back up.

6 .0 Findi ngs

6 .1

6 .2

7.0 Recomm endation s

4 Write the findings andrecommendations sections of areport following Dan's accident .Write 60-80 words.

7 .1

7 .2

64 Writ ing bank

ReportsComplete the sho rt descrip tion ofwhat reports are for with thewords below.

Areport 1 a study,

investigation,or project. It s

_____ _ 2 is to provide

recommendations, updates, and

sometimes to sell an idea .It is

_ _ ____, by a single

perso n or group of people who

have investigated the

______ 4 an d it is read by

peop le who require the

information.It should be as lon g

as necessary an d as short as

issuedescribespossible

purposewritten

The treadle pump uses simple technology to raise wat er fromund erground sour ces. Fuel is not .

On the other hand, the diesel pump has the advantage of'bctngable to pump la rger qua ntities or water (see app end ix 1.1). It .

Because rain only rails du ring cert ain mon ths of the year andthere is only limited finan ce availab le, it is essential to find anirriga tion syste m that is cost-effective.

The aim of this report was to find the most suitable meth od orrais ing ground wate r, with the main criter ia being cost. lowma intena nce. an d ease or use.

This report pr esents two irrigation syste ms; the treadle pumpand the diesel pump.

A descripti on an d an an alysis or opera tional efficiency for eac hpump are followed by a compar ison of the two designs. Finallythe most effective pump is recommended.

Appendix 1 - table showing compara tive figures

2.0 Treadle pump2.1 OperationThe treadle pump is opera ted by a person using his/h er bodyweight and leg muscles in a walking movement to pump thewater.The pump cons ists or two piston s positioned inside twocylinde rs.

In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: alow-cost treadle pump and a diesel-genera ted pump . Each islow in basic cost and easy to . .. . however. the treadle pump isrecomm end ed as it presents lower maintenan ce costs and .

A compa riso n or two irrigation systems for sma ll far mers inrural Africa

Z Read the extracts from a report .Match the items below with theext racts .Two have been done foryou.a Title__

b Table of contents__

c Introduction _ _

d Bodyof the report __

e Compa rison __

Sum mary and Conclusion 2.References!

Summary1.0 Introduction2.0 Treadl e Pump2.1 Operatio n2.2 Costs3.0 Diesel pump3.1 Operatio n3.2 Costs

4.0 Compar ison5.0 Hecommendation

and Conclusions6.0 Heferences

Appe ndices:Appendix 1

By Fra nk Burton and Ailsa Macl.eod24 July 20_

Writing bank 65

[]JTwo possiblebridgedesignssteelbeambridgeandcompositegirder bridge

o This report compares fourteen dif ferent practical measur es th a t can

be taken in order to find th e mos t effective way to red uce the costs

of healing an ave rage hom e in Britain and reduce ca rbo n emissions.

To ac hieve this, the resea rch compares th e cos t of installa tion , the

nu mb er of yea rs req u ired to pay back the investm ent cost and th e

amo unt of ca rbo n save d eac h yea r.The stud y shows tha t the cost of

insul a ting loft ami walls is reco vered within th ree years but saves

only a small amo unt of car bo n. Although it takes approximately

thi rte en year s to pa y back th e cos t of insta lling a gro u nd source hea t

pu mp, it saves the maximum amo un t of carbon and is, therefo re, th e

best long-term solution. Based on the research, we recomme nd th at ,

whe re possible , new homes are fitted with gro und source hea t

pu mps.

The SummarylAbstrac t

The summary is often called anexecutive summary or abstract.

Adescriptive abstract tell s thereader

a what the rep ort is aboutb the purposec met hods used

the scope .

An informative abstract alsoincludes

e the resultsf conclu sion sg recommendations.

Lookat t he informative abstract inA.Mat ch ea ch of th e points a- gabove wi th phrases in the ab stract.

EXAMPLE

A the m ost effective way to reduce

the costs ojheating an averag ehome in Britain and reduce

carbon emissions

4 Use the note s in Bto write part of areport on two possible bridgedesigns.Write th e title, list ofcontents, introduction, summary,and conclu sion for the report. Useexpressions from Clipboard.

Clipboard

Language for reports

Int roducti on

The aim of this report is to ...The purpose ojthis report is to ..This report p resents ...In th is report we review ...

Recomm endat ions and conclusions

In conclusion,...A is recommended as it . .

We recommend ..Based on the research, we

recom mend that ...The main recommendations are

Background:

Criteria:

Include:

Comparison:

Recommend:

Duel ,erriqgewey - tota! 'f le= to ' rOSS riverDu, >wrth S,otleMSpe", 132 >mtres betwu", YIMI"'- YIMIde,ompededfill eWlbenkmeettsSoil 'oMitio"," u""ertei",10 >mtres ebove weter leveli]mdieett - O.07m/m

Me thod of ,o","t rudio",Costs of ,o","teudio", eM meiette","""eAestheticsDumbility

Skd,hes of elevetio"," eM , ross-sutio","Costi'!9 ' e!culetio","Time seele

Soth bridges 'tUd piers a'" piled jou Metio","due to soil.Des~", 2 mede of stul so 10'!gerspe"," but Weru om me M des~", 1

Des~", 1 - mhuYIMII fre me work i",c..ol1St ruc.tiol1-Eesy to erectCheeperMor~dumble

66 Writ ing bank key

Writing bank keyEmails

T - Although it is still polite to include a sim plegreeting su ch as Hi.and end with BestwishesorRegards.

F- Emoti con s shou ld not be used in bus ine ss emailsbecause they are not consideredserious and,in fact,someti mes rude .

F- People consider this to be rude .Write a word initalic s if you really need to highlight it.

T- Emails are used for quick communication,not forlong speeches.and should be bri ef and to the poin t.

F- It is rude not to reply promptly. If you cannot givea definitive answer,acknowledge receipt of t heemail and promise to get back as soon as possible.

T- Other peop le can read the recipient's ernail s andth e recipient may forw ard the email to others.

F- Because you cannot see th e recip ient, he / shehas no way of un dersta nding that you are jokingand may misunderstand a joke.

Z Healt h and Safety Officer in a woodw orkingcompany

Employee of a com pany manufacturin g ear plugs

Technical details of the revolutionary earplug

So that he reali zes the com pany nee d for suchea rplugs:they are required for industrial use ,no tretail.

J a 5 e 1

b 7 f 3

c 2 g 4

d 6

4 By referring to the telephone conversation earlier

I would be grateful I Can you

Dear Ken;Dear Sir I Madam. Per knows the per sonhe is writing to.

Describing graphsFig.1 The temperature increased I went up

slow ly I gradually.

Fig. 2 There was a sharp I steep increase I growth insola r energy production.

Fig. 3 Rice prod uction dropped I decreasedmoderately I conside rably.

Z The amount of energy from diffe ren t sources thatwas used between 1950 and 2005.

Years 1950 to 2005 .

Energy in Joules.

Petroleum,natural gas ,and coa l. Petroleum reacheda peak in 1978 bu t fell dramatically until 1983.Therewas very little energy from alternative sources.Nuclear electric power grew significantly after 1970.

It desc ribes what the graph is about usinginformation from the title . the X.and the Yaxis .

It gives an overview of the trends shown in thegra ph.

Just ove r; roughly; abou t

4 They com pare diffe ren t modes of tr ansp ort forpassengers and cargo in Croatia.

In the same order as

But, howe ver

5 line gra ph . lin e graph

pie cha rt. pie cha rt

cvPolam Hall School,Darling ton

Business Stu dies, Gen eral Studies,Chemistry,Mat hematics , Biology

3 University of Leeds

4 Environmental biogeoscience

5 Worked with the Worldwide Fu nd for Natur e.species and habitat management

6 Cornwall. Engla nd

7 Sold tick ets .guided people. helped with activities forchildren

Highly motivated and hard working.good teamworker. excell ent communication andorganizational skills ,enjoys encouraging andmotivating others

He travels. plays the piano, and sing s.

Writing bank key 67

MemosTo inform employees in the MaintenanceDepartment about apprenticeships in Septemberan d to ask team leaders to attend a meeting todiscuss mat ters relating to this .

There will be interviews.

Attend a meeting in room D on Thursday 17Mayat s a.m .

7.0 Recommendations

7.1 C

7.2 A

6.0 Findings

6.1 D

6.2 B

4 issue

5 possible

describes

purpose

written

Reports5 b

6 c

Instructions

2 d 3 a

f 4 e

Healthandsafety

1 fight 7 Aim

2 Can 8 Hold

3 Choose 9 Squeeze

4 Pull out 10 Be

5 Point 11 Sweep

6 Release

... to find the most effective way ..

... the research compares the cost ofinstallation, thenumber ofyears required to pay back the investmentcost. andtheamount ofcarbon savedeachyeor.This report comparesfourteen different practicalmeasures ..

e The study shows that the cost ofinsulating loft andwalls is recovered within three years but saves only asmall amount ofcarbon. Although it takesapproximately thirteenyearsto pay backthe costofinstalling a ground source heat pump, it saves themaximum amount ofcarbon and is, therefore, thebest long -term solution.

... agroundsourceheatpump .. is the best long -termsolution.

...newhomes(shou ld belfilted with groundsourceheatpumps.

2 a 7 e 1

b 5 6

c 2 3

4

D Lower

E Raise

F Do not drink the water.

G Do not use vehicles.

H Do no t touch.

A Stop

B Move forward

C Move backwards

Z B Do not smoke or light a fire.

C Do not walk/cross here .

D Do not use wa ter to put out the fire.

E Do not eatin here .

AbdulAzizi

Broken leg and bruised arms

Perhaps he couldn't see because of something in hisline of view. Or pe rha ps, because he didn't expectanyone to be near his t ru ck,h e wasn't lookingcarefully.A nine-year-old boy, who was not wearingany safety site clothing, would be very difficult tosee .

68 Unit 9

Switchon WORK EXP ERIENCE

Which of these products is not derived from oil? Dates

Emp loyer

Positio n held

Dares

EmployerPosition heldDatesEmp loyer

Position heldDares

Employer

Position held

__QUALIFICATIOl'i!'

Mon rrose College

Aberdeen Drilling School

1997-98

BP

1998 -2 00 0

BP

2001 - 20 04

BP

Assista n t Dr iller

2004 to present

Diploma in

Z What other oil-derived products can you list?

Rotary derrick

swivelt ravellin g blocktu rnt abl e

ReadingA rotary derrick

Read th is descrip tion of a drilling rig and label th esecom pone nts on the diagram.

bit kellycrown block mu d pum psdr ill string power pla nt

The diagram shows a rota ry derri ck (a type of tower).The derr ick has to be high enough so that sect ions of pipecan be added or removed. Each pip e section is 10 to ISmlon g and , as a gro up, th ey ar e joine d together to form th edrill st rin g.

At th e top of th e derri ck is th e crown block,and at the sideis the power plant, us ually a la rge die sel eng ine.Thepower plant provides power for the dra w works, wh ichare us ed to lift sectio ns of pip e in and out of th e borehole.It also powe rs th e mud pumps.The mud is used forlubricati ng th e bit ,as w ell as th e turntable.

The tr avelling block is suspe nded by a cable from th ecrown block and can mov e up and down.The sw ivel is

It's myjobList these job s in order of seniority. l:.iii~:ieiilRoustabout _

Assistant Driller _

Drille r _

Rough neck _

Drilling Superintendent _

'I> Now listen to an interview with Michael Lennon, aDriller,to checkyour answers.

2 CCJ) Study the ext ract from Michael's CV.Listen to theinterview again and fill the gaps.

3 iC'tl Now list en to t he interview ag ain. Answer thequest ions about Michae LUse information from theinterview and your own knowledge.

1 Why did he get his first job on an oil rig?

2 Why is food so important on an oil rig?

3 Why is be ing a Roughneck cons idered skilled work?

4 Why did h is safety course include learnin g how toescape from a helicopt er ?

Why do oil-rig wor kers learn to fish?

Why is he hop ing to get a shore -based job?

Petroleum engineering 69

Inthis unit• tran sferring inform ation from a t ext to a diagram• Present t ense review• short forms of be with th e Present Continuou s in

conn ected speec h• speaki ng abo ut oil refin ing

Z Now use the collocations in 1to comp lete thesentences.

Make com mo n collocati ons related to oil by ma tchingnouns in A wi th nouns in B.

Z Read the text again. This time note th e functions oft hese rig com pon ents.

Funct ion

cuts the boreho lebit

power plant

mud pum ps

kelly

draw wo rks

Component

A B

dr ill fuelaviation str ingpow er drillerfossil pu mpmud fuelassis tant plan t

swivel

tr avelling block

The provides th e lubr icant.

The bit is locat ed at the end of the _

An nee ds qua lifications to dothe job.

4 Oil an d coal are ty pes of _

5 The is run on diesel.

6 is used in planes.

3 Work in pai rs. Ask and answer qu estions about thefun ctio n of t he different components .

EXAMPLES

A What does t he bit do?

B It cuts the boreho/e.

VocabularyCollocations in petroleum technology

ENGINESTURN TURNTAB LE

DERRICK

attached to the travelling block (a swivel is some thingwhic h is free to rotate). The swivel allows th e pipe torotate freely.The t ravelling block raises or lowers thepipe. The kelly is a heavy pipe approximately Bm long .It is square or hexagonal in section and is suspendedfrom the sw ivel. It fits through the slot in t he tu rn tableand con nects to the top joint of the drill str ing .

The rotary derrick works as follows.First , the powerplant turns the turntable.Then, as the t urn table rotates,it tu rn s the kelly,which rotates the dr ill string .At theend of the string of drill pipes is the diamond-toothedbit. As the pipe t urn s, the bit cuts the borehole.

70 Unit 9

Some estimates calculate that upto 25% of theworld's undiscovered oil reserves could lie beneath the

ArcticOcean.

FUTU RE

• Language spotPresent tense review

• Study this diagram:

PAST

They're having a lunc h break now.

They paint the rig every yea r.

I I

II,

IIi

• Both the Present Simple and the Present Continuousdescri be the present, but the Present Simple can includethe past and the future - it describes things which arealways true or routine.The Present Continuous has amore limited range .

• Study these examples:I like the work.It's pouring with rain.Roustabouts usually ge t jobs like painting.Venezuelan oil contains a lot ofsulphur.I'm work ing on the rig this month.l ow n a 500ec Yamaha motorbike.

Mark with PSor PCwhich tense is used with:

1 non-actionverbs _

2 temporary or unusual activities _

3 verbs of thinking or feeling _4 facts _

5 things happening right now _

6 adverbs of frequency _

• Somet imes the choice of tense depends on thespeaker's point of view. The tense we use can reflecthow far we think of an action continuing beyond thepresent. Note how Michael says :I'm hoping to get a shore-based job. (Iexpect this willha ppen quite soon .)

Contrast this with:I hop e to get a shore -based job . (At some point in mycareer.)

Compare:I'm wor king on a rig. ( Idon't plan to work there formuch longer.)I work on a rig. (This is my job for some time to come .)

2 Put the verbs in brackets in t he best form. Use thespeaker's point of view in italics to help you .

r (live) in the USA.(This is myhome.)

I (live)in Texas. (Idon't think ofth isas permanent.)

I (study) English . (Next year it willbe Spanish.)

4 I (study) mus ic. (Idon 'tth ink I'llever g ive it up.)

r (play) football for the local teamthis season. (I don't think this will go on for anotherseason .)

I (play) football. (It'sa hobby.)

• Some non-action verbs normally used to descr ibesta tes can sometimes be used with the PresentContinuous.Study the examples:Crude oil fe els stickyI'm f eeling sick. It's the smell ofoil.

» Go to Grammar reference p.118

Circle the correct form.

Don't forget . I'm seeing / I see you at ten tomorrow.

I see / I'm seeing the weather has improved.

I'm thinking / /think of buying a hybrid car.

What do you think / What are you thinking ofhybrids?

I hear / I'm hearing more and more comp laintsabou t this product.

I hear / I'm hearing very lit tle with my left ear . It'sbeen like that since t he accident .

Pet roleum eng inee ring 71

Pronunciationbe with the Present Continuous

Because the different pa rts of the verb beare usuallycont racte d in th e Present Continuous , it is easy to missout be when using this tense .

~ Each of th ese phrases has a short form of be.Listenand repeat them.

1 I'm looking for my goggles .

2 You're sta nd ing too close.

3 He's not wea ring a helmet.

4 We're having a fire dr ill.

5 They'r e learning first aid.

2 Complete th e sen tences wit h th e correct contractedform of the verb be.

We studying to be Pet roleum Engineers.

She taking a safety course .

I working for a Dutch company at themoment.

4 They planning to shut down the well.

5 You not following the instr uctions properly.

6 Who looking after th is site?

(;) Now listen to th e sentences an d check youranswers.Repeat them.

PairworkRead this int roduction to oil refin ing.

Crude oil consists of many different hydrocarbonsmixed together .Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen andcarbon in differ ent combina tions. Toconvert crude oilinto useful products, it has to be refined. The firstprocess in refin ing is fract ional disti llati on,whichsepar ates lighter consti tue nts (fract ions)fromheavier ones .This is done by heating the oil.Thevapour ente rs a distillation column.Each fractionconde nses at a different point in the column, and socan be separated out. Fractions with high boilingpoints conde nse in the lower par t of th e column.Fractions with low boiling points condense at coolertemperatur es further up th e colum n.

2 Work in pairs,Aand B.Each of you has a diagra m of adistillation column like the one below,which contai nssome information abou t:

• t he names of the constituents (the fractions)

• the temperature at which differen t hydrocarbonsvapo rize

• th e products

• their uses

PETRO L FORVEHIClES

Ask and answer questions to find th e informat ionmissi ng from your diagram.

EXAMPLES

At what temperaturedoesgasolinecondense?Whichhydrocarbon vaporizes at 400C?What isgasolineusedfor?

Student A Goto p.l13.

Student B Goto p.111.

1 Complete the table for each type of platform described above .

72 Unit 9

car Jack (0) piece of equipment

used to lift a car in orde r to change

a tyre

Problem-solvingIn small groups. match these descriptions of oilplatforms to the correct illustration. Beprepared tojustify your answers.

1 gravity or Gravityor f ixed platforms sit on the seabed.fixed Often havea concrete basewith three to four

hollow columns acti ng as legs with a steel deck

built on top . Used in water upto S20m.Gravity

rigs are often built in sheltered waters, thenfloated out to sea and sunk in position.The

hollow legsand base(an beusedfor storing oil.They cannot easily be moved when the ir useful

l ife is aver,sodisposa l can be a problem.

2 jack-up These platforms sit on steel legs.The legs can below ered to raise the platform above the sea (like

a car jack ).They are used in shallow waters up to

abo ut lOOm.They are cheap, and are reusable, as

they ean be moved to other locati on s. However,

t here are towi ng problems wi t h th ese rigs and

the ir safety reco rd is poorer t han ot her ty pes.

3 semi- Sta nds on colu m ns w hic h sit on pont oon s

submersible below t he level of th e sea.These provide enough

lift to float t he plat form and eno ug h weight t o

keep it up right. Byalte ring t he amo unt of water

in the pontoons, the platform can be moved up

and down.They are used in water of 600­

1800m in depth.They are very stable.even inrough seas.Theycan be easily moved to new

locat ions .They need more support vessels

because they have limited storage.

4 spar Spars are floating platforms moored to the sea­

bed .They come in three forms:a cell spar has a

body composed of a number of vertical columns,

a convem ionalspor has one column. and a trus s

spar has a floating hard tank at the top linked to

a soft tank at the bottom,which is weighted to

provide stability to the st ructure.Spars are

cheaper and more stable than tension leg

platforms.They are suitable for depths upto

1800m .They can be moved horizontally.

5 t ension leg These are floating pla tforms where the mooring

system prevents vertical movement .This means

that the well can be tapped d irectl y f rom the

platform.Theycan be used in dept hsof 200 ­

1100m.They are inexpensive t o ma ke com pared

with other platform types,and can be move d t o

new locat ions, but are less stable than fixe d

platforms .

Type Depth of wate r

Petroleum engineer ing 73

.. . --_ .. - --- -----ChecklistAssessyour progre ssin t hisunit .Tick (./) t hesta teme nts which are t rue.

I can transfe r information f rom a technicaltext to a diagram

I know the diffe rences in use betwee n t hePresent Simple and the Present Cont inuo us

I know howto pronou nce short forms of bein connected speech

I can speakabout oil refi ning

My reading and listening are good enoug hto understand most of each text in this unit

KeywordsAdject ivesqua lifiedshore-based

Nounsbitconstituentdrillhydrocarbonplatformrigseabed

Verbsattach todeal wi thlowe rlubricateraiserefine

Note here anything about how English is usedin techno logy that is new to you.

advantages Disadvanta ges

74 Unit lO

-~~-------- - -- -------------------------

10 Environmental engineering :

5 Renewable energy

6 Flue gas treatment

7 Sewage treatment

Switch onMakea list ofwhat causes environmental pollution.Lookat the pictures for some ideas.

2 Environmental technology t ries to reduce an dovercome the effects of pollution. Match the topics 1-7with the pictures A-G.

1 Water pur ification

2 Solidwaste management

3 Recycling

4 Remediation

• Language spotReported speech

• When we report what someone has said, we have tomake seve ral changes to the original words.Study theexamples and notice what happens to :e The tensee Time expressions, e.g. next weeke Pronouns, e.g. we

'You'll have to change thefilters next week,'said Mr Bran.Mr Bran said we would have to change the filters the

followingweek.'1usually check the pipes for cracks oncea month, ' the

Inspector explained.The Inspector explained that e usually checked the

pipes for cracks oncea month.'Afterthe heavyrainyesterdaythe drainsoverflowed, '

the Engineer said.The Enginee rsaid that after the heavy rain the previous

day, the drains had overflowed.

Complete the rules .

Verb te nse

Present Continuous - Past ContinuousPresent Simple - _

Past Simple - _

Present Perfect - _

will -would

Environmental engineering 7S

Inthisunit• report ing what someone said• how t o recognize and show disbelief• discussing susta inability• using informat ion from listenin g to complete a diagram

a bout water treatm ent

4 'Our design team has won this year's prize forinnovative technology: announced the Director.

e When a question begins with who. which. what. etc .,we use that question word when we report thequestion.

• For yes /no questions we make sen tences wi th iforwhether.

• The word order in th e reported question is t he sa meas for a statement,not a question.We change t he tenseof the verb as in 1.'How do you dispose ofthe waste paint?'The Inspector asked how we disposed ofthe waste paint.'Doy ou add chlorine to the water?'The Engineer asked ifwe added chlorine to the water.'Will yo u be able to repair the sewage pipe today?'The Foreman asked whether we wo uld be abl e to repairthe sewagepipethat day.

Read the report. Then complete the dialogue .

I aske d the engineer how he applied paint to th eproducts. He explained they sprayed the paint in aventilated closed room .When Iasked him how muchof the paint actually reached the product he said theyestimated about 40%. He explained that the excesswas removed in the air st ream and paint particleswe re absorbed in a wa ter curtain. I asked if t his wasstored. He said t his settled in a tank and t he resultingsludge had to be disposed of.

can - '

must - _

Time expressions

today - that dayyesterday - --'

this week - _

next month - _

» Goto Grammar reference p.119

2 Report what the follow ing people said.

1 'We will im prove efficiency: exp lained the Engineer.

2 'Jon has tested yesterday's samples,' said theSupervisor.

'Youwill be fined if you pollute the river,'warnedthe Inspector.

Int ervi ewer

Engin eer

Interviewe r

Engin eer

In te rvie wer

Engineer

How _

pain t to the product?We _

in a ventilated,closed room .

How much of the paint _

the product?Theexcess _

in the air stream and paint particles

------------,in a water curtain._ ___________'1

This _

in a tank and the resulting sludge

-----------'.

76 Unit 10

I've spoken to Lila. She confirmed t hat t he pipe from

the 'had become partially blocked

and ag reed to a quickly. She apo logized

for not finishing the 3 on the proposal

and prom ised to let me have it 4 .

VocabularyReporting verbs

(jl Listen to the telephone call and complete the notesin theemaiL

HiJon

\ 0"-'Calum said it would save 30%.

How does the stress and intonation show this?

A Howmuch water will it save?

B Calum said it would save 30%.

C Howmuchwaterwill it save?

D Calum said it would save 30%.

Notice t he stress and intonation. In normal rep ort edspeech,t he in tonat ion is like th is:

o 0 ..-.

catum said it would save 30%.

\ /

but to show disbelief t here is a heavier stress on said,and the intonation goes down like this :

PronunciationShowing disbelief

l(;l Listento the two dialogues. Which speaker, Bor D,does not believe what Calum said?

questionrecommendremi ndsuggestthankpromise

propose

confirmenquireinsistoffer

agreeapo logizeas kcomplain

2 When we report what has been said in a conversation,we often paraphrase (explain more simply). We usereporting ve rbs to do this .Lookat the underlined ver bsin the email and listen again,or read the Listen ing

scripton p.127.

Report ing verbs

admitadvise

Complete sentences a-h with the correct form ofreporting ve rbs in 2.

_____ _ Freyato close off the valve.

The Manager for the de lay

and them for their patience.

C The Engineer the results from thesurvey .

His boss him to check the water

pressure.

----_to change the pressure .

The Engineer to meet the Manager

at the plant.

The Manager abo ut the standard of

work.

The Consultant keep ing build ing

to a minimum.

I'm really very sorry t hatyou've had to wait so long forthe spare parts and I'm very

gratef ul to you for beingso patie nt.

\

Yes, that 's a goo d idea. We'llchange th e pressure.

Environmenta lenginee ring 77

habit at (n) The place whe re a part icularanimal or plant ts fo undecology (n) th e relati on of plantsand livingcreat ures to each other and to th eirenvironment

susta inable (adj) involving th e use ofnatural product sand energy in a way thatdoes not harm th e environment:sustainable development

Z Lookat the se six things t hat people have to ld yourecently.Tick (,I) three that you believe and cross (;C)three you do not believe.

a The article said that the Japanese could 0convert waste plastic film into biodiesel.

b Scient ists said that the world temperature 0would increase by 5°Cin 50 years .

c The Engineer told us he had foun d a che ap 0way to remove oil pollution from beaches .

The repor ter said that each passenger flying 0from London to New Yorkprodu ced 1.28tonnes of carbon.

e The report said that ships produced less 0pollution than aircra ft .

The politi cian told us that the government 0wou ld provide more money for research intosustainable techno logy.

3 Work in pairs,Aand B.Take turns tellin g each otherabout the things in 2.Can your partner work out whatyou believed and wha t you didn' t from yourintonation?

It's myjobWhat is an Environmental Engineer's job like?Workwith a partner and discuss the following questions.

1 Does the job require a university degree?

2 Does the job involve travel?

3 Do you have to speak oth er languages?

4 Is it an office-based job?

5 Is there a lot of written communication?

6 Why does someone choose to work in th is field?

1 Now read about Lutz and an swer the questions in 1.

3 Answer the que stion s.

What aspe cts of the environment does Lutz workwith?

Who does he work for?

What does he especially enjoy about his job?

Would you like to do thi s job? Why?

Lutz Werner:EnvironmentalEngineer

While studying Civileng ineering at un iversity,Ibecame increasingly interes ted in water, in pa rticularwater supply .So, Iwent back to university and did apost -graduate qua lificat ion in Environmental stu dies .Today Iwork in the Environment Department of a largeengineering company.I'm responsible forenvironmen tal assessments, strategic assessments,contamination assessments,and waste management .

Nowadays ,I'm mainly office-based .In a typica l day Ireview proposals for new works,for example buildingan airport in the Far East,designing a solid wastemanagement plant ,or carrying out an env ironmentalassessment proposal for a resort development in theCaribbean .I have to look at the environmental impacts,the scale and design of a project, and the pricing. CivilEngineers ,Geologists,Ecologists ,EnvironmentalScientists, and Landscape Architects are some of thespecialists involved. The effects a project will have onhabit at s and the ecology of the area are reallyimportant, and we also have to th ink abou tsustainability. This includes looking at the effects aproject will have on the people who live locally.bothduring construction and after the project is completed.I regu larly review on-going projects with the ProjectManagers.

I like my job because I'mvery interested in thesubject. It gives me a grea tsense of sat isfaction tofeel I can make adifference .When we'redesigning engineeringfacilities, there's a realsense of excitement whenthe plans turn into reality,especia lly withsomething innovative. It'sgreat to work wit h peoplewho all share a desire tosee sus tai nabledevelopment.

78 UnillO

Gadget boxResearchers at the CommonwealthScientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation havedeveloped adevicethat reduces the amount ofwaterused when showering by30%.When

the Aerated Showerhead is fitted. it

creates a vacuum that sucks in air and

forces it into the water stream.Researcherssaythat peopledon'tnotice any diffe rence when taking ashower.

How significant is such a device interms of the environment?

Pairwork Transport

1 How can a fully-sustainable eco-city work? Work inpairs, A and 8. Discuss ways this could be achievedusing these headings.

Food supply

Publiclransportwater supply

Food suppliesWaste

BuildingsEnergy

Building construct ion

EXAMPLE

BuildingsI think that materialsforme buildings would have to

befound locally. That way there would be little transportneeded. And buildings would have to be well insulatedto reduce the amount ofenergy needed to heat or cool

th em.Ifbuildings had big windows.you could use

sunlight instead ofelectric lights .

Z Dongtan is an example of a fully-sustainable eco-citythat is being developed in China at the moment. Workin pairs, Aand B.Read your text and make notes. Askand answer questions to complete the table.

Waste

Energy

J Discuss the questions with your partner.Use your ownknowledge.

1 Why does the area have fertile agricultural land?

2 What are t he advantages of creating an eco-city onan island?

3 What are the advantages and disadvantages ofhaving a bird reserve on the island?

4 Is it possible to dispo se of all waste without alandfilI site ?

5 Why are the wi nd turbines located outside the city?

6 Why have they chosen to use biornass?

Waler supply

Go 10 p.ll3.Student A

StudentB

ChongmingIslandlies in the Yangtse River Delta in China.It is the world's largestalluvial island,which hasbeen

formed bydepositsof soil carrieddown the river.This islandis the siteof the town of contan.Witha projectedpopulationof 50,000 in 2010, Dongtan is the first sustainable eco-city.

Onthe southern part of the islandthere is a largewetlandareafamousasa bird reservefor rare species.Thisis amajor tourist attraction, providingemploymentand income.Thesurroundingarea is fertile agricultural landwhere foodfor the city is grown. Nearbyfishingcommunities supply thecity with fish.The city is self-sufficient in freshwater, whichis recycled. Devices capturerain water from buildingsandchannelit into canalsandwater features. There are noianonn sites becausewaste isrecycled. Organic waste iscompostedand then returnedto local farmland to fertilizethe soil. sewageis alsoreturned to the fieldsaftertreatment.The population ofthe city is expected to reach500.000 by 2030 .

ListeningCleaning water

1 ~ Listen to a lectu rer t alking abo ut water and labelthe equip ment 1- 6 in the diagram.

Z ~ Listen aga in and make notes about what theequipment does.

i Find out about the supply of fresh water in your area.Whe re does it come from? How is it tr eated?

Environmenta lengineer ing 79

ChecklistAssess your progress in t his unit .Tick (.I) thesta te ment s which are true.

Iknow how to repo rt what someone said

Iknow key verbs used to report whatsome one has said

Ican recognize when someo ne is show ingdisbelief

Ican transfer informat ion from listening tocomplete diagrams

My reading and liste ning are good enoughto unders tand most of eac h text in this unit

KeywordsNounsconta minatio nenvironmental impactfiltrationflue gas t reatm entimpuritiesremedia tio nreservoirsewagewastewate r purificat ion

Verbsapolog izeconfirmrecommendremindsuggest

Note here anything about how English is usedin tech nology t hat is new to you.

80 Unit",

,- - - - - - - - . -- ---

11 RoboticsII

Switch onWork in sma ll groups.What could these robots be usedfor? Compare answers with others in your group andprovide reasons to support your answers.

ReadingHow robots work

Study the opening sen tences for each paragraph in thistextbook extract. Predict the topics of each paragraph.

Try to answer these questions before you read .Compa re answers with others in your group.

1 In what ways can robot s move?

2 What kinds of motor can robots have?

3 What kinds of power source can robots have?

4 What does the sensory system do?

5 What does the processor do?

First sentence

Robots have five basiccomponents: a movablestructure,a motor,apower source,a sensorysystem, and a processor.

The motor provides thephysical power to movethe structure.

In the same way thathumans depend onsight, hea ring, taste,smell.and touch to makesense of the world, robotsrequ ire a sensory systeminordertofunction.

4 Heat senso rs may beimportant for robotsworking in ext remeconditions.

The brain of a robot isthe processor.

Possible topics

Robot ics 81

In this unit• predicting text content by sampling key sente nces• listen ing and note-taking• ways to describe causing, preventing ,and enabling links• how to improve your presentatio n skills• sharing ideas on how to solvea problem

Robots - moving,powering. feeling. and thinking

Robots have five basic components:a movable structure,a motor, a power source, a sensory system,and aprocessor.The entire robot may move ,on legs in the caseof Honda's Asimo ,on wheels, or on caterpillar tra cks inthe case ofUrbie,or only one part may move , such as th earm of an indu strial robot.

The motor provide s the physical power to move thestructure. It may be electric ,pneumatic,or some form ofheat engine.Allmotors require a source of power.In thecase of mobile robots ,t he usual source is a battery.Theprob lem with batt eries is tha t they are heavy an d rundown quite quick ly, In future there may be robots whichuse biolog ical fuel wh ich th ey collect as they move.Compressed air, in t anks for mobile robots or directlyfrom a compressor for fixed robots, is the power sou rcefor pneumatic syste ms .

In the same way th at humans depend on sight. heari ng,taste, smell, and touch to make sense of the wor ld, robotsrequire a sensory system in order to function .Sensorsfeed information to the processor. The info rmationprovided depends on the function of the robot .Locationis important for most robot s. Industrial robots mu st becapable of placing items or performing actions in

exactly the right place .With some robot s, location iscontrolled by placing electronic tracks for the robot tofollow. Container handling in ports can be done byrobotic vehicles following such tracks .

Heat sensors may be important for robot s work ing inext reme conditions.Sensors which mea sure thepressure exerted by robot arms or pincer s are importantfor robot s which pick up or handle delicate item s.Forrobot s which walk or climb sta irs, information onweig ht distribution and balance is important. Robotswh ich look for some types of explosive need sensorswhich can detect chemical smells. Robots which have tonavigate over unfa milia r ground, such as th e MarsRover, have digital cameras to help th em ident ifyobstacles and select navi gable routes.

The brain of a robot is the processor .It controls theoperation of t he robot. It is programmed to allow th erobot to carry out a series of actio ns and to respond tofeedback from the sensory syste m.In the case of asimple robot , such as a domestic vacuum cleaner,theprogram may instruct the robot to turn 90 degrees whenit collides with an obstacle.

3 Now exchange information with ot hers in your class tocomplete th e tab le.

4 ~ Usten again and check your answers.

Problem-solvingRobot ic vacuum cleaners w hich can clean floorsurfaces by the mselves are becoming more common .Work wi th a part ner to list the kinds of sensorsth ey need .

1 t;Il Listen to thisshorttalk by a Sales Rep at atra de fair abo ut how arobotic vacuu m cleanerworks . Note downinform ati on about one ofth e typ es of senso r ituses.Your teac he r willadvise you w hich type tolisten for. Note wh at thesenso rs det ect and howth ey do thi s.

Sensors

dimension sensors

object sensors

c1iff sensors

wallsensors

d irt sensors

Note s

82 Unitl1

Gadget boxThe Detaval Volunta ry Milking System can milk 60 cows three

times a day.Cowsdecide when they wish to be milked.Therobotchecks if the cow is ready, mi lks the cow,compares its production

with previous yields, and cleans it self before the next cowenters.

What wo uld be t he main advantage for dairy farme rs?

Complete the gaps in this text wi th the correct form ofthe appropriate verbs.

• Language spotCausing, preventing, and enabling links:causeto, make,prevent, stop,allowto,enableto,let

allow (to)cause (to)

enable (to)let

makeprevent

stop

II I

j

• In technology we often have to desc ribe therelationsh ip between actions. Study these pairs ofactions about robots.What is the rela t ions hip betweeneac h pair?

1 a Theobjectsensordetectsan obstacle.b The robot changes direction.a The cliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead.

The robotdoes not move in that direction.a Caterpillartracks arefi tted to the robot.b It can movequicklyon rough surfaces.

In pair 1,one action causes another action.In pair 2,oneaction prevents ano ther action. In pair 3,one act ionenables another action.

• Note how we can link each pair to show therelationship between them.

Theobject sensor detects an obstacle,which causesthe robot to change direction.

Theobject sensor detects an obstacle,which makesthe robotchange direction.

Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead, whichprevents the robot (from) mov ing in that direction.

Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead, whichstops the robot moving in that direction.

Caterpillartracksarefitted to the robot,whichallows/ enables it to move qUicklyon rough surfaces.

Caterpillartracksarefitted to the robot,which lets itmoveoutcetyon rough surfaces.

• In the examples,which refers to the preceding action.In these cases which + the active verb can be replacedby the -ing form of the verb .For example:The cliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead,preventingthe robot (from) moving in that direction.

» Go to Grammar reference p.120

Land mines kill 800 peo ple every month and

_ _ _ ____,1 peo ple returning to their homes

after a conflict is over. Comet III is an expe rime ntal

mine-clearing robot developed at Chiba University in

Japan. It is fitt ed with cate rpilla r t racks,_ _ _ _ ___,2 it m ove qu ickly over roug h

ground.For mine-hun ting it ha s six legs,

____ ___sit to walk delicate ly t hro ug h

mine fields. It tak es 20 seconds to calcu late each step.

Slow processing speeds 4 Come t

IIIfrom moving more quickly, but faste r processin g

ch ips should 5 Comet III to reach

hu man wal king speeds in future.

Comet IIIhas stereo vision provided by two digital

cameras. This 6 it navigate by

itselfwitho ut the help of remote contro l.Com et III

has metal detectors and ground-pene trating radar,

_ _ _ ____7 it to detect different types of

mine.A reflected sign al from a mine

_ ___ _ _ ...:' Comet III to probe gen tly to

u ncover the mine. Vibration or pressure can

____ _ _ _ 9 a mine exp lode, so the work

mus t be done with care .

Sometimes the grou nd is very hard, wh ich

____ _ _ _ 10 the probe uncovering mines.

Newe r models fitt ed wit h drill s and an air hose will

_ _____ _ u t he robot do this safely, A

robotic ha nd will 12 the robot to

pick up rocks.

2 Decide on t he relationshi p between each of these pairsof act ions. Then link them using an appropriate ver b.

1 The power senso r reports low battery curre nt to t heprocessor.

The robot canno t move .

The bumper is presse d in.

The object senso r reports an obstacle to the processor.

The sensors detect a .cliff'.

The robot reverses.

4 Infrared signals from the robot are reflected by a wall.

The robot changes direction an d moves parallel t othewal!.

Dirt hits the acoustic impact sensor plates.

The plates vibrat e.

The senso rs detect the vibration and pass a signal tothe processor.

The robot cleans the area again.

It's my jobBefore you list en to JaakoIkonen,Senio r Manufacturi ngSystems Eng ineer, answerthese questions with apartner.

1 What do you th ink Jaakc'sresponsibility is?

One of h is prod uctsinvolves biosensors.Whatdo you thi nk a biosensoris?

What do you t hink is t he difference betweenmec hanization an d automation?

Z ~ Now liste n and check your answers.

J ~ Listen again to find the answers to the qu estions.

1 What did he st udy at college?

2 Why did the mob ile phone company need toauto mate?

What does a blood glucose monitor do?

Why must the process of manufacturing themo nitors be automated?

Robotics 83

SpeakingAssessing explanations

A good way t o prepare for presenting information t oot hers is to practise in small grou ps first .

Work in groups of three, A,B,and C.

Student A Goto p.110.Stud en t B Goto p.1I3.Student C Read tex t Cbelow.

2 a plays the role of Speaker first, te lling the ot hers abouttheir text using only notes to he lp.B plays the role ofReporter, tak ing not es from A's t alk and reporting itbrie fly.Cplays t he role of Assessor,listening carefu llyto both talks and judging how accurate ly Bhas reported.If there is disagreement, you can refer to the texts.

Cont inue until each member of the group has playedthe part of Spea ker, Reporter, an d Assessor once.

4 Discuss in your group which pa rts we re the eas iest andthe most difficult to play, and what woul d help you toplay these parts better.

FIRST- For Inspirat ion and Recognition of Scienceand Technology- is a USorga nization foun ded byDean Kamen, inven tor of t he Segway. FIRSThas runan annual Robotics Competition since 1992for t eamsof hi gh -school st udents. Teams have six wee ks todes ign and construct a robot to solve a particu la r task,which differs each yea r.

Teams usually cons ist of abo ut 25students w ith threeor so professional Engineers who volunteer to assistthem. They ofte n include subteams who look afterdifferent as pects of the design of the robot, suc h aspneumatics, control systems, mechanics,and electrics.

Each tea m is supplied wi th a standard set ofcomponents including a remote control receiver andtransmitte r,a microprocessor and software, motors,sensors,a powe r pack, and mec hanical pa rts .

More than 1,300 teams from seven count ries,alt hough mainly from the US,took pa rt in 2007.FIRSTalso organizes robotics compe tit ions for youngerst ud ents.

84 Unit ll

We should have - in rather cheap machines

- human level intelligence in well under

fifty years.Hans Moravec

Research Professor in the RoboticsInstituteofCarnegie M ellon Un iversity. 1990

WebquestFIRST is not the only robot competition available.Workin small groups to research some others and reportback to the class what youhave found out.Youshouldget information about what the rules are, where thecompetition is held. and what type of competition it is.Is it based on a competitive sport, such as football ,or isit a raceor a challenge ?

These sites may help ,

www.dcs . shef.a c .uk~o~tLcomp.etiti o!Js.hJIJII

www.ecsel.psu.edu/-ava nzatolIo bots/co ntes ts/

http '! lrobot s.net /rcfaq.htm l#lN ~077

httpilcswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/hhu /comp et iUofl.htm l

http ://r obogames.net /ind ex.php

MakeyourpointParts of a presentation

Lee Avata r has sent you he ad ings for part s of apresentation an d some phrases.Put the phr ases underthe correct headings.

a I'm going to t alk about I tell you about ..

b Thank you for your attention.

c We can see that. .

d I'm Tom Huber from Allied Industries and it's apleasure to be with you today.

e We've looked at X,Y,and Z.

f Let's look now at ..

g It'smyviewthat ...

h Good morning,afternoon ,etc .

i I'll be happy to answer any questions you mayhave .

j I've discussed X. Y. and Z.

k It seems clear that ...

I The purpose of my talk is ..

m Iwant to turn now to ..

Z Make a short presentation (maximum th ree minutes)to your class I group on any aspects of robotic s. Use thephrases in 1.

STARTING YOUR PRESENTATION

Greet your audience

Introdu ce yo urself

Saywhatyou're goingto do

Moveto anewpoint

ENOING YOUR PRESENTATION

Remind youraudienceof your main points

Makeyourconclusion

Thankthe audience

Invitequestions

ProjectWorkin groups.Imagine tha t you have entered acompetition to design one of these robots:

a a robot helper for old people

b a robot pet animal

c a robo t fruit picker

Decide together

1 the actio ns t he robot should be able to perfo rm

2 how it will move from place to place

3 the power source it will use

4 the sensors it will need

5 its approximate sizeand weight.

You can look for ideas on the Web.

www.bbc.co.uk/sc ie nce/robo~s/te( h lab/sub_selector.s h

trn l

wWY'J._sea!l~t._I;.Qffil=g'!IYteachoutlro bots. html

2 As a group,present your proposals to the other groups.Give reasons foryour decisions.Use the phrases fromMakeyo urpo int. Beprepared to answer qu estionsabou t your proposals.

As a class,agree on the best proposalsfor each type ofrobot. You can combine proposals fro m differentgro ups.

Robotic s 85

ChecklistAssessyour progress in thi s unit.Tick (.,I)th estat ements which are t rue.

rcan predict t ext conte nt

I can li nk pairs of actio ns

I can share ideas on how to solve a problem

My reading and listening are good enoughto unde rstand most of each text in t his unit

KeywordsAdjectivesacousticextremeinfraredmovablenavigable

Adverbparallel to

Noun sautomationcaterpil lar tracksexplo siveimpa ctpower sourcesensory system

Verbsexertnavigateprogram

Note here anyth ing about how English is usedin technology th at is new to you.

86 Unit 12

----------------------_.~- -

12 Household technology

ReadingMaking kitchens

Work in pairs to label the pictures. Choose from thewords below.

tapworktop

panelsink

hingeknob

drawerhandle2: Which appliance is being described in the sentences?

1 Heat from inside the appliance is transferred to theoutside in a refrigerant that flows through pipes .

The heat from the flat plate heats the molecules inthe fibres of the textile and the weight straightensthem.As they cool. they keep their sha pe.

Food is heated up by making tiny particles of waterin the food vibrate.

Athermostat breaks the electric circuit when waterreaches boiling point.

Dirt is sucked in by a powerful current of air .

The fan produces an airflow which passes throughand over the heating element. The flow of hot airspeeds up the eva poration of water.

Switch on

I '

2 Scan the text to complete the tables .

Read the text again ,this time in more detail,andcomplete the flowchart.

finishing

CNe,

Component

carcass

doors

worktop s

Abbreviation

(N(

MDF

CARCASS

cutting!drilling

I

Iassembly

I

i

Mater ials used

Meaning

DOORS

moulded s-prece door

Imachining

I

Househo ld tech nology 87

In thi s unit• listening to a tec hnicalexplanatio n• scanning a text for informat ion and th en read ing in detail

to complete a flow-chart• how to ask for information and reply politely• phrases using t he verbs make,do,have,and take

Kitchen units

Kitchen units comprise carcasses and doors wh ich aremanufactured by different processes .Most modernkitchen manufacturers use CNCmachines (computernumerical cont rol).The carcasses are generally made ofmelamine-faced chipboard which is fed into CNCmachines.The machine cuts the required pieces to size,then drills holes for the fittings (hinges, door handles,knobs ,etc.),and grooves for shelves and backs.The nextstage is edgebanding - a strip of me lamine or PVC thesame colour as the board is glued around the raw edge.

There are three basic types of door .The slab door is thesimp lest . It's one piece of flat material- solid wood orboard. It may be coated with acrylic,Vinyl-wrapped, orlacquered.

The mou lded door is normally made of MDF- mediumdensity fibreboard.ACNCrouter,which is essentially amotor with a cutter mounted below it, is used to carvea pattern or moulding and then the door is coated withacrylic, vinyl-wrapped, or lacquered.

The most complex type of door is the five-piece door- atraditional door made of MOFor solid wood .It consistsof five parts -two stiles ,two rails,and a central panel.First, the parts are made using a variety of machineprocesses.The next stage for both the carcasses and thefive-piece doors is the assembly.

Dnce assembled,the units are finished .First.the piecespass through automatic spray tunnels. Then they aredenibbed to remove any roug hness, then sprayedagain . Finally they pass through a drying tunnel.This isall controlled by one sing le computer program.

The cheapest worktop is made of chipboard which ismelamine coated. Then there are a number of man­made materials such as carian,made by Kl. Thisma terial consists of several layers welded toget he r tolook as if it is all one piece. Worktops can also be madeof stone,such as granite, slate,or, most expensively,marble.

Il -I

88 Un it 12

------- -- ....

The microwave oven wa s invented byaccide nt ! Percy Spencer at

Raytheon Corporation was wo rking on a radar research project.

Achocclate bar in his pocket began to melt. Hethen tested popcorn

and an egg and soon realized that low-density microwave energy

cou ld be used t o cook food .The first microwave oven , produced in

1947. weighed over 750 poundsand was 5 feet ta!l.

• Language spotQuestion review

Can you remem ber how to make yes/no questions andWh-qu estion s?

Write quest ion s for these answers.

EXAM PLES

Where isthefactory?It's on the ind ustrial estate near t he river.Can solid wood be used for carcasses?

Yes, it can I solid woo d can be used for carcasses.

Howmany _

I've orde red six boxe s of screws.

Yes.I saw the edgebander wo rking.

No.They haven 't got any computerized~chines .

They use melamine coated ch ipboard.

He st udied in the Unite d Sta tes .

2 Work in pa irs .Ask and an swer the questions abovegiving only the underlined part of the an swer .

• We often us e a polite form t o make requests.We usethe statement word order. If it's a yes /n o question weuse ifo r whe ther .Could y ou te ll m e how much this costs?I'd like to k now ifthe m aterial is resistant to oil.I'd like y ou to spray both sides.Iwonder ifyou could demonstrate the router .Would you mi nd bringing me the hinges,please?

Notice that we use the -ing form of the verb aft er wouldyou mi nd.

Make these request s more polite.

EXAMP LE

What's th e serial number?

Could you tell me what the serial num ber is,please?

1 Repeat that. 5 Send us a manua l.

2 Howdoesitwork? 6 Whenwilli tbe ready?

3 Email th e order. 7 Hold this for me .

4 Answer a few 8 What is the problem?questio ns.

» Gato Grammar reference p.120

e;;t Listen to Asma Bakour ,a Kitchen Designer, talkingabo ut tech nology in t he kitchen.As you listen ,notedown key words. Listen agai n if you need to.

Qua lifica tio ns

Job t ttle

Ovens

Hobs

Flat screens

Z Work in pairs.Using your notes,t ake tu rn s to as k eac hothe r questions abo ut Asma .

EXAMP LES

A What qu alificat ions does Asma have?B She'sa Cabine t Ma ker and she studied Wood

technology and Busi ness at university

A What did she say about the technology used in

ovens?

Household tec hnology 89

Gadget boxCeiva has deve loped a digita l photoframet hat has a built-in card reade r t hat iscompati ble wit h most formats .Youcantrans mit new pictures to it from you rbroadba nd Int ernet throug h it s bu ilt-inwl-Fl antenna .It can be set to

a utomatically receive new pictur es fromthe Intern et so you can send images wh ileon your trave ls.www.ceiva.com

In what ways has digita l photog raphychanged the who le concept ofphotograp hy?

Pairwork

Each of you has two articles. Read yourarticles and ente r the det ails in th e table.

Stud ent A Go to p.112.

Student B Go to p.111.

What it 's How it The convent ionalused for works techn ology it

replaces

Nameoftheproduct

4 Ask and answe r questio ns to comp lete the ta ble for th eother two products.

In your pa irs discuss how th ese products help reduceglobal warming.

Which product do you thi nk will mak e th e mos timpact? Give reasons.

Work in pai rs.What do you understand by the termglobal warm ing? How can the design of householdtechnology help reduce global wa rming?

2 Look at the pictures of four devices which have beendesigned to help reduce global warmi ng. What do youthink they are,and how could th ey be effective?

PronunciationPolite requests

~ Listen to thi s request said in two different ways.Which one sounds polite and which one sounds rude?

A Could you tell me how this oven works?

B Could yo u tell me how this oven works?

Tosound polite , start high and go higher on the mainstressed word.Your voice should fall a bit and then riseat the end of the sentence, like this:

Responding to requests

When you agree to a request ,your intonation shouldsound polite. Yourvoice should start high .

Could you tell me how this oven wo rks?

Your voice shoul d sound soft, not ha rd.

Z (;i Listen to the following requests.Mark them Pif theysoun d polite and R if they sound rude.

1 5

2 6

3 7

4 8

Yes,ofcourse .

3 ~ Listen again to th e requests in 2.If t hey are polite ,rep ly poli te ly.If they are rude.say noth ing.Iwon der ifyou could send mea cataloque.pleasei

Yes, of course.

I'd like y ou to use solid wood for the uni ts.

(you say noth ing)

4 Work in pairs and practise the requests in 2.You shouldmake some polite and some rude.Your partner shouldonly reply whe n the requests are polite .

90 Unit 12

Refr igerator is abbreviated tofridge in everydayspeech.

Put th e following words in the correct column to makeverb phrases. Some wo rds can go in mo re than onecolumn.

VocabularyVerbstnake,do,have,andtakeThe ver bs make,do,have,and take are often usedin phrases.make a mistake We must be careful not to make a

mistake .take a seat The manager asked us to ta ke a

seat.

The edgebander isn't wo rking prop erly so we'llhave to it _

When plan nin g a new kitchen the customer has to

_____ _ about the material for the

If you th e dig ital clock on a

microwave all yea r it w ill cost

you eau!If eve ryone used an eco-kett le, would it

_ _ _ _ _ _ on globa l warming?

wo rkto p.

4 The newtan ks _

If peop le com plai n abou t th e product, we will haveto _

There we re lot s of things to see and do at the t radefair an d we alI _

ListeningRefrigerator

1 Complete th e sente nces with a phrase from 1.Put theverb in the correct form.

EXA MP LE

Scientists at the unive rsity are current ly doin g research

into th e effe ctsofglobal warming.

a decisionan impacta good effecta conferencea seat2,000 litresa mac hine ona mac hine repair eda noisea photographprogressan int eresting time

a seat

takehavedo

a mistake

make

act ionEngin eering at un iversitythe jobsometh ing wo rk we llsomeone a favourresea rcha m istakea restsome thing abo ut ita longtimewe llsomeone's advice

In what way s are a refr ige rator and an ai r condi tionersimila r?

2: Matc h the wor ds wit h the correct definitions.

absorb a to change from a liqu id to a gas orvapour

compress b to take in fro m the su rro undingsurface or space

condense c to press or squeeze into a sma llerspace

evaporate d to cha nge from gas or vapour toliquid

~ Listen to a lecturer exp laining how a refrigeratorworks. As you listen,label t he diagram.

4 ~ Listen as many times as you need to. Make notesabout what ha ppens at each stage.

J Compressor compresses refrlgera"t~

Jme/eases temperatvrea"dpressvre

J tieat excha",!ecous

J

J Trost-(ree heatlit'! cOilbesidefreezer coils

J

5 Work in pairs . Using your notes, take t urn s to explainhow a refrigera tor works and how a fros t-freerefrigerator wo rks.

Household tech nology 91

--------------- ---

ChecklistAssess your progress in thi s unit .Tick (1") thesta te me nts which are tr ue.

Ican t ransfer informa t ion from a text tocom plete a flow-chart

Ican as kfor information and reply politely

I know some phrases using t he verbs make,do,have ,an d take

My reading and liste ning are good enoughto unde rstan d most of each text in thi s unit

KeywordsAdject ivesene rgy-savinginne routerwe lded

Noun sapp lianceasse mblydrawerhingemoleculeovenpanelrefrige rant

Verbsevaporateimmersevibrate

Note he re anyt hing about how English is usedin t echnology t hat is new to you.

92 Unit 13

Switch onWhat do these examples of technology have incommon?The Internet, space rockets, satellites, GPS(globa lpositioning system),the integrated circuit

2 Work in pairs . Can you add other examples to this list?

J Identify the examples of defence technology in thepictures. Compare answers with your partner.Trytoagree on the function of each item.

ReadingVisby: a stealth warship

Compare Visby.a Swedish warship, with aconventional ship of the same type. What differencesare t here?Compare answers with a partner.

Visby is the first warship to use fully-develope d stealt htechnology. It has been designed to avoid detection inevery poss ible way . List the ways in which you th ink aship can be detected. How could technology helpprevent detection?

3 Work in groups of t hree.A,B,and C.Read your texts andma tch the un derlined words to the numbered items ont he diagram of Visby.

....;y-

Visby

--

Defence te chnology 93

In this unit• combining information from a te xt and diagram• listening and note -taking from both sides of a discussion• prepositions• sharing informati on about non-leth alweap ons• howto make a poster presentat ion

A The hull is made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic(CFRP).It cons ists oflayers of carbon fibre filled witha plastic foa m.The ma te rial is very stro ng - it has t obe cut w ith an extremely high -pressure water jet­and rigid, but has low we ight. It is half t he we ight ofa steel hu ll,so Visby can reach higher speeds than aconventional ship.

It has a low radar signature, meaning that it is moredifficul t to detect by rada r. It also has a low magneticSignat ure ,so is less likely to trigger magnetic m ines.It has good shock resist an ce,which provides somepro te ction if a mine is detonated.

The gas turbine exhaust outlets are close to the watersurface so t hat t he hea t t hey emit cannot easily bedetected.

Bow thrust ers are fitted to make it eas ier toma noeuvre the ship in harbour.

The Visby is equi pped with four gas turbines forhigh -speed run ning, providing a maximu m speed of35knots. There are two diese l engines for low speeds ,providing a maximum of 15 knots .The engines areconnected to two gearboxes driv ing tw o waterjet

propulsors.The diesels have sou ndproof casings tominimize the acous tic signature of the shi p.

A powerful hu ll-mo unted sonar system is used todetect and supply target data on submarines.

The active part of the air defence system is providedby a 57 mm mUlti -pur pose gun, which fires up t o 220rou nds per minute. It is concealed in a special coveror cupola when not in use so that Visby does notpresent the radar profile of a wars h ip.

C The Combat Information Cent re is located at thecentre of the ship. Communications, intelligencegathering, an d defe nsive measures are controlled bya computer system.The system is designed to allowfor future t echnologies to be integrated easily.

The Visbycan launch remo tely-operated vehicles(ROVs)to dete ct and classify mines.

The sha pe ofthe hull w ith large flat, ang led surfacesis designed to mini mize t he reflection of radar wavesin muc h the same way a stealth plane does .Thisgives Visby an adva ntage over poten tial ene mies,which it can dete ct and respond to before it becomesvisib le itself .This is known as the stea lth adva ntage.

94 Unit13

USDepartment of Defense

4 Exchange information with the others in your group tocomplete the labelling of the diagram.

Study these answers to Z.How is Visby designed tominimize detection by these means -what counter­measures does it use? Use the texts, th e diagram, andthe photograph to help you. One piece of information isnot included.

Waysof detecting ships

optica l (by sight)

infrared (by heat emissions)

acou stic (bysound aboveand below water)

magnetically-from anyferrousmetals

radar

radiotransmissions

pressure on the water

Counter-measu res

• Language spotPrepositions review

• Study these examples of prepositions andprepositional ph rases. Divide them into thesecategories: time,place,movement, and other .

Unmanned scout vehicles will patrol bet weenfrontline soldiers and the enemy.

Rockets are mounted on th e back ofan armouredveh icle.

A quided missile can remain above the target areaforup to halfan hour so the target can be confirmedbefo re it attacks.

The new system may not be ready before 2015andsoldiersare sceptical until it has been proved in action.

Anyopponent who destroyed the communicationsnetwork could win the battle withoutfi ring a shot.

The enemy moved into the town at night.

• Study t hese additional examples. Add theprepositions from 1- 6 to the tab le.

ListeningThe future of defence

Work in pa irs,Aand 8.List the ways in which you thinktechnology will affect future conflicts.

2 Youare going to hear two defence analysts on a radiocurrent affairs programme.They are discussing futuredefence technology.

(())Stude nt A Listen to the first analyst and notebriefly the pre dictions t hat he makes.

~ Stude nt B Listen to the second analyst and notebriefly his comments.

Using your no tes ,explain to your partner theviewpoint of the analyst you listened to. Decide wh ichpoints you agree with.

Time Place Movement Other

after across across abo ut

at at a long by

between at the back of down for

by at the side of from of

from at the top of off with

in beh ind onto

on below out of

since beside past

far from t hrough

in to

in front of up

on

opposi te

near

under

» Go to Grammar reference p.121

2

Study the illu stration of a Talon remote controlsu rveillance robot.Complete the text withprepositions to describe the position of som e of it sequipment and components.

CAM ERAS

There is a folding boom at 1 of the

robot. At 20f the boo m is a gripper

which can be used to handle suspect devices.

_____ _ 3 the gripper is one of the seven

cameras carr ied by the robot. At 4 of

the robot there is a mast. At 5 of the

mast the re is a camera with a zoom lens .There is a

speaker at 6 of the robot an d a

microphone "t he boom to allow

communication with anyone detected by the robot.______.8 to the mast there is an antenna

which allows signals to be transmitted and received at

a line-of-sight range of 1.2km.Forout-of-sight control,

there is a spool of fibre optic cable _

the speaker. At the front of the ma chine _

the boom there is a ballistic cover to protect the robot.

At both sides there are caterpillar tra cks.

Defencetechnology 9S

2 Study th e map that shows th e m ovement of Soldier X.Compl ete the rep ort w ith prepo siti on s of time andmovement.

Using GPS,Xwas tracked 1 the

valley 208.40 and 09.30.He

stopped ] the village

______.425 minutes. He went

_____ _ Sthe village at 09 .55.He came___ _ _ _ "the village _

10.35and went 8 the river by the

footbridge .He wa lked 9 the road

heading north, wthe waterrrull.

and u the tra ck _

the pass "hills 300 and 301.He

reached the top 14 13.50 . He came

_ _ _ _ _ _ uthe other side _

the harbour 17 Zand went

_ _____18 the ferry for y _

15.05 .

9 6 Unit13

Gadget boxBear, Battlefie ld Extr act ion -Assist Robot .Isdesign ed t o rescuewo unde d sold iers f rom t he batt lefi eld. Bear (a n pick.up a load of

135 kg wi th one arm and carry t hisover roug h terra in, thanks to its

caterpill ar tracks,and (an climb hills pushed by its rear wheels. Ithas th e abil ity to hide and move wh ile in prone posit ion.

Why do you t hink Bear has a round'face'and'ears'?

Laser weapons

Work in pairs,Aand B.List forms of technology wh ichcoul d beus ed in non- lethal weapons to control hostilecrowds without causing serious injur ies.

1 Now read about a non -lethal weapon and be preparedto describe it to your partne r.

Pairwork

Student A

StudentB

Go to p.ll2.

Problem-solvingWork in grou ps.Choose one of th ese examples ofmili ta ry technology and discuss ways in wh ich th eyare used in civilian life.and what possible futu recivilia n ap plications they might have.Share you r ideaswi th the rest of the class and decide which poss ibleapplicatio ns ar e mo st likely.

1 un man ned vehicles and aircraft

2 stea lth tec h nology

3 weapons guidance syste ms

4 robot soldiers

5 sonar devices

il11

A number of companies are developing non-lethallaser weapons for riot control and peace-keepingoperations. For example, Laser Dissuader uses redlaser light to temporarily blind opponents. It can befitted to shields so that police forces can protectthemselves and incapacit ate the opposition. It can becombined with blue laser ligh t so that cou nter­measures such as goggles are ineffective.The USMarine Corps is experimenting with Veiling GlareLaser, a system that uses light in the ultraviolet range,which means that the eyes see only glare .Onedeve lopment,Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP).useshigh-energy laser and can be set to either lethal ornon-lethal. It is effective upto two kilometres and isdesigned to exp lode fuel tanks and vehi cle tyr es, andcut com munication line s.

3 Exchange in formation with your partner.Togetherthin k of cou nterm easur es to resist the se weapon s.

WebquestDecide on a topic in technology.Youcan choose any ofth e topics covered in this book, or a top ic of you r ow n.Here are som e ideas:

• How som eth ing is m ade ,e.g. petroleum,air craft ,batterie s, printed circuits

• How som eth ing works,e.g.a jet eng ine ,a hi gh ­defin ition TV,radar, RSSfeeds

• Future developments,e.g.energy sources, hom es,cons umer products, defence technology

• A process, e.g.electroplating, water jet cutti ng

Z Research you r top ic.Youare going to use th einfor mation you find to ma ke a pos ter prese nta tion. Inaddition to your college library,you can sea rch foronline sourc es.

www.howstulfworjts.com

www.wikipeqia.org

You can find pictures and othe r gra phics on GoogleIma ges,but remember these may be copyright. Youmu st not publish th em on a we bpag e or blog or in pr intform wi thout permi ssion of th e copyright holder .

Make your pointGiving a poster presentation

Youcan do this individually or in small groups of three.providing everyone contributes equally.You need onelarge sheet of paper foryour poster.Refer to the Posterdesign ideas from lee Avatar .

Decideon the main points foryour presentation andwrite the text for each poin t. Keep it brief. Use imageswhe re possible.

Z Decide on the layout. Print out your texts and graphicsand fix them to your poster.

Pin up your poster and be prepared to explain anypoints to your classmates.Taketime to view theirs andto as k one question abou t eac h poster on disp lay.

POSTER DESIGN

• Makeyour posterpleasingto lookat byusing colourandgraphics.

• Makesure the text canbereadeasily fromabout 1.Smetres .

• Havea clear heading so it is easy to see what yourtopic is.

• Makesure that it is easy to follow the correct order ofyour presentation . Usenumbers, letters, or arrows.

• Don't fill every square centimetre. Leavewhite spaceand separate out the sections.

• Distribu te text and graphics evenly with enough textto explain thegraphics.

Defencetechn ology 97

ChecklistAssessyou r progre ss in th is unit. Tick (.I) th est atements w hich are tru e.

I can combine info rmation from a tech nicalt ext and a diagram

I can listen for main points and make notes

I can use preposit ions

My reading and listening are good enoughto understand most of each t ext in t his uni t

KeywordsAdj ectivesarmou redhigh- Iechnon- let halstealthuncrew edunmannedvisi ble

Nounscountermeasurehackerhullradarsonarwa rship

Verbsm inim izet rigge r

Note here anything abou t how English is usedin technology tha t isnew to you.

2 Studythis circuit. Make a component list with thenumbers.names,andvaluesof each component.Saywhat the circuit is usedfor.

SW,,-----,--.----- - --,0'----0--0 +12V

98 Unit 14

Switch onMatch 1-10 wi th the circuit symbol diagrams A-J.

1 amp lifier 6 NAND logic gate

2 capacitor 7 relay

3 diode 8 npn transistor

4 resistor 9 swit ch (single-pole,single-throw)

light-em itting diode 10 potentiometer (pot)

R,15k

FX22Y R,10k

R,l OOk

'-- --'----- --'---- --'--- ---'-- - -<lOV

ReadingElectronic alarm circuits

Work in pairs.Makea list of electronicalarmsincolumn A.Note whattriggers the alarm in column 8.Two examp les are completed for you.

A

Alarm

motorcycle anti-theft

fridge door

Trigger

movingthe motorcycle

leaving thef ridge dooropen

Component Type

RI

R2

Rl

R4

RI

R6

R7

DJ

Ql

SW)

operationalamplifier

Value/referencenumber

UA741

Now read th e description of how t he device works .The n put th e even ts in th e correct sequence.The firstand last even ts are entered for you.

a The relay is activa ted. _

Curren t flows th rough th e collector -emitter circuit.

c The voltage in the base -emitter circu it rises above0.7volts. _

d The resistance of RIrise s. _

e The warning device is switched on .ZThe tem perat ure fa lls.~

Small differences in voltage are amplified by theam plifier. _

A circuit diagram

The diagram shows a sim ple frost alarm.It can be usedto warn drivers that roads may be icy or to warngardeners an d fru it farm ers to protect their crops .Itcan also be used to switc h on heaters.It is tr iggered bya fall in temperature .When th e t emperat ure falls toO°Cor any temperature selected,the ala rm operates.

The principal component is the thermistor,Rl.Asthet emperature falls, the resistan ce of RI rises .At 25°Citha s a resis ta nce of ISkO.At o 'C t he resistance is 4 5kO.The 100 kO potentiometer,R2,can be adjus ted to allowt he circuit t o tr igger at oth er temperatures.

The higher the resistance of RI,the sma ller th e voltageflowing to t he amplifi er,UA741.This is a very sensitiveamp lifier whic h amp lifies small differen ces in voltage.The out put from th e amp lifier is fed to the bas e of thetransisto r,BC107B. This acts like a switch .When thevoltage in the base-emitt er circuit rises above 0.7volts,curre nt flows t hrough the collecto r-emitt er circuit,activating t he relay.The diode,D1,across th e relaypreven ts spa rking .RShe lps to ens ure the relay cha ngessmoothly when the t rigge r temperat ure is reached .The relay can trigger a wa rn ing device such as a bu zzeror light,or switch on a heat er.

Electronics 99

In this unit

• discussing and reading about electroniccircuits• describing how electro niccircuits operate by using

complex sentences• listening to an inte rview wit h an elect ronics t echnician• words which often go toget her in elect ronics• howto evaluate and improve presenta t ion skills

• Language spotComplex senten ce review

• We can use complex sen tences of two or more clausesto describe how a series of event s relat e to eac h other.

• Study these way s of formi ng comp lex sentences:

• Usin g time clauses to link actionsI When th e temperaturefall s, the alarm isswitched on.2 A capacito rcharge s until it is full.3 As the capa citor charges, the voltage rises.

• Using if-clauses to link a cause an d effect4 If excess current is pa ssed, the transistor will overheat.

• Using relat ive clauses to make definitions5 Diodes are electronic devices which allow current to

pass in one direction only.

• Using relative clauses to add information.We usecommas to show this is extra but not essentialinformation.6 Diodes, which are made of silicon orgermanium,

have many uses in electronics.

• We can rep lace which or who in a relat ive clausefollowed by a Continuou s or Simple verb wit h an act ivepart iciple,the -ing pa rt of the verb .7 This completes a circuit, which generates a series of

pul ses.

OR8 This completes a circuit, generating a series ofpu lses.

Now note how we can link t hese even ts in the frostalarm circuit.I The temperaturefalls to zero.2 The trans istor is switched on.3 This activates the relay.

1+2 When the temperaturef alls to zero, th etransistor isswitched on.

2+3 The trans istor is switched on, which activa tes therelay.

1+2+3 Wh en the temperaturefalls to zero, the transistoris switched on, which activa tes the relay.

OR1+2+3 When the temperaturefalls to zero, the

trans istor is switched on, activating the relay.

» Go to Grammar reference p.122

100 Unit 14

Make sentences by matching the info rmation incolumns A-C and then link ing i t together using arelative clause with which or who.

EXAMP LE

Silicon, which comes from sand. is an importantcomponent of somesemiconductors.

They can provi de a higher current than othe r

batteries.

They are remembered in the basic un its of electri city.

He wa s one of th ree inventors of the trans isto r.

They are used in wa tches and many electronic d isplays.

Impo rt ant info rmation

It is an import ant com ponent of some semico nducto rs.

c

It isconcerne d wi t h elect rica l syste ms made up of a

seriesof switches.

A

Subject Addit ional informat ion

Silicon It is short for binary digit.

Digita l electronics He worked at Bell laboratories

Waiter Brattain This mean s llght-ernltt lng dlodes.

Abit It is used in everythingfromwatches to computers.

4 li thi um Theywere pioneers in the studybatt eries of elect ricity.

LEDs It comesfromsand.

Ohm, Volta, and Am pere They are oft en used in came ras. It is a sing le unit of informat ion.

I

I

Z Link each pair of even ts to make one comp lex se nte nce .Use th e clue in bracket s to help you .

1 A mill iammeter is a device . It measures very smallcurren ts . (relative clause)

A residual current device trips .An excess currentpasses th rough a circuit. (time)

light strikes the solar cell.This generates avoltage.(relative clause)

4 An electrolytic capacitor is connected wrongly.Thecapacitor will be damaged. (condition)

Youtouch memory chips .Make sure you areearthed. (time)

6 n -type connectors come in a variety of sizes.p -typeconn ectors are widely used for linking devi ces tocomputers.(relative clause)

A relay is an electro-mechanical switch.It uses anelect romagnet. (relative claus e)

The in put signal to an inverter is 1.The output signalwill be O. (condition)

9 A signal is detected.It is am plified. (time)

10 Alogic probe is a tes t instrumen t. It provides an easyway of checking simple logic circuits . (relative clause)

Answer the questions.

What subjects do you thi nk are included in anElectronics course?

What sort of work can an Electronics Technician do?

What's th e link between lighthouses and elect ronics?

1 G li st en to the interview with Brian Jones,anElectronics Technician.Answer the questions.

1 How did he beco me intereste d in elect ronics?

2 Why did he like th e lab wor k at college?

3 Why did he give up his repair bu siness?

4 What is th e Marine GDPSand why is it important?

Gadget boxPrintable batteries t hinn er t ha n pape r

are bei ng deve loped by a number of

companies. They are flexi ble,cheap,

and recha rgeable and range in

t hic kness from 0.6 mm to 300

micro ns, t he thickness of a hu ma n

Electronics 101

hair. They can be used for t alk ing

greeti ng cards, sma rt cards, RFID

(Radio Frequency Identification)

tags , and many other applications.

Wha t other app lications are the re

fo r printable batt eries?

5 Why does he visit remote places?

6 Why is he notthinking of changing job ?

~ Listen to th e interv iew aga in.Write down theinterviewe r'squestions.

4 Work in pairs.Compare you r versions of theinterviewer's questions.Role-play the int erview.

S ~ Listen aga in to compare your vers ion of theinterview wi th the recordi ng .

Problem-solvingWork in groups ,A and B. Study one of th ese circuits, Aor B.Decide what the circuit is for and prepare adetailed explanation of how it wo rks.

Z Work in pairs w ith someo ne from the other gro up andexplain to them how your circuit wor ks. Be pre pare d toanswer any questions your partner may have .

A

PronunciationReading component values

Identi fy these components.

Symbol

.1T

-.L

T

Comp onent and value

,--------,------O+9v

R,

L -'- --<J OV

~-------..------,r_--<> +9V

D,

ProbesR,

Z ((i) List en to th e recording and note th e values .

3 Practise saying t he compo nen t values aloud.

4 ~ Listen aga in and compa re your pronunciati on toth e recordin g.

TR,2.2k

L-- - - - ---<J OV

There isenough silicon in 10 grain sof

sand to buil d the electron ic circuit s in a

small computer.

Nouna capacitora circuita cont rola cur rentfrequencyan outputa relaya signala voltage

I I

3 Complete th e explanations of circuits A and Busing thewords below.Youwill not need to use all the words.

activates current probesbatt ery diode relaybell emitter resistorbu zzer falls risescapacitor flow temperaturechip if thermistorcircuit light transisto rcollecto r off valueconduct on soundcontacts open switch

ThiS is a thermostat to control the operatio n of acentral-heating system.The 1 changesin resistance with the 2 in the room.Thisalters the voltage in t he base-emi tter______ ',turning the transis tor______" ifthe temperatu re falls below a pre-set t.This allows a 6

to flow in the 7-emitte r circuit which______s t he relay,closing its

_____:-:-9 and switching on the syste m. If thete mperatu reof the room 10 above thepre-set value, the t hermistor will 11 thetran sistor and the heating syste m 12

in t hesameway.

~This is a device to detect moistu re.Thecomponents are:npnjunction I,light-em itting___ _ _ _ 2,2.2k s.a buzzer,two

probes,and a 9-volt 4 . No current flowsin the base-emitte rcircuit when th ere isair betwee nthe two 5, so t he transistor is t urnedoff. 6 the probes are placed on a da mpsurface,th e moistur e will 7.Acurrentwill I to the base, t urning thetransistoron.Current then flows from the batt eryto th e_ _____s-emttttngdiode and th e___ _ _ _ 10 , giving both visible and audible

warning.

VocabularyCollocations in electronics

1 Look at the table. In electronics, the verbs on the leftcom monly occur with one or mo re of the nouns on therigh t. See how many matches you can make .

Verbactuateadjustamplifyboostchangechargecompletedetectdischargeene rgizegenerateinducemodulateproducestep down/up

2 Complete the sentences using the correct form of anappropriate verb from 1.

1 The tran sformer the voltage from240v to 9v.

2 the control so the meter read s zero.

3 With low levels of light. solar cells _very low voltage.

4 When the circuit is switched off,the capaci to r keepsit operating un til it _

5 The changing magnetic flux _a voltage in the secondary of the transformer.

6 Changing the capaci tor will _th e frequency of the oscillato r.

7 Pressing t he switch th e circuit.allowing cur rent to flow.

8 lfthe relay is .the contac ts close.

9 The tRreceiver and decodes thesignals from the remote control.

10 In the final stage. th e signal is _and fed to a loudspeaker.

Make your pointEvaluating a presentation

1 Work in pairs. Study Lee's checklist. ls t here anythingyou w ou ld like to change or to add?

POOR =1 EXCELLENT =5

1 CONTENTWasthe speaker well prepared?Wasthe speaker knowledgeableabout the subject?

2 ORGANIZATIONWasthere an introduction? Wasthere a conclus ion?Wasthe talk well organized?

3 DELIVERY - VOICEWasthe speaker enthusiastic and convincing?Didthe speaker make the subject interesting?Did the speakerspeak clearly enough?Was the speed right for you?Did thespeaker read the presentation or talk from notes?

4 DEliVERY- MANNERWasthespeaker relaxed?Did the speaker useappropriate gestures?Didthe speaker make eye contact with the audience?Did the speaker involve the audience with questionsor activi ties?

5 VISUALAIDSDidthe speakeruse visual aids? Werethey easy to see?Didthey help you understa nd?

2 Prepare and deliver to your class a sho rt present ation(maximum five minutes) on a top ic of your choice.Evaluate each other's presenta tions using Lee's checklis tor your revised version of it.

Elect ronics 103

ChecklistAssessyour progress in thisunit.Tick (oI) thestatements which are true.

J know basic term sused in electronics

t can describe how elect ronic circuitsoperate

I can evaluate a presentat ion

My read ing and listen ing are good enoughto und erstand most of each text in t hi sun it

KeywordsNoun scapacitorcurrentdiodef requencyosci llatorpul serelayresisto rswitc ht ransformert ransistor

Verbsamplifyconductinducemodulate

Not e here anyt hing about how Engli sh is usedin technology t hat is new to you.

104 Unit15

--------- - . .- --------_ .. -- -----

'15 Career development:"" '. ...

Switch onLookat the pictures.Theyshow SamiHassan atdiffe rent stages in his career. Discuss with a partnerwhat he is doing at each stage.

ListeningInterv iew with a Netwo rk Designer

l()) Listen to Sami describing his career pat h to becominga Network Designer. Complete the table wit h what Sarniwas doing at different ages .

16 Sitting exams at schoo l

17

18

20

23

25

Z (;l Listenagain and answer the questions.

1 What subjects did Sami study at school?

2 What does a Service Technician do?

3 What did he like about the job?

4 What were his responsibiliti es at the exchange?

5 What qualifica tions did he have by the time he was 20?

6 What did he learn when he joined the NetworkDesign department?

What did he study at university?

What has he had to learn as a Network Designer?

Work in pairs, A and B.

Student A Youare Sami.

Student B Youare an interviewer.

Ask and an swer ques tions about Sami 's career.

EXAMPLE

A What did you study at school?

B Maths and Physics.A Whendidyouleaveschool?B When Iwas J6.

A What did you do next!

B 1applied todo an apprenticeship with BT.A Why?

Caree rdevelop men t 105

Inthis un it• review how to ta lk about t he fut ure• how to prepare for a job interview• how to write a covering lett e r• technology game reviewing lan gu age,career knowledge,

and skills from Units 1to 15

• Language spotFuture reviewI expect the interview won 't be very diffi cult.We're going to check the switching equipment at the

exchange.We 'reattending the conference in Milan on ThursdayIt'll probably take two hours to fix .She's going to app lyfora new job.I'm moving to a new department next month.

Underline t he verb forms use d to t alk about thefuture in t he se ntences above.Mat ch verb forms a- cw ith their uses 1- 3.

» Go to Grammar reference p.123

Z Com plete the se ntences with the most su itable futureform of the verb in brackets.

a We (start) the tr a in ing course onMonday. I've got t he details.

b Mary saysshe (look)for a job withmo re responsibility.Good idea !

c I know there (be) problems.therealwaysarel

d you (discuss) theinf ormation storing project at the meeti ng?

e When do you th ink the company _(introduce) t he next generation of mob ile phones?

I (meet) the supplier to morrowmorning.We (diSCUSS) tec hnicalspecifications.

3 Make a list of three things you have arrange d to do inthe next few days and three th ings you in ten d to do inthe fut ure.One thing in each list should be untrue.

E XA MPLES

I'm not coming to the lesson next week.

I'm going to stu dy Electronics at university.

VocabularyKey skills

Match a word I phrase in Awith a word I ph rase in B.

4 Work in pa irs .Read your sentences to your partner.Your partner should guess which sentence is u ntru e.

Work in pairs. Make predictions about life twenty yea rsfrom now.Discuss these topi cs or choose topics of yourown.

• mo bile phones

• communicationt echnology

A

a good attendance ability

havetech nical backgro undgood com munication recordan industry skills

a goo d t eam make r

bea good dec ision organizedwell mult itask inggood at wo rker

promo tio n exper ience

wantwork opportunit iesjob work ing hou rsflexible satisfaction

• your company activities

• your job

• te lecommunicatio ns

:2 Work in pairs .Write abo ut peo ple you know usi ngph rases from the table in 1.

EXAMPLE

Olafhas an industry background. He worked for

Siemensfor four yea rs.

in tentions andpre dictions ba sed onevidence

plans andarrangements

expectations andpredictions withoutevide nce

a will

c Present Continuous

b going to

106 Unit l5

MakeyourpointPreparing for an interview

How wou ld you prepare for an interview? Work inpairs and make a list ofkeypoints,

2 Lookat t he check list LeeAvatar gives his client s. Howmany of these point s did you think of?

Can you think of any other points that would beimportant in your culture?

4 Readthe common questions he mentions again.Spendten minutes thinking about how you would answerthese questions in an interview.

• Findout whoyouwill betalkingto.Thedepartmentbosswillask specific task-related questions and someone fromPersonnel willask about your general skills.

• Findout about the company - their products and services,customers and competitors.

• Prepare for some common questions that are often askedduring an interview.What are your strengths and weaknesses?Whydo you want towork for us?What did you like most in your last job?Howdo you get on with other people?Doyou work best on your own orin a team?Howdo you manage multitasking?Howdo you deal with stress?

Read more of these typical questions at www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk or by searching, for example, on Google.

• Be positive • Wearsmart, business-like• Giverelevant answers clothes• Askquestions • Get to the interview early

5 Work in pairs. Role-play an interview situation. One ofyou is the interviewer and the other the applicant .Askand answer the questions you noted down in 4.Whenyou have finished,discuss each other's performancean d how to improve.

ReadingJob ad and covering letter

When you apply for a job,you normally send anap plication form an d your cv.You should also sen d acovering letter.This should get the employer 'sattention and make a posi tive impression.

Read the advertisement and answer the qu estion s.

What job is being adv ertised?

Who should apply?

What should you do if you a re interested ?

Anglo Telecom is looking for a

•• •AT is a mu ltin at ion al organiza t io n. Due [0 co m panyexpans ion we now require a Network Engineer [0 workon our Z'l s t-cen t u ry develo pme nt project . You willwo rk on a wid e ra nge of networki ng tec h nologie s a ndbe involved in all areas ofrhe projecr .

The ideal ca ndi da te will have a university qualificationin Tclecom mllnicarions cngineering or a rela ted subjectand some experience in switching and tra nsmi ssion .St ro ng comm unicat ions ski lls are nece ssar y and yo uwill wor k effec t ively in a ream . Expe rience of wor ki ngwit h d ifferent cultures would be an advantage.

Please send your CV an d covering let ter (0 Domin ikAbraham, Network Pla nning Depar tm ent , AngloTelecom , High Row, London. N\,\'1 2 6PE.

2 Read and complete the lett er on p.107 with t hese wo rds .

ability opportunity responsibilityapplication reference teamex perience response

3 Work in pai rs and discuss th e qu estion s.

Does Anna have the right qu alificati ons fo r the job?

Do you think Mr Abraham will be in tereste d in herapplication? Why? / Why not?

Careerdevelopment 107

milk round (n) a series of visits that largecompanies make each year to colleges andunivers ities, to ta lk to students who areinte rested inwo rking for them

Mr D Abra hamNetwo r k Planni ng Dep art mentAnglo Tel ecomHi gh Row, LondonNW12 6PE

234 Cast l e Ri seKings tonAB9 6XX0144 612398mobile :10779 86543emai l:as@home CQ uk

24 August 2008

WebquestVisit Milkround.com and enter a sector that you areinterested in, such as Engineering, in the Search box,then find a job you think is inte resting and follow thelink.When you have done your research, write acovering letter for the job.

ww'!'!,mjLk ro_u !1 d .co r1J(S4/jo_bs_ee _~~[?1

SpeakingSecond interview task

For some jobs you may be interviewed twice . After thefirst interview, the employer will produce a short-list ofsuitable candidates: usually no more tha n three. If youare invited to a second interview,you will probably beasked to prepare and perform a task.

Imagine you have been invited for a secondinterview.Make a poster of an ironing board w ith atleast two drawings showing the iron ing board set upand folded .Annotate the drawing with informationabout parts and materials used. Youhave 20 minutesto prepare.

1 Work in groups. Present your work to your group ofstudents and listen to other students giving theirpresentations.When you have finished, discuss whatyou have done well and think about how you couldim prove in the future. Use the checklist in Makeyourpoint,Unit 14,p.103to make constructivecomments.

Des i gner_-,- 1: a pplication for Network

I n 2 t o th e adve rt ised pos iti onfo r a Netwo r k Desig ner i n t he TelecommunicationsEng ineer i ng Journa l on 18 August 2008, I amwriti ng t o ask you t o consider my___-,-__1 , I am l oo king f or- theopportunity t o ga i n experience i n th i s field,

I gai ned han ds - on 4 i n swi tchi ngan d t ransmi ssi on whi 1e study i ng f o r my NVQ i nManc hester and was fort unate eno ugh to spe ndsix mont hs i n Sweden with Teli a as part of anexchange pr ogr amme . While t he re , I worked onmai ntenance and fa ult - findi ng at t he exc ha ngesas a Network Tec hnic ian and was gi ve n_ _ _ _ -,---_5 fo r impleme nt i ng new systems .I ga i ned va l uable experience of working as partof a 6 an d in communicat i ng withothers,

I am very i nte rested in joini ng a leadi ngt el ecoms company s uch as Anglo Telecom. My NVQresu lts show that my technical 7

i s excell en t and I am very conscientious a boutmeet i ng dea dl -ines . I have excellent comput i ngs ki lls and a ve ry pos i ti ve a t t i tu de to learni ngnew s kil ls .

I woul d app reci ate th e 8 t o meetyou t o discuss my ap pl i cat i on a nd l ook forwa rdt o hea r i nq f rom you .

Yours si ncere ly

Dear Mr Abra ham

Anna Suc hard Decide on the best piece of work in your group. As agroup, present it to the rest of the class.

I '

I'

11

108 Unit 15

Technology gameThis game revises what you have learned in thisbook.Work in groups of six. Divide into threepairs .Youneed one dice for each group and acounter for each pair .

Rules

Decide who is going to start. Place yourcounters on the start square. The first pairthrows the dice and moves their counter to thecorrect square. Read the instructions aloud .Youare allowed one minute to discuss your answer.(Theother pairs should also think about theanswer.) Give your answer in no more than oneminute.If you cannot answer, another pair canoffer an answer.If another pair thinks that the answer isincorrect th ey can cha llenge and offer anot heran swer.If they get th e correct answer,they canmove the ir counter along one square. It is nowtheir t urn to throw th e dice. If the answ er iscorrect an d there is no challe nge, th e pair rollsagain.The first pair to reach Fini sh is the winner.

Red squares give instructions _

Yellow squares test your caree r skills andknowledge CJGreen squares test your speaking skills _

Brown squares test your languageknowledge _ (grammar.vocabulary)

a).b), cl squares

If there are a),b),or c)questions,the first pair toland on the square can choose which they wantto answer.The next time a pair land on thatsquare,they must answer a different question.If the square has only one question, the nextpair to land on the square must give an answerthat is different to the first pair .

Talk about squares

If t he instructions tell you to Talk about . .,youmust talk for 30 seconds.

Good luck!

114jQ;"Name 3different college courseswhere you could study Technology.

IIIGive2sen,tencE's youcould useinapresentation.

EJl T. lk. bOUIa howahridge isconstructedb howa tunnel isconstructed.

DJ Describea bridgeyou know - type,location,function.

IP Whatcanyousay if youdon'tunderstandsomeone?

PI Give 3advantages toanearthhome.

~ Make2sentences aboutwhat youdoand2sentences about whatyouaredoing.

i1 0escribea 2steps inwater treatmentb 2features ofaneco-dtj.

PJ Take a break - missa turn.

IP Draw anddescribe anelectroniccircuit symbol.

ID Giveanoun thatcouldfollowtheverb:a amplify b generate ( modulate.

~ Talk about arouteyoucouldfollowtodevelopyourfuture career.

~ Tal kaboutwhata youhavebeendoing.b youdidyesterday.( experlences ycuheve had.

p Name 3sources ofrenewableenergy.

III Talk about howoneform ofrenewableenergyworks.

III Name2differentformsoftransportthatusea water b air( rails.

8J Move forward 1square.

IlJ Give2expressionsyoucould use ina presentationtoa startb finish.

D!J Name 2rolesofanEnvironmentalScientist.

IDT.lkaboutatypeoftecbnologydesignedtosaveenergy.

iJMakeasentencethathasa 2prepositionsoftimeb 2prepositionsofplace( 2prepositionsofmovement.

III Name 2skills you havethat youwouldmentioninaletterofapplication.

III What followstheseverbs:-ingorto+infinitive?a avoid,suggest,enjoyb decide,learn,aim.

Go back tothestart.

PI Make2sentences tosaywhatmanufacturerscan/areabletodowithplastics.

I!J a Give3verbsthatdescribemovement inmechanisms.

b Give3adjectives thatdescribeshape.

iP Give2thingSYOUa must dob mustn'tdoifyouwanttobuild ahouse.

PI Make 2sentencestocomparea cersandbkydesb trainsandbuses.

iJGive 2examplesofrobotsandsaywhat theydo.

PI Make 2sentences withthewordsa causeb prevent.

i1 Ask yourpartner todosomethingpolitely.Your partnermustreply.

iJMake 3statements abouta yourplansfortherestoftheweekb yourpredictionsforlifein20years'tlme,

gJ Give oneway you canaskfordarification ifyou haven't heardsomeone clea rly.

lIa What isprecisionagriculture?b Name twowaysofpreserving

food.

IiI Name2differenttypes ofbridge.

IiJ a Na me2differentplasticsandwhat theyareusedfor.

b Give3 propertiesofplastics.

g;1 Name3partsofanaeroplaneandgivetheirfunction.

iiJ Describe3featuresofa homeofthefuture.

SI Na me2partsofadrilli ngrigandgivetheirfunction.

i!J Make 2phrases withthewordsa technologyb waste( water.

IIIName3domesticappliances.

~ When givinga presentation,give2pieces ofadvice abouta organizing b visualaids( delivery.

g:J Describe2formsoftechnologythathave beendevelopedtoavoidwarshipsbeing detected.

gJ Give2piecesofadvice about howtoprepareforaninterview.

4'U"':'

Career development 10 9

ChecklistAssessyour progress in this unit .Tick (.I ) thesta te ments which are tr ue.

Ican talk about the future

Iknow howto prepa re for a job inte rview

Iknow how to write a covering letter

Myreading and listening are good enoughto unde rstand most of each text in th is unit

KeywordsNounsabilityapplicantapplicat ionattendance recordcandidatecovering letterdecision makermultitask ingopport unitypromotio nreferenceresponsibilityskillteam

Verbsapply

Note here anything about how English is usedin technology that is new to you.

110 Pairwork activities

Pairwork activitiesUnit 1 pAStudent A

Unit 11 p.83Student A

Speaking

I'

Transmission systems,Engine managementsystems, Diagnostics, including using electrical andelectronic test equipment

4 Electric power,Materials and manufactureMathematics '

Aeroplane aerodynamics, Gas turbine engines,Propellers

Audio recording,Sound creation and manipulation,Computer music production

Unit 6 p.39 Make your point

Student BBoeing747-8Cruising speed: 913 km/hempty weight,185,972 kgmax take-offweight439,900 kg

Aviation weather report at 0800 UTC on 16Juneremperature.te't;Dew point: 2·CPressure: 1024 hPa

UniU p.12Student A

Orange growers have always had the desire to maketheir oranges as orange as possible! Oranges grown insome parts of the world are dull and lack colourbecause there are no cold nights, while those grownin areas with cool nights are usually brighter incolour. Now, orange growers take their freshly-pickedoranges to large buildings where ethylene gas is usedto stimulate the chlorophyll in the oranges to bringout more natural colour. After that. each fruit isphotographed from every possible angle using adigital camera. Computers use these pictures torecord any undesirable marks on the skin at the sametime as analyzing the size,colour , and shape of eachorange.Depending on the demands of the market,the grower can set the required grade specificationsin the computer.Any oranges which do not meet therequired standards are removed from the productionline and later used to produce juice.

HeartLander is an experimental miniature robotdesigned to allow surgeons to treat damaged heartswithout major surgery. It has been developed atCarnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.The robotis two centimetres long. It can be inserted into thebody by a small incision in the chest. It moves by acombination of suction and push-pull movementsprovided by wires driven by motors outside the body .The movement resembles the way a caterpillarmoves. It can travel at speeds of up to 18cm perminute.

A computer monitors its position and controls itsmovements.

HeartLander can be directed to crawl over the surfaceof the heart while the heart is beating. Its inventorshope to use it to attach leads for pacemakers, to injectdrugs straight to the heart, and to take samples fromthe surface of the heart for analysis.

Todo this without major surgery would be animportant advance in the treatment of heartproblems.

Unit 8 pA8Student B

The Japanese Shinkansen network of high-speedrailway lines extends for several thousand kilometres.The system was based on existing rail technology, butdesigners tested model trains in a wind tunnel to makethem aerodynamic in design and so reduce airresistance.Because of the shape,the trains have beencalled 'bullet trains'.Electric or diesel engines powerthe trains which travel up to 300 km/h on standardgauge, purpose-built track. Certain constrictions had tobe eliminated, such as level crossings, frequent stops,and som e curves. Similar high-speed rail networksexist in other countries, for example the TGVin France .They allow travel from city centre to city centre, rapidboarding time, and comfort. They are consideredenvironmentally efficient and are seldom affected bypoor weather.

Pairworkact ivit ies 111

Unit 6 p.38Student A

Unit9 p.7lStudent B

Cl to C4 Gases

Unit 12 p.89Student BThe Wattson is an attractive-looking device that showshow muc h energy is being consumed at any point oft ime.Aclip attaches a small transmitter around theelectrici ty cable beside the electr icity meter. Thisprovides a wireless connection to the Wattson, whichcan be placed anywhere in the house. The device glowsin blue or red electroluminescence. Blue indicates lowenergy use while red indicat es high . It also provideshard data on energy consumption and can show howmuch it costs to leave a specific appliance on for a year !

Compact fluoresce nt bulbs (CFLs) are used in place ofconventional incandescent light bulbs. Afluorescenttube is filled with mercury vapour. An electricaldischarge through t his me rcury vapo ur emi ts ultra ­violet light. This makes a coating insi de th e tube glowbrightly, produc ing about four times as muc h light as aconve ntio nal bu lb with the same wattage. The firstene rgy-sav ing bulbs were long and large, but usingelectronics in the base of t he bulb has redu ced the size.

~ m~ 1 70° C CHEMIC ALS

rru"~C5 toC10 Petrol ~1!!Ej~~ "OOC PETROL FOR VEH ICLES

~tClO tO C1 6 Ke ,ose<lne~~

r ~L DIESEL FUELS FOR CARS,270°C LORRIES TRAINS

~rru"f20to C50 t ubrtcattng oil

~ ll:' ===:=i::"rru" SHIPS, FACTOR IES. AND

600 0 C CENTRAL HEA TING

f ractionsincreasing Indensity andboiling point

f ract ionsdecreasing indensi ty andboiling point

1 _

~l

~~----­7 ·

Helicopt ers are know n as rota ry-wing craft becauseof the rot ati ng blades or wings. The main rotor ismount ed on the top of the helicopter. The blades havean aerodynamic sha pe and as they spin they providelift.A gas-t urbine or pet rol eng ine below the shaftprovides powe r for the roto r,which also providesthrust. Most helicopters also have a tail rotor attachedto a ta il boom. This provid es t hrus t in a Sidewaysdirection and prevents the helicopter from spinning.The pilot controls direct ion using bot h hands and feet.He / she can change the angle of each blade so thatth ey produce more th rust on one side than on t heother. This creates a diffe rence in lift and so causes thehelicopt er to ti p and move forward, backwards, andsideways.

4 _

112 Pairworkactivities

Aviationweather report at 1300 UTC on 30JanuaryWind - 5knots from 140degrees SE,variabilityllO- 270degrees

Boeing747-8Fuelcapacity: 216,840litresMaximum range: 8,000 nautical milesPeople capacityA67 (3-class)

Unit 1 pAStudent B2 Introduction to telecommunications, Electronics,

Microprocessors and microcontroUers

3Dmodelling, Operating systems for CADusers,Communication skills

Ship performance at sea, Marine machinerysystems, Offshore engineering

Ordnance, munitions, and explosives, Guns andvehicles, Sensor systems

Unit6 p.39Student A

Make your point

Unit12 p.89Student AThe water-powered calculator runs on H20 batteries,so it needs no electricity or conventional batteries. TheH20 battery consists of two electrodes made of specialalloys. When these are immersed in water, a chemicalreaction takes place which produces electricity. Overtime, the water evaporates, and needs to be rep laced.The batteries should last for over two years.

The eco-kettle allows you to boil only the amount ofwater you require. It has a doub le chamber. The innerreservoir holds a full capacity of water ready to be used.Bypressing a valve button, the required amount ofwater is released into the outer boiling chamber. Thelevel of water can be seen through the front window.This kettle is designed to reduce the excess amount ofwater people boil.

Unit13 p.96Student A

Silent Guardian

I'

Unit 8 pA8Student AShanghai has the first commercial Maglev line in theworld. Trains can reach 350 km/h in two minutes andhave a maximum speed of 431krn/h in normaloperation. Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains use acombination of magnetic attraction and magneticrepulsion to provide lift and forward movement andcan operate on 100gradients. They travel on raisedguideways above the city which are very expensive tobuild, but track maintenance costs are significantlylower than with conventional rail transport. There is noengine and there are no wheels or rails as withconventional trains, so no friction. Maglev runs onelectricity, producing no pollution from the vehicle. Thespeed and the distance between trains areautomatically controlled and maintained by thefrequency of the electric power fed to the guideway.Bad weather or congestion have little effect on therunning of these vehicles.

Raytheon, an American company, has developed adevice which projects millimetre wave energy at afrequency of 94 GHzwhich it calls Silent Guardian. Itheats the surface layer of skin causing protesters tomove back quick ly away from the pain source. It iseffective up to 250 metres. It hurts but it does not kill.The waves only penetrate the surface layer of theskin, which is deep eno ugh to cause pa in, but not toinjure, unless those ta rgeted are exposed for morethan four minutes. In practice, it is un likely anyonewould stay w ith in range for so long, but the systemalso includes infrared scanners which check for anyexcessive skin heating. The system is intended forembassy protection, peacekeeping ope rations, andcheck point security on sensitive installations such asnuclea r power stations.

Unit 9 p.7lStudent A

Unit 11 p.83Student B

Pairworkactivities 113

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UnitlO p.78Student A

15kilometres northofShanghailies the third largest islandinChina.The islandisthe location fora fully-sustainableeco-citycalledDongtan.

The cityis designedas smallvillages, each withits owncharacter.Thisprovides a communityspirit, the baseofChinese society, so peoplewalkand meet each other.Thevillagesare connectedbycycleroutes,footpaths,andpublictransport corridors that use tramsand buses.Solar­powered water taxis operate on the river. Zero-carbonpublictransport uses hydrogen-fueltechnology or battery­power. Residentialand businessareas are mixed to reducethe need tocommute.The buildingshavebeendesignedtobe highlyenergy-efficient.Theyare angledto attract themaximumsun inwinterand naturalventilationinsummer.localmaterialsare beingusedwith traditionaland newconstruction technologies. Photovoltaic solarpanelcellssupplythe buildings withenergy. Thecityis self-sufficientinenergyneeds,usingbiomassfromcropsand riceresidueas wellas windpowerfromlargewind turbines outsidethe city.

rnGeminoid is a humanoid robot which looksandsounds just like his creator, Hiroshi Ishtguro of OsakaUniversity in Japan. Its featu res are made from siliconmou lds of his own body. It has the same hai rcolouring and style,and wears the same glasses andclothes.

Or Ishiguro demonstrates his robot by using it toteach his classes. What makes this robot soconvincing is that it appears to breathe, its eyes blink,and it fidgets just like a human. It also speaks with hisvoice.These effects are achieved by technology whichincludes 50sensors and motors under Geminoid'sskin to give expression to its face and to replicatehuman movements. The breathing effect is causedby compressed air forced into the chest. Amotioncapture system tracks the real Or Ishiguro's mout hmovements which are then copied by the robot. Hisvoice is relayed through a speaker in the robot .

Or Ishiguro believes that in future, humanoid robotswill stand in for people who cannot be present at anevent. Wemay have not only robot teachers,butrobot politicians and singers .

114 Grammar reference

Grammar reference

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, -ingform and to infinitive-ingform

The -ing form is used directly after certai n verbs.

These include :admit, carry on, consider, delay, deny,enjoy,jinish,give up, involve, keep(on),postpone,practise, resist, stop,suggest.

Studen ts should cons ider doi ng a computer course.The course invo lves learni ng about the manipulation ofdig ital images.

The -ing form is also used after prepositions.

She succeeded in fin din g a post as a Research Engineer.

to infinitive

The to infinitive is used directly after certain verbs.

These include: agree, aim , attempt, begin, choose,continue, decide,expect,jail, hope, intend, learn, manage,mean, offer, prepare, promise,propose, want.

The planners agreed to ma ke the proposed changes.

The Drillers managed to dig a new well.

Note that we can use the negative infinitive not to .

The company decided not to develop the new system.

Verbs followed by -ing form or to infinitive

There are several verbs that can be followed by eitherthe -inq form or the to infinitive ,with very little changein meaning.

These include: begin , continue, hate, intend, like, love,p refer,sta rt.

We continued pra ctising our communication skillsthroughout the course.We cont inued to pra ctise our communication skillsthroughout the course.

Note that we do not generally use two -ing forms together.

We are start ing to learn about database systems.

N OT We are sta t i!J.1§ !@a lil1 § about database systems.

2 Past Simple v Present PerfectPast Simple

We use the Past Simple to ta lk abo ut an action thathap pened in the past. We ofte n use time exp ressionssuch as: last month,yesterday, 250years ago, in 1850.

Present Perfect Simple

We use the Present Perfect Simple to ta lk about an actionthat ha ppene d in a per iod of time up to the present.

Sometimes, no specific time is mentioned.This canindicate that somet hing happened very recently,orthat the time period st retches from any point in thepast up to now.

The industry has anno unced its profits. (= recently)

The industry ha s been at the forefront ofnewtechnology. (= any time up to now)

We can use tim e express ions such as: recent ly.thisweek, sof ar,over the last twoyears.

So far this year the industry ha s not develope d anynew techniques.

Present Perfect Continuous

Positive

The land own er has been planti ng trees .

= subject + have I has + been + -inq form

Negative

We haven 't been using the new equipment.

= subject + have I has + not (haven't/hasn 't been)+-ingform

Questions

How have ma nufacturers been imp roving the design ?

= (question word +)have I has +subject +been+-ing form

Like the Presen t Perfect Simple, t he Present PerfectContinuous is used to ta lk about an act ion that car rieson up to th e present. Sometimes, we can use eith ertense without much difference in mean ing,especia llywhen we refer to a longer- te rm situation.

He ha s wo rked / has been working herefor 20 years.

In oth er cases, the Present Perfect Continuousemp has izes the fact that the act ion has conti nued up tothe present and may not be finished.The Present PerfectSimple is ofte n used to talk about quantity. Compare:

He's been p lanting new trees. (= he may or may not havefinished)

He'splanted 500 new trees. (= he has finished plantin gth e t rees)

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3 ThePassiveMost bridges ar e bu ilt of concrete t hese days.

When cracks began to appear,the bridge wasstre ng thened.

A nu mber of construction methods have been used .

= subject + be (in correct te nse) + past participle

We use the Passive to ta lk about processes and abouthow th ings are ma de an d built.

Most tenses used in the Active can be used in the Passive.

The exception is the Present Perfect Continuous.N OT A new tunnel AS5 Beei<l Beii<l§ built.

We wou ld use either:Present Continuous Pass iveA new tunnel is being built.

or

Present Perfect PassiveA new tunnel has been built.

Modals in the Passive

We can use will or modal verbs in t he Passive.

The tunnel m ust befi nished on schedule.

The bridge will not / won't befinished on time.

=subject + will I modal verb (+not) +be+past participle

Modal verbs are commonly use d in the Passive inofficial signs. Such notices in the workplace are oftenconnected with issues of healt h and safety, and te ll uswhat we must and mustn't do.

Safety equipment m ust be carried at all times.Any incidents should be reported to the site manager.

by

Passive forms are used to avoid mention ing whoperfo rmed an action.This is eit her because the age nt isirrelevant to t he process described or is unk nown.Sometimes,however, we may want to use a Passiveform and mention the agent. In this case, we introducethe agen t with by.

The cables are supported by tw in towers.

Gramma r reference 115

4 Abilityand inabilityThe re are severa l ways of t alking about abili ty,possibilit y,and op portunity.

Ability I inability in the present

• can / can't + infinitive

Bioplastics can help reduce the amount ofwaste weproduce.We can 't recycle conventional plastic food wrapp ing.

We use can' can 'r to express ability, poss ibility, andopportunity. This st ructure can be use d in the Passive.

Conventional plastic wrapping can 't be recycled.

• is!am!areableto+infinitive

We use is I am , are able to to express ab ility oropportunity. This st ructure is sligh tly more formalthan can! can't. We use is' am I areableto rather thancan after a modal verb.

We should be able to reduce biowaste considerablyby 2020.

Ability I inability in the past

• could' couldn't+ infinitive

could! couldn't are t he Past Simple forms of can' can't.

In the past, we couldn 't mould plastic into complexshapes.

• was ' were able to + infinitive

was' were able toare the Past Simple forms of is' am!are able to. In many cases, was' were able to are used inexactly the same way as could' couldn't.

In the past, we weren 't ab le to mould plastic intocomplex shapes.

However,when we want to talk about ability on anisolated occasion,rather than general abili ty, we canonly use was' were able to .

After doing a Google search, he was able to find theexact information he needed.

Ability I inability in t he future

will' won't be able to+ infin itive

By using additives, we will be able to improve theproperties of the plastic .

However, note that it is very common to use It will!won't be possible to + infinitive instead.

116 Grammar reference

By using additives, i t will be possible to improve theproperties ofthe plastic .

This is especially the case in the Passive,to avoid theawkward repeti tion of be.

lt will be possible to stop chemical degradation.NOT Chemical degradation ill BeaBleta/se st&flfle61.

can I can't + infinitive

Wecan also use can / can 't to talk about future abilityor opportunity.This is less formal than will / won 't beable to.

We can talk to the Manager when he arrives.

Note that we can 't use will can I will can't.

NOT We~ talk to the Manager ..

5 Past Continuous v Past SimplePast Continuous

When / While I was studying at university, I becameinterested in alternative energy.

We can reverse the order of the two clauses. In thiscase, there is no comma.

I became interested in alternative energy whe n / whileI was studying at university.

When can also go before the Past Simple.

I was studying at university when I became interested inalternative energy.

Note that when can introduce two Past Simple act ionsto describe an immediat e conseq uence of an action.

When the computer activated the yaw motor, the rotorturned against the wind.

On the other han d, as is used to desc ribe two actionstha t happen simul taneously.

As the generator was turning, the turbine broke down.

We use t he First Conditional to ta lk abo ut a possiblescenario or action and the probable resu lt.

6 First and Second ConditionalsFirst Conditio na l

'"If +sub ject +Present Simple I subject + will + infinitive

Note that in t he resu lt clause we can use a modal verb,e.g.may, m ight,can ,could,shou/d instead of will.

If the tests go well, the project m ight start ahead ofschedule .

Note the position of t he comma in the above example .

The if-clause normally comes first, but it can come afterthe ma in clause. In this case, there is no comma.

The project might start ahead ofschedu le if the testsgo well.

Use

main clause

I will ear n more.

Form

if-clause

If I finish th e course,

Wave energy was causing several problems.

'"subje ct + was I were + -in9 form

Question s

We use the Past Continuous to ta lk about an action inprogress in the past.

Negative

The generator wasn't running very smoothly.

'"subject +was I were not (wasn' t / weren 't )+ -ing form

Positi ve

Past Simple

We use the Past Simple to talk about a completedaction, or a serie s of completed actions in the past.

The rotor turned against the wind and startedthe turbine.

What equipment was the controller usi ng ?

'" (question word +)was I were +subject + -ing form

when I while I as Second ConditionalThe Past Continuous and Past Simple are ofte n usedtogether when one action comes in the midd le of alonger one. We can use time expressions such as when,while, or as before the longe r action .Note t he positionof the comma.

Form

if-clause

If Iworked as anarea cont roller,

ma in clause

Iwould earn mo re mon ey.

:::If +su bject + Past Simple I subject + would + infi nitive

Note tha t we can also use could or might in th e resultclause.

Ifl had a calculator, I might / could / wDuld work thisout m ore qUickly.

With the First Condi tional,the order of the clauses canbe reversed.

I migh t / cou ld / would work th is out more qUickly iflhad a calculator.

Use

We use the Second Condi tio nal to ta lk about animaginary situation and to spe culate on the result.

unless

We use unless as an alternative way of exp ressing acondition. Unless replaces ifin th e if-clause ,and isalways followe d by a positive verb. The resu lt clausecan either be positive or negative. Compare:

lfy ou can 't ta ke pressure,you won't be successful in

this job .Unless you can take pressure,you won 't besuccessjul in

this job .

As with other cond itional sen tences, we can reversethe order of t he clauses.

You won 't be successful in this job unless you cantake pressure.

7 Obligation and necessityWe use both have to and must to talk abo ut obligation,bu t there are some differences.

have to

has I have to + infi nitive can be used in ot he r tenses,but not in continuous tenses.

Past Simp le: had to

Present Perfect :have had to

Fut ure :will have to

I had / 've had to obtain plan ning permission beforebuilding the extension.NOT I B5/<1Q i l'iy ta obtain planning pe rmission.

We use has / have to wh en we ta lk about somethingthat we can or cannot do because of the circu mstances,or because of a legal require ment .

Grammar reference 117

I can't come tom orrow because I have to go to a m eet ingwith the planning depa rtment. (:::circu mstances)

All appliances have to beearthed. (.legal requi rernen t )

The question for m is Do I Does +sub ject +have to +infinitive.

Does the extension have to comply wit h buildingregulations?

don't have to

We usedon't / doesn't have to + infini tive to talk aboutsomething th at is not necessary.There is no sense ofobligation.

Your home doesn 't hav e to have solar energy panels, bu tit would save you a lot ofmoney on bills.

People won't have to worry about small rooms , asinterior space will be morejlexible.

must / mustn'tWe use must I mustn 't + infinit ive to talk aboutobligation. It has a sim ilar meaning to the usage ofhave to for a legal require men t.

All appliances must be earthed.

We can also use must I mustn r to indicate personalauthority.

You mu st send me the plans by the end a/th is week.(. I am telling you to do th is)

You have to send me the plans by the end ofthe week.(::: beca use of circumstances or a lega l requirement]

Mus t I m ustn 't are on ly used in the Presen t Simple.Their forms never cha nge.

The new extension mu st comply with buildingregulations.Fire exits mu st be accessible and mu stn't be blocked .

The ques tio n form is rar ely used.Instead,we usehave to.

Does the new extension have to comply with buildingregulations?

Similar ly. if we wa nt to talk abo ut obligation in thepast or future. we use th e appropriate form of have to .

In some countries,any ne w buildings mu st be less thanthree storeys .But by 2020 all bu ildings will have to beearthquake resistant.

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118 Grammar reference

8 Comparative and superlativereviewWe use comparative and superlative adjectives to talkabout the differences between two or more things.

We use compa rative adjectives to make a comparisonbetween two things or situations.

Form Adjective Comparative Supe rlative

One-syllable Add- er Add th e + -estadjectives fast fast er the fast est

One-syllable Add -r Add the+-stadjectives wide wide r the wide stendingin -e

Two-syllable Change -y change-yadjectives to- ier to -testendingin-y happy happ ier happ iest

Adjectives with mOle + th e +most +two or adjective adjectivemore syllables efficien t more th e most

efficient efficient

Irregular good better the bestadjectives bad worse the worst

far farther! thefurther farthest!

furt hest

Comparat ive adjectives

Use

When we compare two things or situations direct ly,weuse the comparative + than.

I find journeys by plane a lot more tiring than journeysbyship.

The opposite of more is less.Weuse less with adjectiveswith two or more syllables.

Air travel is less expensive than i t used to be.

Tomake a comparison stronger, there are severaladverbs that we can use before the comparative.

The ones that em phasize large differences include:much,jar,considerably,substantially,a lot,a good !great deal. Those th at emphasize small differencesinclude: slightly, a litt le, rather ,somewhat, and, moreinfor mally,a bit.

Maglev tra ins move passengers at a much lower costcompared to ships.Passengers are somewhat less conce rned with traindecor than with speed.

Note that we can use really or absolutely to make anadjective stronger but we cannot use these before acompa rative .

NOT Maglev trains move passengers at a~e95! . .

Wealso use adverb +comparative structure before anoun, e.g.a lower cost ,a better way, more speed, lessfuel,a muchhigherprofit,afar lessefficient system

Superlative adjectives

Use

We use superlative adjectives to make a compar isonbetween more tha n two things.

The opposite of the most is the least. We use the leastwith adjectives conta ining two or more syllables.

Ithink that the Maglev is the least stressf ul way to t ravel.

Wealso use adverb +superlative structure before anoun ,e.g.the fastest method, the mos t interest ingjourney, the worst aspect, th e least expensive option.

9 Present tense reviewPresent Simple

Use

We use the Present Simple with :• facts and things that are generally true.Production platforms stay in placefor as long as thefield is productive.

• routines,espec iallywit h adverbs of frequency.I come back to the rigevery few weeks.

• verbs that describe thinking and feeling, e.g.jeel,look,smell, sound, taste.

Crudeoilf eels sticky

Present Continuous

Use

We use the Present Continuous to tal k about:• something that is happening at the time of

speak ing.We're having afire drill.

Grammar reference 119

• som ething that is happening around now, althoughnot necessarily at the time of speaking.Wegenerally do no t expect the action to continue for along ti me.

I'm supervising a new Drillerthis week.

Not e that w ith a continuous ten se, such as the Presen tConti nuous,we do not gene rally use non -action verbssuch as:be,believe, cost,jeel,jorget, hate,have,hear, know,like,mean,remember,smell.taste,understand,want.

NOT I'~ R8t k l"l8 i1i§ thesefigures.

There are exce ptions to t his when these verbs are use din an active sense. For example:

Ithink this is the best option. (= this is my op inion)Iam think ing about the possibilities. (= I am active lyusing my mind)

10 Reported speechReported statements

In general, however, the or igina l verb changes asfollows:

Direct speech Repo rte d spee ch

Present Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuo us

Past Simp le Past Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Moda ls. will wouldcan couldmay mightmust hadto

• Pronouns:

Direct speech: Ms Symons:'Designing engineeringsystems gives me greatsatisfaction:

Reported speech: Ms Symons said that designingengineering systems gave hergreatsatisfaction.

'Theresulting sludgewasdisposed ofyesterday.'Shesaid the resultingsludgehad beendisposedof theprevious day.

When we report a sta tement,we commonly use t hePast Simp le ofthe reporting verbs say and tell.

Mr Bransaid (that)we would have to change thefil ters.

Note tha t th e pronoun that is not essentiaL

Toldmust always be follow ed by an object (me / us / theshareholders,etc.).

Mr Brantoid us (that)wewouldhave to changethefilters.

We can also use ot her reporting ver bs such as :admit,announce,confirm,explain,recommend,suggest,warn.

Thedirectorannounced that our design team had wonan award.

• Time expressions:

Dir ect speech

today

yesterday

this week / month / year

(the) next wee k I month/ year

Report ed speech

that day

the previous day

that w eek / mo nt h /year

the following week /month / year

Reported questions

• Yes/ No que stio ns

If a qu estion does not begin wi th a qu est ion wordsuch as What? or How?,we beg in the repo rted questionwith if

'How doyou dispose of the wastepatntrtne inspectorasked us.

The inspectorasked us howwedisposedof the wastepaint.

Reporte d speech:

When we repo rt qu est ion s,we use the ver b ask + objectinstead of say or tell.In a repor ted que stion, the wordorde r is the same as in a positive sentence.

• Wh- qu estion s

Direct speec h:

Note t hat in th is case, we could keep the Present Simpleform spraysin re ported speec h, if we want toemphasize a current routine.

Direct and reported speech

When we cha nge dire ct speech into repo rted speech,there are severa l changes that need to be ma de .

• The t en se of the orig ina l ver b:

Direct speech: 'I generallyspray the paint in aventilated closedroom;saidthe engineer.

Reported speec h: Theengineersaid(that) he generallysprayedthe paint in a ventilatedclosed room.

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120 Grammar reference

Direct speech: The Inspector :'Doyou add chlorine tothe water?'

Reported speech : The Inspector asked ifwe addedchlorine to the water.

Reported orders and instructions

When reporting an order or instruction,we can use thepast te nse of the reporting verbs tell / ask + object +(not ) to + infinitive :

Direct speech : 'Check the water pressure in thep ipes:

Reported speech, He told / asked Keith to check thewaterpressure in the pipes .

Direct speech : 'Don't fo rget to check the water levels,John.'

Reported speech : He to ld I asked John not toforge t tocheck the water levels.

11 Causing, preventing, andenabling links: cause to, make,prevent, stop, allow to, enableto, let

There are severa l ways to descr ibe the relationshipbetween actions.

Causing

cause + object + to + infinitive

make + object + infinitive

Vibration or pressure can cause a m ine to exp lode.Vibration or pressure can make a mi ne explode.

Preventing

p revent + object +from +*ing form

stop + object + -inq form

The hard ground often prevents th e robotfromunco verin g m ines.The hard grou nd often stops the robot uncovering mines.

Enabling

allow / enable +object + to + infinitive

let +object +infinitive

Digital cameras allow I enable the robot to naviga teby /tseif.Digital cameras let the robot navigate by itself

Sentence structure

There are two ways we can structure these ideas.

• Relative clause, using which + verb of causing Ipreventin g / enabli ng

Batt eries run down qui te quickly, which causes th e robotto stop moving.The Mars Rover isfitted with digit al came ras, whichpreve nts it fro m colliding with obstacles.The robot is equipped with sensors that me asurepressure, which enab les it to handle delicate item s.

Note that the verb following which is in the thirdperson sing ular, as it refe rs to the preceding act ionrat her tha n to a singular or plura l noun.

Omitting which and using th e · ing form of the verbtha t follows it. Compare:

The robot has six legs, wh ich enab les it to walk delicat elythrough minefields.The robot has six legs, enabling it to walk delicate lythrough minefields.

12Question reviewThere are two main types of quest ion:th ose whichrequire a yes / no answe r,and wh-questions,which askfor specific informat ion.

Yes / No questions

These begin wit h an auxiliary verb, such as Do,Am / Is IAre,Have I Has, Can,Could,Will, Must,Was I Were,Did, etc.

auxiliary + subject + main verb

Can solid wood be used for carcasses?Will marble worktops be more expensive than gran ite?Was melamine coated chipboard used?

Wh-questions

These begin with question words such as :Wha t,Who,Wh en, Where,Why, Which ,and How.We can use How inother combinations such as: How much, How many,How long, Howfar,How safe, etc .

The question words What, Which, How m uch,Howmany can be followed by a noun .

Question word I question word and object + auxi liary +subj ect + ma in verb

What does a CNCcutter do ?How many eco-kettles has the company m ade sofar?

In th e two sentences above, the ques tion word is theobject of the main verb.Note that What, Who, Which ,How much, How many can also be the subject of aquestion. In this case ,t he word order is the same as in aposit ive sentence.Question word I question word an d subject +verb

Wha t types ofdoor areavailab le?How m uch experience has he got in designing kitchens?Who invented the microwave oven?

Requests

We make requests by using a polite question form . Forrequesting information, these include :Could you tell me ... ?I'd like to know ..

. Note that these are followed by ,• Question word + posit ive word order ,for who

questions:Could y ou tell m e how the router works?

• If /Whether +positive word order ,for yes I noquestions:

Couldyou tell me ifI whether solid wood can be used forcarcasses?NOT GeH/d) eN tell i<I'l:eJ:ie sees t l'l:e reNte er~?

GeHldjeN tell i<I'l:e eaRseliri eed he Nsed}e rselid~?

Other structures used to make requests are :I'd like you to + infinitive

I wonder ifyou could + infinitive

Wou ld you mind + -ing form

I'd like you to send me a cata logue,please . (no questionmark needed)I wo nder ifyou could he lp me?Would you mind giving me a demonstration?

Gene rally,we rep ly to requests by say ing Certainlyor(Yes)of course.However,it is common to respond to arequest beginning Would you mind wit h No, of coursenot.

Note that the st ruct ure Iwonder ifyou could help me?precedes a more specific request ,especially one that maybe quite complicated.Alternatively,Iwonder ifyou could+infinitive can be used as a request on its own.

I wonder ifyou could he lp me? I'm interested infi ndingout more about yo ur kitch en design service?I wo nde r ify ou could send me a catalogue, please?

Grammar reference 121

13Prepositions reviewThere are ma ny prepositions that we can use to talkabou t time, place,and moveme nt. Some prepositionscan belong to more than one categ ory.

Prepositions of place and movement

Many prepos itions of place can also describemovement,depending on the verb used. Forexample:

Place: The multi-purpose gun is under aspecial cover.

Moveme nt The multi-purpose gun ispl acedunder a special cover when not in use.

Oth er examples are :above, across,opposite,over.

The common prepositions in and on gene rally expresspositio n.To exp ress movement ,we use into an d onto.

The army moved into the town.

The preposition at is only used to exp ress position,while to expresses movement.

In ,at,and on have the following usages :in enclosed spaces ,e.g.rooms ,buildings,vehicles,

equ ipmentThere 'safault in the drive.

in expressions such as infron t ofThe microph one is in fron t ofthe robot so that itcan pick up sounds immediately.

on surfacesThe amphibious personnel carrier is adapte dformovement on land and on water.

in expressions such as on the left / right (of),on (the) top I back /side /front (of)

The camera ispositioned on top ofthe mast, nothalfway down it.

at gene ral locat ion whe n it is not importa nt exactlywhere somet hing isat the airportat the centre (of)

in expressions such as at the end / side / back /top (of) - these give a much less specificindication of position than expressio ns such ason the side of

There is an additional piece ofequipment at th eside ofthe robot. (= but not necessarily attachedto the robot)

I'

122 Grammar reference

There are many oth er prepositions of place andmovement.Weuse next to I beside and close to I near toto talk about how close things or people are. However,nex t to I beside mean th at one thing or person is at thesideof anoth er,while near I close to tell us only thatone th ing or person is not far away from another.

A Isthefolding boom next to / besidethe mast?B No, but it isvery near / close to it.

(not )farfrom is ano ther expression used to ta lk aboutgeneral proximity.

between means to have someone or something on eachside.Unmanned scout vehicles will patrol betweenfrontlinesoldiers and the enemy.

opposite means that one th ing or person is facinganothe r.The caterpillar tracks are on oppo site sides ofthe robot.

Prepositions of t ime

The prepositio ns in ,at ,and on are also used to ta lkabo ut tim e.

in parts of days ,months,seasons,years : in themorning, in March , in 2007

to say how soon something is going to happen:The test will start in two hours .

at times ofthe day,mealtimes:at 8 a.m., atbreakf ast, at night,at Easter

on days of the week ,special days ,dates :on Sunday,on my birthday,on 4 May

Other prepositions of t ime include :

for to talk about how long something will last :It willlostfor twodays.

until mea ning up to a specific point or before aparticular action takes place: until 17.00, until thema chine is proved in action

Other prepositions

There are many prepositio ns that are not used todescribe place,movement, or time .Common examplesinclude:with ,without,by, as,about, oj. and for .

These are often used after certai n verbs, adject ives,ornouns.an adva ntage over,consists oj. depends on, equippedwithJilled with. knownas.

14Complex sentencesThere are several struc tures we can use in order to linkideas within a sentenc e.

when,as,untilWe use these time expressions to show clea rly theorder in which different events happened.The part ofthe sente nce that begins with th e tim e exp ression iscalled the time clause.

wh en

We use when to refer to act ions that happen at almostthe same tim e.One action is an imm ediateconsequence of anot her. Note that whe n th e tim eclause comes first, it mu st be followed by a comma.

When the voltage rises,the relay is activated.

We can change the two parts of th e sentence aro und,but when mus t always come before the first action inth e sequenc e of events.

The relay is activ ated when the voltage rises.

When the time clause comes later in the sen tence ,wedo not use a comma to separate the two clauses.

as

We use as to talk abou t two actions th at happen at thesame time .The position of th e time clause can cha nge,in the same way as for when.

As the tem peraturefalls, the resistance ofRl rises.The resistance of Rl rises as the temp eraturefa lls.

until

We use the preposition of time until to mean 'up to acertai n point'.

The relay doesn't ope rate un ti l the trigge r temp eratu reis reached.

if-clause

We can also use an if-clause to link cause and effect.

The if-clause normally comes first,but it can come afterthe main clause .In which case, th ere is no comma.

The transistor will overheat ifexcess current ispassed .

Relative clauses

In relative clauses,we use the relative pronouns whowhen the subject is a person,or which when th e subjectis an object.

at

We can use a relative clause in two ways:• to mak e a definitio n (defining relative clau se)

This is the batt ery which provides a high current.(= th ere are other batteries, but this one provides ahigh curren t)

He is the person at Bell Laboratories who pioneered thenew technique. (=the re were severa l people at BellLaboratories , but he pionee red t he new tec hnique)

• to add information (non-defining relative clause)

This isa new type ofbattery. which can provide a highercurrent than standard ones.That isMr Hodgson, who pioneered the new technique.

Note that in th is type of relative clause we use acomma before who or which .

-ingform

When we talk abou t a process that causes ,prevents ,orpermits anot her act ion,we can use the ·in9 form toreplace which and the verb that follows it .Compare:

Thiscompletes a circuit, which ge nerates a series ofpulses . (non-defini ng relative clause)This completes a circuit, gen eratin g a series ofpulses .

15 Future reviewThere are several way s to talk abou t future events orsituations.

will / won't + infinitive

We use will to ta lk about what we know or think weknow about the futu re, including mak ingpredictions.Wedo not use will I won 't to t alk aboutintentions.

The course won't last longer than aboutfour mon ths.

When we are uncertain about t he likely outcome of asit uation, it is common to use will in comb ination withverbs such as think,know, or expect.

I think / know / expect (that) the tratninq will bedifficult.

Note that we do not ten d to use the positive form ofthink with won 't. Instead, we use don't Idoesn 't think +positive verb.

Idon't think the course will be very interesting.NOT It/ii Aktl::ieE8ti se 8A't1ge e) i A terestil'l~.

Gram mar reference 123

We can also use adverbs such as definitely or probablyto sou nd mor e or less certain about the futur e.

It'llpro bably ta ke two hours tofix .I'll defin itely get ther e before five o'clock.

Anot her use of will I won't is when we decide to dosomething at that particular moment,e.g. in order topromise or offer to do some th ing ,and to makerequests.

A I've got togo out in afew minutes so [can 't meet th esupplier .B OK,I'IImeet him .

going to + infinitive

We use going to + infinitive without to when we ta lkabout our intentions.We have already decided whatto do.

I'm go ing to meet the supplier .She's go ing to apply for a new job.

We also use going to to make predictions abo ut thefuture based on present evidence.

Look at those big grey clouds.It's going to rain.

Present Continuous

We use the Present Continuous to ta lk about a pre­arranged event, but not one that is part of a reg ularprogra mme or timeta ble.

I'm moving to a new depa rtment.

It is very common to use a time expression w ith thePresent Cont inuo us when ta lking about t he future sothat it is not confused with some thing that ishappenin g now.Compare:

Present: He's attendi ng the conference.Future: He's attending the conf erence on

Thursday.

124 listening scripts

Listening scripts

Unit 2

Unit1

developmentmaintenancespecialistqualificationmedicineenvironmentI'

It's my jobWhen Ileft school. Istarted work for aplastics company, one of the biggest in thecountry. We make everything from smallcomponents for medical equipment to largewater pipes - the blue ones which arereplacing metal pipes everywhere.

My apprenticeship lasts for three years. I'min my fina l year now. It's a good mix of work ,which Iget paid for, of course,en -the -jobt rain ing ,and study at the local college.

I've learned a lot of practical skills from theon-the-job training. It's supe rvised by skilledworkers .There's quite a lot of paperwork as Ihave to complete forms to show I've reachedthe right standard.

I had day release to attend college one day aweek in the first two years of myap prenticeship and I've got two days a weekin my last year. I've learned things likeworking in teams, problem-solving,communication skills, and using newtechnologies at work, as well as engineeringsub jects. This year I'm completing an HNC,aHigher National Certificate, in Engineering.

I like learning while working, but it's quitehard work .There's a lot of studying to do - athome in the evenings and at weekends too.I'm doing about ten hours a week right now.It's quite hard when your friends are outhaving a good time.

Once I'm fully quali fied and have a bit moreexperience, I hope to get promoted to teamleader. That means I'll be in charge of a teamof six - more responsibility and better pay.

Pronunciation - Unstressedsyllablestransmissionperformancepropellerelectr icityinstalla tionregu lation

Listening- Precision agricultureB=Barr y,S=Stude nt

B Asyou know,when farme rs grow crops ,they use mac hines for ploughing andharvesting as well as chemicals, such asfertilizers and weed killers .Traditionallyfarmers have spra yed chemic alsun iformly across the field so the same

amount of fert ilizer or pestici de is sprayedin each part of the field whether it wasneeded or not. But,of course ,not all fieldsare the same .One end of a field may havelots of weeds, but the other end may havenone at all. Or one area could need morefertilizer than ano ther. So,spraying thefield uniformlyis really a waste ofresources .

But by including ITin modern farmmachinery we ha ve been able to makefarming far more efficient. Farme rs cangather precise information about thei rfields and the computer can control thefarm ing equipment allowing the correctamount of chemical to be applied. This isan example of precision agriculture.

S How does the farme r get the info rmation?

B Well,there are two ways of gatheringinformation about a field. One way is touse satellites or planes. These can the nproduce soil maps. Using these maps, thefarmer can see on the computer whatneeds to be done. This method is qu itecheap and very reliable but the drawbackis that it's not very exact - it can bedifficult to distinguish closely-relatedfeatures in these maps. The other way ofcollecting information is using sensorsmounted on a tractor.As the farmer drivesacross his field, information is fed into hisonboard computer and this cont rols theamount of chemicals being applied.Because the tractor-mounted sensors arecloser to the ground than the satellitetechnology, they can provide mo redetailed information. But this systemcosts mo re because the ITequipment hasto be very responsive and make very fineadjustments quickly.

On the farms which now use thistechnology, there have been fantasticsavings.With this precision equipment ,farmers are able to use 50%less he rbicidesand fertilizers than before an d, of course,that's a big saving and better for theenvironment.

Make your point - Beginning apresentationGiving a presentation can make me verynervous, but I find that if I'm well prepa red.Ifeel more confid ent .The re are fou r th ings Iask myself before Ieven start. First of all, whoam! going to talk to and what do theyalready know? Secondly, whe re am Ispeaking? What facilities are the re? I have toconsider the equipment, for example if!want to use Power Point, is there a screen?Thirdly,wha t is the purpose of mypresentation? Do Iwant to info rm, impress,

or persuade the audience, or do Iwa nt to sella product? And finally,how much time will!have?

The answers to these four ques tions have animportant effect on what I include in mypresen tation and how Imake it. I usually putideas down on a piece of pape r and the n tryto group these ideas under headings. Then Imake some sho rt notes on small cards that Ican hold comfortably in my hand an d useduring my presentation. I like to usePowerPoint for my presentati ons,so Ista rtpreparing slides. Icollect all the pictur es,diag rams, photos that! want to use and pu tthem in the correct order. Once! feel that I'vegot th ings well org anize d, I prepare theintroduction.

Even if my audience know me, I sti llintroduce myself and explain my posttton.tbegin by saying, 'Most of you know who Iam. I'm Lee Avatar and I'm responsible fortraining and communications'.Then Iexpla in what I'm going to talk about, and inwhat order. I mention that I'll be usingPower Point. I usu ally invite peop le tointerrupt me if they have any ques tionsdur ing my ta lk, but sometimes Iask theau dience to keep questions rnthe end . Igivean outline of the main po ints in my firstslide, and Ifind it's a good idea to tell theau dience what han douts Iam going to givethem so that the y can concentrate on whatI'm saying instead of writing notes.

Unit 3

Listening - The Great BeltEast BridgeThe Great Belt East Bridge is part of a linkbetween Denmark an d Swede n.The firstdesig n was made in 1965. It consis ted of abox girder bridge with two centra l spans,each 400m in length.These were su ppor tedby piers. The idea was tha t ships sailing inone direct ion wou ld pass under one span,and those saili ng in the othe r directionwould use the other span.

Because ships beca me larger and la rger, thisdesign was abandoned and a new designmad e in 1973.Th is had a much w ider centra lspan of780m.This is greater tha n the limitfor box girde r bridges - aroun d 500m. At thispoint even the stro ngest steel bends und erits ow n weight. So a cable stay bridge wasproposed. With cable stay bridges, the decksare bu ilt out from each pier until they meetin the midd le.The longer the bridge, themore difficult it is to control the movementof the ends whe n it is Windy - 1,OOOm isabout the limit for such bridges.

Construction was furthe r delayed and in themeantime sh ips grew larger than ever.Experiments showed that large ships couldnot safely pass each other under th e bridge ­even with the wider span.The risk ofcollision wa s too great. The only alte rnativewa s a suspe nsion bridge .Anew design wasmade in 1993 for a suspension bridge with a1.600m spa n - at tha t ti me the longest bridgein the world.Tosupport such a span, twohuge towers,ea ch 2S4m high,were built .Thebridge deck is quite slender - only fourmetr es deep.Toprevent twisting in thewind, the deck wa s speciall y shaped.Thesuspension bridge wa s finally completed in1998.

Unit4

Listening - The history andproperties of plasticsA " Antonia, F" FatimaA I think th at this assignment on the history

and properties of plastics sho uld be quiteinter esti ng .

F Yeah, I'm looking at the Brit ish Plast icsFeder ation webstte.tha t's www.bpf.co.uk ,it's got some good st uff about th e historyof plast ics.Youkno w plastics can be usedto produce alm ost anyt hing nowaday s.

A Yes.Just look at your tooth brush , thesefiles, the table lam p,the stree t lightsoutside,even the white lines on the road ;they're all made of plastic.

F It says he re that th e first plastic was madeof cellu lose in the mid-eighteen hundredsand was used to make billiard balls! Thatwas a great step forward in the world ofscience. Apparently,people were worriedtha t there weren't enough ele phants toprovide ivory for making billiard balls sothey had to find a subst itute.The first ballswere made of coated celluloid .

A Celluloid is the plastic made fromcellulose.Isn't iH

F Yes,and cellulose comes from plants.Theproblem wa s that this can be explosive .The inventor liked to tell sto ries of theea rly balls exploding when they we re hitha rd! Imagine that!

A Ifound a book in the college library calledPlastics,and it say s that another problemwith the early plastics such as celluloidwas that you couldn 't make things to ahigh standard of quali ty.Apparently, itwasn't until they started using petro leumand natural gas in the mid-nineteenhundreds that plast ics product ion wasreally able to take off!

F Yes,it says here that us ing petroleum andnatural gas led to the development of soman y diffe rent plastics : polyethylene,nylon, polyester, an d they've all gotdifferent properties so you can alwaysfind one that's suitable for your product.

A Exactly!They 're really versatile.Today, theplastics indus try is mainly based on oil sowe can produce hou sehold and industrialitems cheaply.But we are running out ofoil,what are we going to do then ?

F Recycle! On this websrte.www.chemsoc.org there are loads of factsabou t plastics.Tod ay, manufacturers havethe technology to produce things such asrubbish bins ,plastic sacks,and evenclothes from recycled plastic and I'm surewe 'll be able to extend th is range of goodssoon . I'm sure we'll berecycling la rgequantities of plastic in the futu re.Butwe'll have to find goodsyste ms forcollecting plastic for recycling.That's notvery effective at the moment.

A We'll also have to find alternative rawmaterials for produci ng new plas tic.The reare alread y new technologies availablewh ich allow us to use other raw materials.

F Yea h,look!I've just foun d inwww.worldcentric.org that companiesare now able to make btcpl ast lcs from thestarch in wh eat, an d even orang es! Somemanufactur ers arealrea dy producingthi ngs like food w rapp ing from thesebioplasttcs.

A I think they are still expens ive to produc e,so more resea rch will have to be done toallow us to produce th ese plast ics morecheaply.But I'm sure that these will beimportant for the future for plastics .

Make your point - Describing apie chartI'd like to show you a pie chart whichrepresents the use of plastics by sector . If wetake a look,we can see that the largest sectorwhich uses plastic is the packaging industry.Youwill notice that over a thi rd of all plasticsare used here .

Asyou can see, the building andconstruction sector is the second biggest ,using 23 per cent. Youwill notice thattogether with packaging. more tha n half ofall plasti cs consumption is in these twosecto rs.Take a look at the elect rical andelect ronics industry. which consumes eightper cent ,and you will see that the samefigure applies to the furni ture andhouseware sector ,as well as the transportsector. Agriculture accounts for sligh tly lessplast ics cons umption, seve n per cent.

listening scripts 125

At the opposite end of the scale frompackaging. you can see tha t the smallestsector is the footwear secto r,using only oneper cent. Both the medical an d mechanicalengineering secto rs use sligh tly mo re plas ticthan footwear - two pe r cent. while the toysand sports secto r accounts for one per rentmore than this .

Pronunciation - Disappearingsounds and word linking11 This is a thermoset plastic .

This is a thermoset application.2 It's used in household ite ms .

It's used in household product s.3 One process is blow moulding .

It's used to make hollow items.4 It meets safety standards.

They must use safety equipme nt .5 lt's a softer matenal.

It's a softer option .

2a ti ght stabilize rs preve nt light dama ge.b Plasticizers are use d to make pla stics

soft er.c Even the street lights are mad e of plast ic.d Plastic s production wa s really able to ta ke

off.e Polyester fibre s are used a great deal in

cloth ing.

UnitS

Listening - Wave EnergyInnovatorI '"Interviewer,R '"Richard Yemm

I Richard is Man aging Directo r of OCeanPower Delivery Ltd. His company makeswave ene rgy converters.They suppliedconverters for the world 's first commercialwave farm five kilometres off the coast ofnorthern Portugal. When complete, it willgenerate 22.5megawatts from wavepower .Richard. how did you get into waveenergy?

R Idiscovered wave energy when Iwasdoing my PhD at Edinbu rgh u ntversity. Iwas working next doo r to Stephen Salter,the grandfather of wave ene rgy,and I sawthat people were doing something reallyimportant. So then Istarted going onabout wave energy and a few years later ,wh en a project came up,a few people saidto me ,'All righ t, th en ,put your mo neywh ere you r mout h is.'

126 Listen ing scripts

At the end of the day, there's no point justmaking clever things.They have to havean application in the modem world . I'menvironmentally awa re, I recycle myrubbish and all that. but goodwill alonedoesn't get it done. Our object is to earnrevenue for peopl e and in so doing. comeup with an energy that reduces carbonemissions. It's only going to be achieved ifwe make it commercially viable .

1 What about the name,where did thatcomefroml

R We we ren 't going to give the project aname.We we re sick of all the sillybiological names that people kept usingfor wave converters, such as Duck andFrog.We were just going to call it theOPD7S0. But then a journalist threatenedto call it the Whiplash,so we did a qu ickGoogle search on sea snak es, because thatis what it looks like,and found Pelamts. asea snake that swims only on the surface.And we liked that.

Unit6

Make your point - Makingtelephone callsR R Recepti oni st ,B.. Fran cis Ball

R Gute n Tagl Abat GmbH.B Hello My name is Francis Ball.I'd like to

speak to Mr Braun,please.R I'm afraid Mr Braun isn 't available at the

moment. Can I take a message?B Could you ask him to send the range in

nau tical miles for the MD-I1F?That's theMcDonnell Dougla s freighter plane . Ihavethe range for the MD-B, the passengerplane- that's six thousand,eight hundredand forty .Could you ask him to call melater today ?J'lI be out till four.

R What's your number, please?8 I'm in the USAso it's 001 (double oh one )

2466390001 .R That's fine .Thanks for calling .

M R Micha el Sraun

8 Hello.M Hello,Michael Braun here .B Hello,Michael.Thanks for getting back to

me.M I'm sorry to call you on your mobile but

there was a problem with the phonenumber you left .What range do you have?

S The MD-11- the passenger plane range .M The passenger plane .Oh. Isee.What is it?S Six thousan d,eight hu ndred and forty.M Did you say six thousand, eight hundred

and forty? So,you ne ed the freigh ter planeran ge.

B That's right.M I think the freighter plane is about half

that. but I'll get back to you.S Thanks. But,l won't be in the office for the

next three days .Could you give the rangeto my colleague,Ivor Teslenko?

M Could you spell that for me , please?B That's IVOR: TESLENKO.M TESLENKQ?B That's right. His number is the same as

mine but with 0053 at the end .So it's ,0012466390053.

M Sorry,Ididn 't catch that.S It's 001246 639 0053.M So,0012 46 639 0053. OK, I've got that.S I'll speak to you next week .Thanks for

calling .

Unit 7

Listening- Earth homesI R Interviewer, P c Peter Carpenter

I What is an earth home?P An eart h home is any house which is built

in part unde rground.Often earth hous esare bu ilt into a hillside with earth on threesides and on the roof, in the northernhem isphe re, we usually build the m withthe fourt h side facing sout h to obta in thema ximum light and heat.

I What are the advantages?P Forget any idea that eart h houses are cold,

dar k, an d da mp.That 's a cella r,not anea rth house. Earth homes are well ­insulated. they're wa rm in winter andcool in summer.They're durable too .They're less exposed to the elements andcan last for hundreds of years .Another bigplus is that they make much less impacton the environment.They're less visiblethan ordinary homes so the landscapeisn 't spoilt and ene rgy costs are very low.They 're very low-maintenance.Youdon' thave to paint them.Youdon't have toworry about roof repairs.

I What are the technical issues in buildingthem?

P First of all, you can't build an earth housejust anywhere.Youmust have planningpermission, even though it's underground.The commonest construction method is toexcavate a hillside and build a structureinto the hill. The roof has to be strongenough to hear the weight of soil on topand the walls must support the roof andresist the pressure of earth around thebuil ding so concrete, bricks, and maso n ryare often used .Waterp roofing isim portant. Youhave to pre vent mois tureseeping into the st ructu re from the walls

and roof and through the floor . lightingand ventilation are also important. Youcan include roof panels to introducenatural light to all part s of the buildingand to permit ventilation.Earth houses are usually very wellinsulated.The soil rover reduces anyseasonal variation in temperature and inconstruction the whole building is linedwith insulating materials so there's verylittle heat loss in winter. In summer,there'sconsiderable heat gain through thesouth-facing windows.

UnitS

Pronunciation - Show ingenthusiasm1 The sto ry of the Airbus A380 is rea lly

fascinating.

2 Whe n you stand near it,you rea lize it'sabsolut ely eno rmous.

It's myjobI ",Interviewer, M '"Matt Haydon

I What' s your job?M I'm a Marine Engineer. Currently,I'm

Second Engineer working on a passengercruise ship .

I Wha t are you respon sib le for in your job?M Well, I'm in charge of everyth ing on the

shi p which is mechanical. elect rical,orstructural.The Engineer's job is to keepeverything working. That can be toilets,computers, doors ,a crankshaft, whatever!If there's a problem wi th a piece ofequipment, we have to decide if it has tobe fixed or if we can manage without it fora while .We repair it, if possible. bu tsometimes we have to call in specialists.

I So,what sort of training did you have tobecome a Marine Engineer?

M Well I trained as a Ma rine EngineerApprentice. Iworked for a shippingcompany who sent me to college for fourmonths a yea r.Once Ihad passed all theexams,Igot my licence ,which is issued bythe government. Training is diffe rent now.Most Engineers have a degree inEngineering, usually Mechanicalengineering. But they still ha ve to get alicence to wo rk on boa rd ship .

I What's the most challenging part of thejob?

M I suppose it's being with other peop le allthe t ime .Youhave to learn to t rust andrespect others.

I Are there any risks?

M There certainly are! The sea is anunpredictable place to be.The ship isconstantly moving and large machineshave large parts that are moving fast.There's fuel that cou ld easily ignite ,chemicals that are dangerous, and alsoelectromagnetic rays.

I Howmuchtimed oy ou get off?M Well,officers no rma lly get one day off for

each day worked .At the moment "m onfourteen weeks, and I'm getting fourteenweeks off after that. It sounds a lot,butdon't forget ,when you 're at work ,you'reaway from your home and family .

I What hours do you work on the ship?M Well, there are always two officers in

charge of operations on the ship .One iscalled the Navigation Officer of the Watch- the NOW. He works on the bridge .Then .there's the Engin~ring Officer of theWatch - the EOW.That's me. I work in thecontrol room monitoring the engines andship's systems - fuel. temperature,waterpressure, and so on .Ido an eight -hourshift and then another three to four hourscarrying out routine maintenance,

I Would you recommend this job to others?M Of course, but you have to be tough. You

have to be fit.There are lots of stairs to beclimbed and small spaces to craw l tntolThere are lots of unknowns and upsets butyou gain satisfaction and pride fromworking in a very challengingenvironment. But. it's still a man's job,there are very few women!

Make your point - PersuasionJ It 10 Illich ,M = Man in th e audi ence

J These traffic figure s were collected twomonths ago on the main road s enteringthe city, As you can see. traffic congestionhas increased considerably. It is myopinion that a six-lane motorway aroundthe city would be an appropriate way tosolve the problem.I'd like you to take alook at th is map where I have outlined theproposed route. The mai n reaso n forchoos ing a moto rway bypass is that mostof the tra ffic,in fact, passes through ourcity en-route for Largetown 25km tothesouth-east. We estimate that a motorwaywould reduce the traffic in the city centreby as much as 57%,

M How did you arrive at that figure?1 This was calculated from the traffic

statistics and a computer model . I havedetails of the calcu lations to show you. Ihave also prepared a detailed costing ofthe project which I'dlike to give you now.Could you pass these round, please? Thankyou .

Unit 9

It's myjobI=Interv iewer, M=Micha el Lennon

I How did you get started in the oilindustry?

M I left school at 16 and took a course in carmain tenance at the local technical college.I finished the course ,but being a moto rmechanic wasn 't the righ t career for me.Iwanted something more adventurous so Igot a job as a Roustabout on a North Sea rig.

I What' s a Roustabout?M It's about the lowest job you can get. A

Roustabout is a labourer.Youget jobs likepainting and unloading supplies from thesupply ships.Still the money was goodand the food was good too - hotelstandard.Food's important when you'reliving on a rig in the middle of th e sea inall kinds of weather for fourteen days at atime Without a break.After a year I was promoted to Roughneck .

I What does a Roughneck do?M That's a skilled job. Youneed physical

strength but you also need to knowexactly what to do at any time .Oftenyou' re working with heavy drill pipes­adding pipes when you're drilling orremoving pipes when you're breaking outthe string .

I Breaking out?M Removing the string of pipe s from the

borehole .You're part of a team and youneed to know exactly what you 're doing atany time to get the job done quickly andsafely Safety's an important issueon therigs.Before I could start on the rig. I had totake a course on Off-shore safety andsurvival at Montrose College.They teachyou all sorts of things, including how toescape from a helicopter just in case youcome down in the seaIdid quite well as a Roughneck and after acouple of years I was selected to do adiploma in Off-shore drilling at a drillingschool in Aberdeen. There we re peoplethe re from all round the wor ld - Nigeria,Oman, Viet nam . It was a good course.They had a rig floor simulator so you gotpractice in dealing with situations such asblowouts.

I These can be dangerous.M Yes, that's when you hit oil under high

pressure and it's forced up through thebore hole.And fishing - recovering fromthe borehcle drill bits and tools whichhave become separated from the pipe.

I What did you do after the course!M When Ifinished the course, Iwas qualified

Listening scripts 127

as an Assistant Driller. Iworked on a NorthSea rig for three years more then I movedto a warmer part of the world, the Gulf ofMexico,as a Driller with Texaro.I'm stillworking there but I'm married now with afamily. Ilikethe work but I'm hop ing toget a shore -based job as a DrillingSuperintendent.

Pronunciation - be with thePresent ContinuousI

1 I'm looking for my goggles .2 You're standing too close,3 He's not wearing a helmet.4 we're having aftre drtll .5 They 're learn ing first aid .,1 We're studying to be Petroleum Engineers .2 She's taking a safety course .3 I'm work ing for a Dutch company at the

moment.4 They 're planning to shut down the we ll.5 You're not fcllowmg the instructions

prope rly.6 Who's looking after this sttet

Unit 10

Vocabulary- Reporting verbsA What's happening at the water plant?

Have you had time to look at theproblem!

B Yes.fwent up to the reservoir earliertoday and there seemed to be a problemwith the pipe from there to themicrostrainer.

A Was it blocked]B It was partially blocked.A Why had that happened!B I think it must have been due to the heavy

rain on Monday which washed a lot ofdebris into the reservoir.

A It'll have to be cleared quickly.B I know,We're working on it at the moment.A Once you've done that, you need to fin ish

the report on the proposal.B I'm sorry.ljust haven't had time. I'llget it

finished this afternoon and let you have ittomorrow.

Pronunciation - ShowingdisbeliefI A How much water will it save?

B Calumsaiditwouldsave30%.

C How much water will it save?D Calum said it would save 30%.

I'

128 listening scripts

Listening - Cleaning waterWell,we all need water and today I'd like todiscuss how it's cleaned before it's pipe d intohom es and offices. In Europe and NorthAmerica, water comes from differentsources ,mainly lakes, aquifers. or rivers .Rivers are usually dammed to form reservoirs .But befo re they reach our homes,most of ourwate r supplies ha ve to be purified .This takesplace in a water treatment works whereimpuri ties are removed to make the waterclear, odou r-free ,an d tas te-free .So it sho uldbe per fectly transparent,smell of nothing,an d taste of nothing.

First of all,water taken from a river orreservoir is screened to remove la rge bit s ofrubbish such as twigs ,plastic bags ,etc .Thisis done by passing it through amicrost rainer.Then , it's pumped to a watertreatment works. At this stage, grit andorganic matter, for example pieces of pla nt s,algae,an d bacteria,are still pre sent in thewater.The water is fed into an aerator,wh ichsprays the water in orde r to obtain a goodoxygen balance. At the same time, thisspraying releases any trapped gases thatmight otherwise give a bad taste or odour.Following this ,chemicals called coagulantsare added.The function of the se is to causeparticles to stick together to form largerpa rt icles.The chemical normally used isalum, aluminium sulphate.This takes placein large ta nks called flash mixers.

From he re, the water passes into asedimentation tank,sometimes called asettli ng basin. Here , the large parti cles areallowed to settle to the bottom.Asludgebuilds up at the bottom of the tank and hasto be remo ved and treated.Bythis stage,about 85%of all suspended matter has beenremoved so the water is now relat ively cleanand clear.

The next step is filtration ,normally in a rapidsa nd filter.Wat er is fed in at the top .It passesfirst of all through a layer of carbon oran thracite coal and then through layers ofsand .The carbon remove s any remainingorganic compounds that would affect thetast e or odour and the sand remove s anyremaining particles.

The fina l step is the addition of chemicals todisinfect the water in large disinfectiontanks. Usually,some form of chlorine is usedto kill any pathogens - that's viruses orbacteria. Some processes use ozon eDisinfect ion not only kills pathogens in thetreated wate r but also helps to protectagai nst any new cont am ination from pipesan d storage tan ks. In some places, fluoride isalso adde d to prevent tooth decay in aprocess known as fluoridation.

The water is now fit to drink and can bepumped directly to homes, offices,and factor ies.

Unit 11

Problem-solvingIam going to tell you about the five sensorsthat our domestic robotic vacuum cleanercontains.These sensors help it to navigatesafely and to clean surfaces effecti vely.

The dimension sensors determine the size ofthe room. The robot cleaner sends aninfrared signal in each direction in turn.These reflect from the walls and return to aninfrared receiver.The processor calculatesthe dime nsion s of the room from the t imetaken for th e signal to return.

Then there are object sensors - when thecleaner hits an object, such as a chair,thebumper,which goes right round the cleaner,is pressed in.This act ivate s mechanicalobject sensors. These send signa ls to theprocessor which cause the cleaner to changedirection to avoid the object .

There are also cliff sensors - under thecleaner there are infrared sensors directeddownwards. Ifth e time taken for the returninfrared signa l increases sudd enly, theprocessor detects a 'cliff',for example, stairsor other sudden drops which the robot couldfall down. This causes the robot to reverseaway from the cliff.

The wall sensors let the cleaner follow wallsand go round objects closely but withouttouching them.

And fina lly,and most importantly.dirtsensors - these are acoustic impact sensors.When the cleaner raises a lot of dirt from acarpet or other surface, some of the dirt hitsthe metal plates of the acoustic impactsensors.This cause s vibration which thesensors detect .They pass a signa l to theprocessor whi ch causes the robot to cleanthe area again until there are no morevibrations - in othe r words, un til the area isclean.

It's my jobI = tnt ervtewer.J = Jaako Ikcnen

How did you get interested in technology?Istarted making radio-controlled modelboats atthe age of13.That's how you got st arted?That' s how Igot started, yeah. I lovedplaying around with the electronics.

I Did you go on to college at the en d ofschool?

J Yes,I went to college and did Mechanic alengineering with one year of Electricaland electronic engineering.What was your first job?Designing and building auto ma tedmanufacturing systems for a mobilephone company. They needed toautomate because production was goin gthrough the roof.Their old system simplycould not produce enough phones.

I I'm not clear about the distinctionbetween mechanization and automation.

J Bigdifference. Mechanization is the oldwor ld of machines with no brains, theycould do only one thing -like Henry Ford'sassembly lines .Aut omation means youare using a combination of software,ofmechanical engineering, electronics,electrical engineering - that's themecha tronics side of things.There 'sintelligence built in. That's why it 's calledautomation.You then moved to your current job?Yes.I'm Senior Man ufacturing System sEngineer for a large he alth care company.That means I'm responsible fordeveloping all new processes and processautomation for ma nufacturing ourproducts .What do you make?One of the main products is blood glucosemoni tors for diabetics. It uses biosensors,which are coated in enzymes to measurethe blood glucose levels in a drop of blood.Basically how much sugar there is in theblood .Where does automation come in?Youcan't make these machines by hand.There can 't be any contamination, theyhave to be perfectly clean,and there can 'tbe any defects in the production. Peop les'lives are involved so you can not afford tobe wro ng. Also the volume is huge so onlymachines can achieve this.Is it done by robots!We use incred ibly fast. vision-drivenrobots. They don't simply pick up andplace components blindl y.They can seewhat they're doing, they can teachthemselves,and they chec k every movethey make to ensure the re are no errors

I What qualities do you need to besuccessful in your fi e ld ~

J Youmu st be innova tive.Youmust be ableto work across functions and be able tocommunicate wi th non -technical people .

I Can you give me any examples ofcomm unicating wi th non-technicalpeop le?

J Iwor k in R&Dand we have to const an tlycommunicate with Marketing - theyknow what the customers want. We justhave the ideas.

I They seem to be great ideas. Thanks verymuch for your time.

J Apleasure, thank you.

Unit 12

It' s myjobWhen I left schoo l Idid an apprenticeship inCabinet making. Iwas quite good at th is andI enjoyed it so Iwent to university to studyWood technology and Business and thendecided to set up my own company. I'm theManaging Director but as there are only fiveof us, I spend my t ime designing kitchens aswell as running the company.

My company specializes in designing andinstalling kitchen units. Weare finding thatour customers want more and more high ­tech appliances in the ir kitchens so my jobinvolves a lot more than pu tting incupboards and hanging doors.

I rea lly like the changing technology used inkitchen appliances. Nowadays, cookers areno longer simple appliances. Using differenttech nology, most modern ove ns are self­cleaning. One company called Kuppersbuschhas developed a cata lytic system. The way itworks is that the oven fan blows air from theoven through a cata lytic converter whichchanges fat and food residue into water andcarbon dioxide.

On top of the cooker, conventional hobs heatthe ring which in turn heats the cooking pot.But modern induction hobs use magneticinduction to heat the metal base of the pot.They heat much more quickly thanconventional electric rings, save energy, andare safer .The problem is that the pots mus tbe magnetic - ma de of stee l. People can't usealum inium pots or pots with a thick coppe rbase .

Another feature of the modern kitchen iselectronic entertainment systems. It'spossible to insta ll flip-down flat screens thatcan be used for watching TVor as a computermoni tor to access the Intern et for recipes.They can even be linked to security cameras.

The smart kitchen is on its way and I amdoing everything to make sure my compa nyis able to provide our customers with thekitchens of the future. The best place tofollow the latest technologies is theMassachusetts Instit ute of Techno logy.they've got a section called CounterIntelligence. It's a department dedicated toinventi ng new gadge ts and gizmos for thekitchen.Their cu rrent projects include anelectronic spoon that teaches you how tocook!

Pronunciation - Polite requestsA Could you tell me how this oven works ,

please?B Could you tell me how this oven works,

please?

1 Iwonder if you could send me a catalogue.2 I'd like you to use solid wood for the units.3 Could you set up the mac hine?4 Would you mind changing the height?5 Could you te ll me what happen s next?6 Would you mind cleaning up the mess?7 I'd like you to calcu late the ang le caref ully.8 Iwonder if you could help me .

Listening - RefrigeratorL",Lecturer , SI '" stu de nt 1,S2 '"stu dent 2,S3 = student 3

L What do you feel when you pu t water onyour skin?

Sl lt feels cool.L Yes, it makes you feel cool because the

water absorbs heat from your skin as itevaporates. So.evaporation cools thesurrounding area.Putting alcoho l on yourskin fee ls even cooler because alcohol hasa lower boiling point than water,soevaporates at a lower temperature. In afridge, we use a different liquid, called arefrigerant which evaporates at a very lowtemperature. So,this is how a fridgeworks .Really,it's the comp ressor thatpowers the who le process . It compressesthe refrigerant. Can anyone tell me whathappens when a gas is compressed?

S2There's a rise in the temperature andpressure.

L Quite right! The heat-exchanging coils arepositioned outside the fridge, so that thisheat is lost to the surrounding area and asit cools, the gas condenses into a llqut d.The liquid then flows through theexpansion valve .This expansion valvereduces the pressure. As a result . therefrigerant expa nds and evaporates an dthen goes back inside the fridge. Aswesaid ea rlier,evaporation absorbs heat. So,heat -exchange pipes inside the fridgeallow heat to be absorbed and this makesthe space feel cold. As the refrigerantleaves the fridge . it once again enters thecompressor and the whole cycle startsagain.

S3Why do old refrigerators get ice on thefreeze r box?

L Well, that's because water vapour fromfood in the fridge condenses, but as it hitsthe very cold icebox, the liquid waterchanges im mediately to ice. But modernfridges are frost-free .They have a heatingcoil beside the freezer coils. It's switched on

list ening scripts 129

by a timer .once every six or seven hour s.Then, a tem perature senso r detec ts therising temperature when all the ice aroun dthe freeze r coils has melte d, and switchesthe heater off.That way. the re is no build­up of ice but of course the te mperature inthe fridge fluctuates slightly.

Unit 13

Listening - The future ofdefencePresenterThe search for mili tary superiority has bee none of the driving forces in technology fromthe creation of the first wea pons to thedevelopment of the nuclear bomb.Iamjoined by Francis Hodges and Giles Wigg­Smith, who are bot h Defence Analysts, toprese nt two different views on the futu re ofdefence technology.

Francis Hodge sForcount ries with access to high technology.military st reng th will depe nd less on thenumber of soldie rs,aircraft, and ships andmore on the capacity and speed of thei rmilitary computer networks. Consta ntlyupdated intelligence on the position an dstrength of the opposition is th e key tosuccess . Information will be fed int o th enetwork from UAVs,uncrewed aerialvehicles, robotic sensors, and roboti csee kerswhich will act as scouts locating enem ypositions. The soldier in the field as we ll ascommanders at a distance will be linked intothe network so that everyo ne is well ­infor med at all t imes.

The ha rdware used w ill be smaller an dlighter so it can be moved easily by t ranspo rtaircraft from one position to another.Man yof the veh icles used w ill be unmanned an dw ill have camouflage paint which cancha nge its colour according to its locati on .The weapons w ill be smarter. Missiles will beprogrammed with ta rget details and capableof staying in the ai r un til the ta rget iscon firmed. There should be less da mage topeople and property.

GUes Wigg-SmithI'm not totally convinced by this. There areprobl ems with hlgh-tech syst ems. Verycomple x electronics can fail.The t ran sferrate, a hundred megabytes per second.requ ired to handle th is much dat a is greate rtha n anyt hing we have to dat e.Any net workis vu lnerable to hac kers.Your syste m couldbe tu rned agai nst you by feed ing falseinformation in to the network, or a viruscould be introduced to cripp le th e system.

130 Listening script s

High-teen armies are vulnerable to low-techweapons:a plane can be brought down byrifle fire; improvised devices can dest royarmoured vehicles .Asystem designed todestroy the electronics of incoming missilescan't protect against such simpleweapons.

Many conflicts today are policing operationsin situations where there are large numbersof civilians present. These htgh-tech systemsare designed for wars rather than peace­keeping operations like this. Often theseoperations involve soldiers from a number ofcountries working together under a UNmandate but if you don't share the samesystem as your allies ,you ca~'t fight tog~ther

as a unified force and It's unlikely countneswill wish to sha re technical secrets witheach other.

Unit 14

It's myjob1=Interviewer,B . Brian

I Brian ,how did you get interested inelectronics?

B At school. The History Teach er was a rad ioamate ur.He started an after-schoolelectro n icsclub.He showe d us how tomak e simp le radios,multimeters , tha t sortof th ing. I learned more from him than thePhysics Teacher.Another reason Iwasinte rested was one of my friends builtmode l airc raft, large things with awingspan well ove r a metre,and I used tomake the t ransmitt ers and receivers forradio cont rol. If you forgot to sWitch on thereceiver, the plane flew off into thedistance until the fuel ran out .Thathappened more than once .

I Wha t did you do after school?B I took a certificate course in Electronics at

the local college .I What subjects did you study?B Ican't remembe r them all. Ehh. DCand AC

circuits, Solid state devices ,Appliedmaths.

I All technical subjects?B Yes,apart from Technical

communications. That's speaking andwriting about technology.About half thetime was spent in the lab,which wasgood.. I liked the practical side .We hadtime towork on a project of our own.Idesigned a device to tell people who werefishing when a fish was biting the bait.

1 What did you do when you finishedcollege?

B With another student Istarted my owncompany repairing computers and otherelectronic items. But we gave it up after acouple of years .The price of things likeDVD-playerskept falling. It becamecheaper to buy new than have themrepaired

I What kind of work do you do now?B Iwork for the Northern Ughthouse Board.

Ihelp look after communicationsequipment at headquarters and inlighthouses as well as navigationequipment on buoys and radi~ beac~ns.

There 's not much on a buoy - Just a lightand a radar reflector .Wealso look after thetransmission stations for the MarineGDPS,There are four in SCotland.

I What's the MarineGDPS?B It's the Marine Global Differential

Positioning System . It's a system whichallows ships to plot their pos ition veryaccurately.

I How is it different from GPS?B It combines GPSsignals with land-based

signa ls to give a rea lly accurate positio n.It's important in busy shipping lanes.

I Wha t's the best part of your job?B Allthe lighthouses are auto ma ted now.

There are no light house keepers th esedays. We monitor them 24 hours a day tomake su re everything's working. Whensome thi ng goes wrong, you ha ve to go outthere and fix It. Some of themare quite remote.That can mean ahelicopter ride in winter out into theAtlant ic. I love going to places that veryfew people have ever visited, includingthe Flannan Isles.

I What will you do next?B Ilike this job too much to think of looking

for something else .

Pronunciation - Readingcomponent valuesa ten-rnicrcfarad electrolytic capacitora nve -bundred-ptcofa rad variable capacitora ten-kilohm variable resisto ra ntne- volt batterya one -milliamp milliammetera stxty-rrucrohennes inductora six-volt sixty -milliamp bulb

Unit 15

Listening -Interview with aNetwork DesignerI =tntervtewer.s e Sam i

I Tellme a little about your professionalhistory and what you do now.

S At school Iused to enjoy Maths andPhysics,so when I left school at sixteen Iwanted a job working in technology, andoutdoors if possible . Igot good.marks inmy school exams. Afriend told me that BThad an apprenticeship scheme, so Iapplied. There was an interview and Iwasaccepted. Iwas seventeen and a serviceTech nicia n, climbing poles and fiXinglines. It was great. BTis a company that isconstantly changi ng and the re are alwaysoppo rtunities to study and learn newth ings. Ipassed my BTEC inTelecommu n icat ions wit h 100%1At eight een I became a Data an d NetworksTechnicia n an d studied for an NVQ.1twasmy job to install new ne two rks at theexchan ges. Iwas respo nsib le .for theexchan ge switch and tra nsmission . Iwa sout on work placeme nts a lot to getexperience and did loads of courses. Wegot days off work to studyIgot mo re an d more interested in actuallydesigning the network.The new 21st ­Centu ry Network was abo ut to bedeveloped so Idecide d to become aNetwork Designer when Iwas twenty, andjoined the Network Design Depart me nt.The 21st-Century Netwo rk was to be acomp letely new ITnetwork to replace theold phone-based one . It was a massivechallenge to BT. In the office I learned howto design and plan networks as well ashow to predict future growth and trendsusing modelling techniques.At the sametime the company sponsored me to do aunive rsity deg ree,Now Iwas designingthe systems that BT's technology runs o~ .

When Iwas 23 Igraduated from universityWith a BScin Computer and networkengineering and have worked as aNetwork Designe r since then. I've workedas Project Manager on a range of reallyinte resting projects . I've had to learndifferent skills really quickly and learnhow to prioritize.New projects make youthink about what exactly needs to be doneand which parts are important. I have togive presentat ions to senior managementwithin the company,majo r customers,an d at international conferences.

Vowels

med ia () goods

abilit y u: lubricate

impact well -insulated

rese rvoir oven

"l' amplify :1: turbine

0: ba rge sew er

cockp it et rada r

.1: plat form ;10 sona r

Consonants

r panel filt rat ion

h bact e ria vesse l

t rack steal t h

d diode o dea lw it h

cable span

~ gra in ca rbon emi ssion s

IJ swit ch shea r

dj generator dec ision maker

Glossa ry 131

Glossary

; \1 high-tech

ao ou te r

J I spoilers

IJ pier

r.:'.1 ae ronautica l

0;1 durable

hacke r

111 modulate

navigate

wings pan

l ift

fig

yield

\I welded

ability l :l'hll :ll il n having the skillan dint e lligence to do a pa rticu la rjob

access /' a~kscsl n a wayofenter ing aplace

accommodation 1:l,I\nmJ \ k IJJ1'n aplace to live or stay in

accuracy /' ,l'kj ;lrJsi!n t he qua lity ofbei ng exact or correct

acoustic I o'k u.st tk/ ad) (used about ase nso r,e te.) respondingto sound orvibrations

activate I 'a: kl l\'c ltl vto ma ke a devicesta rt wo rking

adaptable 1:I\ l<r pt;lhl/ adjable to bechanged in order to dea lw ith newsituations

aeronautical I,CJ f;l'ID:l rl\Uad)relat ing to t he stu dy or pract ice ofbuilding and flying a ircraft

amplify l"rmpll l ~1l1 vto increase t hest rengt h of a signa lor an e lectr icalwave

apo logize /;I'p nl;"IlI::J;\lIJ vto say sorryfor doing some thi ng wrong orca us ing a problem

appliance /a'phuon s/ n a mach inedes igned to do a task in t he home,suc h as prepa ring food, c1ea ning, et e.

applicant l 'a: plJk:lllVn a person w hoapp lies for a job

application 1,;r pll'kcJJnl n a forma lw rit ten request for a job

apply 1:I' pl;\l1 vto make a formalwr itte n req uest for a job

apprent ice /a 'prcnus/ n a youngpe rso n w ho works for an emp loyerfor a f ixed period oftime to lea rn thepart icular skills needed in th e job

approach 1:'l'prJo t j"1 vto move closerto so met hing

armoured /' u :m;ldl adj (use d abo ut amilita ryve hicle) protected by metalcove rs

assembly /a's cmbli/ n the process ofputting par t s t oget he r in orde r toma ke something

attach to 'a'u et] 1:1; vto faste no rjoi nto somethi ng

attendan ce record /o't cndons .rcko.d/n an acco unt of how often someone

has been present at or absent fromtheir work

auto mation 1,:u ;I'mcIJnl n t he use ofmachines to do wo rkt hat wasprevio usly do ne by peop le

bacteria 1h: l'k ' t l:lr iJ/ n very sma llliving thin gs, made ofa sing le cell

ba rbed wire I,hu :hd 'wa l;l(r )l n st rongw ire w ith short sha rp points on it,used for fe nces

barge Ihu :d ;/ n a la rge boat wit h a flatbottom, use d for transportingthings on ca na ls an d rivers

biodegradable l ,h<l l;lOd r'9 rc idobl / adjable to be broken dow n by bacte riaand not dam age the environment

bit l oul n t he cutti ng pa rt of a drillcab le "k cthl/ n th ick,stro ng metal

rope , used for suppo rting bridgescandidate l 'ka:nJ ld :'ltl I-dc ll! n a

person who is app lying fo r a jobcann ing l ' I\a:nIIJI n t he process of

putting food or drink in ca nscapacitor Ik:l'IXl'sJt:l(r )/ na device

used t o store an elec t rica l cha rge

132 Glossary

carbon emissions l ,ko :o;"l11 i'nujnz/ nha rmfulgases conta ining carbon,t hat a re sent out into the air

cargo I' k ll ; ~ :'lo/ n the goo ds carried ona ship or aircraft

caterpillar trac ks "k ..ctJpll;"l .ruc ks nmet a l belts fastened aro und thewheels of a vehicle or robot so that itcan travel over rough or soft ground

cellulose I' sd j ul;"lo s/ n a substancetha t forms th e walls of plant cellsand w hich is used in ma king plast ics

cockpit "kukpn/ n the area at thefront of a plane w here t he pilot sits

collapse k;"l 'h'ps l v( used about abutldtng.etc.) to fall down or fall insudde nly

commercially viable k:'l,I113:I;"lli' \'<l1;"l011adj( usedabout a businesspian,etc.) capa ble of ma king a profit

component /kcm'pcon ontr n one oft he pa rts of a device or mac hine

compression /kam'prcjn / n t he act ofpressing or squeezi ng somethingintoa sma ller space

condensation l ,k nlH.lcn 'scIJn f n waterthat forms on a cold surfacewhenstea m orwarm air becomes cool andcha nges into a liquid

conduct /kon'dakt/ v(used abou t asubsta nce) to allow heat ore lect ricity to pass a long it

confirm /kon'f a.rn/ vto state thatsomet hing is definitely true orcorrect

congestion Ib n'd3cstJ;"lll n the sta teof being crowded and full of traff ic

constituent /kan'st ttj uan t ' n one oft he pa rts of something t hatcombi ne to form the whole

construct Ik,111 'SIL\kt l vto build ormake so methi ng

consumer Ik;"l I1 'sj u:Ill;"l(r )1n a pe rsonw ho buys goods or uses se rvices

containership /kan'tcma .fip !n a shipdesigned to t ranspo rt goods tha ta re packed in la rge metal boxes (=conta iners)

contamination ikJ I1 ,I,l"I11J 'nC:IJI1!nt he presence of dirtyor har mfulsubsta nces in food ,water, etc.

convert Ik ."ln 'n:tl vto changesomething from one form to another

converter IkJ I1 ' \·:-l :I:'l( r l.'n a device tha tchanges one form of energy toanothe r form

convertible kcn'va .tob l/ adj ab leto bechanged to a different form or use

countermeasure I' ka lll1t;"lIllC;p (r l· n acourse of action taken to protectagainst something bad ordangerous

covering letter .k.vvaruj 'Ict;l(r) / n aletter that you send with somethingto give extra information

crop /krnp/ na plant t hat is grown inlarge quant ities fo r food

current I' k,u Jt1tl n the flow ofelectricity th roug h a wire

deal with 'd i:1 WI{) vtotakeaction tosolve a problem

decision maker /tll 'sl;:)1l jncrkatrl' n aperso n who can make diff icult orimportant decis ions

degree Ilh' Wi:! n t he qua lif icat ionob tai ned by st udents whosuccessfully comple tea unive rsitycourse

dehydration l ,d i:h"II'd rcIJIl!n theprocess of removing the wa ter fromso mething

diode "daraod "n an elect ronic devicew hich allows elect ric curren t to passin one direction only

dispose of Id l'SP':l(IZ ;"lvl vto get rid ofsomething tha t you do not want

distortion Id l'st 'l:Jn! n a cha nge in thesha pe or st ruct ure of somethingthat makes it less efficient, lessst rong,etc.

drag 'd ra: ~.J! n the force of t he a ir thatacts against t he move men t of anaircraft

drawer Id r;') :(r )!n a part of a piece offurn it ure such as a desk, that slidesin and out and is used for keepingth ings in

drill Id n l' na toolor machin e used formak ing holes

durable I' djo;lr;lolJadj able to last fora long time witho ut brea king orgetting weaker

earn money 1,:1:11 'm.cni' vto receivemoneyforwork ing

energy-saving I' cJl;ld3i ,Sl' I\ II.1 adj(used about a mach ine,etc.) usinglessenergy than isusual

environment !In '\'<lI(;lI1111;'ml n t henatural world in wh ich people ,animals, and plant s live

envrrcomentet zmva rron'm cn u ad)connecte d wi t h t he natural wo rldand the effect of human activity

upon itenvironmental impact

mvarronrncntl ' 1111pa-kt/ n theeffect t hat a pa rticular act ion w illhave on t he envi ronmen t

evaporate /t'vteporcn/ v(used abo ut aliquid) to change Into a gas

exert / 1 ~I ' Z;~ : tl v to put force orpressure on someth ing

explosive IIk' spl.1llsrv/ n somet hingthat could cause an explosion

extreme !Ik'slri :ml adj(used aboutphysica lcondit ions) not ordinary orusual; serio us or severe

fa scinating I' ra:slllc ll lI)1adjextre me ,inte resting

fermentation l , f:~ : J11cn' I C: IInl naprocess in w hich a subs tance ischemically broken down by bacte riaetc. ,duringwhich alcoho l isproduce d

filtration 11WtrC: IJnl n the process ofpassing a liquid t hroug h a filter (= adevice that removes any mate rialsthat a re not wa nted)

find faults /fa tnd ' b :ltsl vto findth ings that stop a mach ine fromwo rking correctly

flaps ll1a:ps! n a pa rt of t he w ing of aplane that can be moved up or cow­to cont rol upward movement

flue gas treatment /flu: ~,cs

' t ri.tmant/ n a process for removingha rmf ul su bsta nces from t he smc-.et hat is prod uced by factor ies

fossil fuel / 'fnsl ,Iju ::'ll l n fuel such ascoal or oil,formed from the rema insof anima ls or plant s

foundations /Iao n'dcrjn z/ n the sollcbase of a building

f requency Tri.kwonsi nthe rate atwhich a sound or an elect rical wavemoves up and down

gearbox 'q tobnk na metal casecontaining the gears of a vehicle;the system of gears of a vehicle

germi nate 'd-ccm mcn v (usedaboutthe seedof a plant) to start to grow

global warm ing .qlou bl \\;I:mJlJ nthe increase in the temperature ofthe earth 'satmosphere, caused byincreasedamoun ts of gasessuch ascarbon dioxide

goods ~Iod.t n t hings t hat are madeto be sold

grain qrctn n the seedsof foodplants,such ascorn or rice

hacker 'h;l 'k:.(r ) na person whogains accessto a compute r systemwithout permissio n in order to stea ldata.etc.

harvesting 'hu: \ [SIll] n the act ofcutti ng and gat hering crops

high -tech ,hal' ldl adj using t he

most modern elect ronic t echnologyhinge hnulv n a rnovable jclnt on a

door,or lid,by whi ch it opensorcloses

hull h.vl nthe mai n, bottom part ofaship, th at goes in the water

hydraulic system har'dmhk ,Slsl:'I1lln a mechanical system tha t isoperated by liquid moving underpressure t hrough an arrangementof cyli nders and pisto ns

hydrocarbon .h.ud ro'k u.ban nachemical made up of hydrogen andcarbon, that is found in pet rol.coal ,and natural gas

imm erse I 'nn:, v to put somethinginto a liquid so that it is coveredcomp letely

impact 'rr np.ck t n t he act of oneobject hitting another; t he fo rcewith which t his happens

impuriti es 1111 ' pjoorotiz n substancesthat are present in small amounts inanother substance, making it dirtyorofpoorquality

induce m'dju .s vto produce anelect ric current

inf rared .rnfrarcd adjusingelectromagnetic waves which arelonger than those of red ligh t

inner ' Ill ,"\(rl adjon the inside of

somethingirrigati on .m ~~IJn n the processof

supplying water to an area of landso that crops will grow

know -how ' 11.:'l0 h.w n knowledgeand experience of how to dosomething

landing gear l;l'lHllT.1 , ~I I ;l{ r) nthewheels and other parts of an aircraftt hat support it when it is on th e

groundlift 11ft ntheupward pressureo f atr

on an aircraft w hen it is f lyinglining ' 101 111 11) n a layer of material

used to cover the inside surface ofsomet hing

locat ion loo'kcrjn n th e placew heresomet hing exists or happens

lower 'l,"l(),"l( r l v to makeso met hinggo down

lubricate 'lu.bnkcn vto put oil,grease,etc. on the parts of a machineso th at th ey move smoot hly

magnetic m.cq'ncnk adj able toatt ract iron objects towards it

marketing 'mu. kum n the activity ofpresent ing, advertising, and sellinga company's products

media 'mi.d io n the main forms ofpublic communication, such asTV,radio, newspapers, etc.

minimize ' 1111111111a l/ vto reducesomething to the lowest possiblelevel

modulate 'nuxlj ulc u vtochangethecharacteristics of a signal or a wave,by altering its frequency, amplitude,etc.

molecule mnhkju.l n the smallestgroup of atoms into which asubstance can bedivided withoutchanging its chemical nature

motorway '111,"l(II ,"l\\ CI nawide road,wi th several lanes in each di rection ,whe re t raffi c can travel fast for longdistances

Glossary 133

movable 'l11u: \ :'Ibl adj able to bemoved from one place or position toanother

multitasking m.vlti'tu .vktn ntheability to do severaldiffe rent thingsat the same t trne

navigab le ' na- I~ ,"lhl adj (used abouta path or an area of land) that arobot can move acrosswithoutfallingover,etc.

navigate 1l..1:\ IWOo'1l vtofind andfollow a path through an area

non -let hal ,n on' li:OI adj not causingdeath

off shore .of"1.1:( r l adv in th e sea,notfarfrom the land

opport unity .npo'tju.noti n a chanceto do somet hing

oscillator ' ns II ~ II ~ r) nan elect ricaldevice t hat producesan alternat ingcurrent (= electri cal current thatchangesdirection many tim esasecond)

oute r 'a<lI ,"l( r) ' ad} on th e outside of

somet hingoven ' vvn n a largedevice shaped

like a box wi t h a door on the front , inw hich food is cooked

packaging 'p"l:k ll l ;)l l.1 n materialsused to wrapor protect goods t hatare sold in shops

panel 'p.eul n a flat pieceof wood,glass.or meta l that forms part ofadoor,wall,ete.

paperwork 'pctpawa.k nthepartofa job that involves writing letters ,filling in forms ,ete.

parallel to 'pa-ralcl to advinastraight line, while maintaining anequal distance from anothe r objector surface

passenger 'p..l:slnJ;):'ltrl napersonwho is t ravell ing ina vehicle

pasteurization , ro: ' I 1:'I ra l' /~ I1 1l nthe processof heating and thencooling a liquid, such asmilk , inorder to kill harmful bacteria

pier pt;'\(rl nacolumnorasupportfor a bridge

pigment 'PI4J11 ;'1 ll t n a substancethat adds colou r t o someth ing

I'

134 Glossary

pitching 'PHJ,,) n the upwa rd anddownward movement of the frontof a plane

plasticizer 'r la:sIlS<l I/ ;l(rl nasubstance added to a plastic so thatit becomes easy to bend

platf orm 'pla-t fa.m n a large ra isedstructure in the sea that provides abase for a rig when drilling for oil

power sour ce 'puoo ,SY S n the placeor device t hat supplies the electricalene rgy fo r something

preservation .p rcza'vc tj n ntheprocess of treat ing food so that itdoes not rot or decay

pressurize 'prcjcn uz v to increaset he pressu re inside someth ing

prod uction costs pro'd vkjn kn st s nt he a mount of money that abusiness needs to spend in ordertomake something

program 'prooqn cm vto give acomputer a set of instructions tomake it do a pa rticular task

project 'prndj ckt n a planned pieceof work tha t is des igned to produceso methi ng new

promotion pro'moojn n a move to amore importa nt job or pos ition in acompany

proposed vpro'poo zd adj (used abouta plan ,ete.) suggested for people toth ink a bout and decide on

publi c tran sport .p.xbhk 'tnenspo.t na syste m of buses, trains,ete. wh ichpeople use to travel from one placeto another

pulse p,\ls / n a sing le short increase int he amou nt of energy, elec t ricity,ete. prod uced by a device

qualificat ion .kwnhfr' ke r]n nanexa m or a course of study that youhave successfully comp leted

q ual ified " kwnhf ard ad} having t henecessa ry qua lifications to do aparticula r job

qua lity assurance 'kwnl oti :I,JO;l!';lIlSn t he pract ice of ma king sure th atgoods or services a re kept at a highsta nda rd

radar ' reli..tu :( r l na system that usesradio waves to find the pos ition andmovement of planes, ships ,etc.

rail reil none of the two metal barst hat form the track that trains run on

raise reil vto lift or move somethingto a higher level

raw materia ls .ra: mc'uoriolz n basicmaterials tha t are used to make aproduct

recom mend .rcka'm cnd vto advise aparticula r cou rse of act ion

reference ' rcfrcns n a statement t hatis wr itten by someone who knowsyou, giving information about yourcha racter and skills

refine n 'I ~Il11 vtomakeasubstancepure by taking other substances outof it

refrigerant n'fnd-cr.uu n asubstance used in cooling devices,suc h as fridges and freezers

refrigerat ion n ,fnd;p 'reJJn ntheprocess of making something cold inorder to preserve it

reinforced concrete ,ri :ml:1::-. l' kmj kri. t nconcrete with metalbars orwires ins ide to make itstronger

relay 'ri:k l n a device , usuallyconta ining an electromagnet. whichis made act ive by a flow of curren t inone circuit in orderto open or closeanother circuit

remediation rII11i :(!I'eIJ:lll ntheremova l of harmful chemica ls andindustrial waste from an area ofland

remi nd nmarnd vtohelpsomebodyremember to do somethi ng

renewable energy nnju.obl ,en;'ld :;in energy, such as w ind and waveenergy, which is replaced naturally

reservoir 're/ ,)\ \\,u :( r) n a natural oran artificial lake, used as a sto re ofwa ter

resist n'zrst vto not be da maged bysomething

res istor n '/JSI;l(r) a device tha tred uces the flowofc urrent in anelect ron ic circuit

resp onsibility n .spnnso'br loti. n theduty of being in charge of aparticular act ivity

rig n~ / n a large piece of equ ipment,used for taking oilor gas from t heground or under t he sea

rolling ' r;'lol ll} / n the movement of aplane in wh ich one wi ng rises w hi let he ot her wi ng fall s

rotor 'r ;"l o t;"l( r) ' n a part of a machinewhich t urnsaround, for exampleone of t he blades of a helicopter

sea bed "si -bed n t he floo r of t heocean

seed /si:d n a small ha rd pa rtprod uced by a plant, f rom w hich anew plant cangrow

se lf-sufficient .sclf s"fIInt l ad) ableto produce everything that you needw ithout the help of ot her peop le

se nsory system "sensor! ,SISt ."lll1/ nthe equipment in a robot t hatnotices changes in the environme nt .concerning heat, light , pressure,ete.

sewage 'SU:H.I;)! nwaste matt erproduced by huma n bod ies andcarried away through sewers

sewer 'sU:;l(rl i n an unde rgroundpipe , used for carry ing away wastematter from human bod ies

shear Jl;l(r) ' n movem en t in w hichtwo surfaces slide pas t each ot her ;t he force or pressure tha t causesth is to happen

sho re-based /' J.l: he l:-. t1ad} done orha ppeni ng on land rat he r tha n at sea

skill sktl / na particu lar abilityskilled /sk tld adj havi ng t he ability,

knowledge, and ex pe rience to dosomethingwell

sonar 's,"lOllll: (r) nasystemforfinding objects underwate r us ingso und waves

span .sprun n the pa rt ofa bridgebetween one vert ical suppo rt a ndanother; t he distance betweenthese supports

spoilers 'sr ."llb l n pa rts of a plane'swing t hat can be raised in orde r tointe rrupt th e flow of air over it an dreduce lift

stabilizers ' ~ I L' l h ."l l a l/ :v ndevicesthat keepan aircraft level and stop itfrom rolling to one side

statistics ... 1;1usuks ncollectionsofinformation shown in numbers

st ealt h stcln ad} (used about anaircraft, a ship ,etc .) designed withtechnology that prevents it frombeing seen by radar,sonar,etc.

st ructure " tn ktI .;'I( r) nathingthatismadeof severalparts.suchas abui lding

suggest ...., J;'jl..·...t v to recommendsome th ing t hat may be suitable fora particular pur pose

suspension bridge saspcnjn ,hrH.I:l­n a bri dge that hangs f rom steelcab les t hat are fixed t o tow ers ateach end

switch S\\ It! n a device t hat opens orclosesan electric circuit

team ti.m n a groupof peop lewhowor k togeth er at a partic ular job

tens ion 'tcnln n th e state of being

pulled t ightthermoplastic lb:m."'ltl 'pla:slrk n a

type of plast ic t hat can be melt edand cooled repeatedly withoutbecomi ng di ffe rent in qua lity

thermoset 'O:J:I11 ., n ...er ad} (usedabout a type of plastic) tr eated sot hat it wi ll not me lt or become softagain when heated

thrust llr \ ...1 n the force produced byan engine that pushes a planeforward

tolerance 'I nl., r;tll ntheamount bywhich avalue or measurement ispermitted to vary

trailing edge In:t1I1J nl:) nthethin,rear edge of a wing

transformer tru-n ... b:m."l( r) nadevice used for changing thevoltage of an electrical current

trans istor tnen'vr I~r) nanelectronic device,used in compu ters ,rad ios,etc.,which contro ls currentby acttng as a switch or as anamp lifie r (= a device for increasingan electrical signal)

transmit Ir~l'l'" mu v (used abou t adevice or substa nce) to allow heat.energy,etc . to passthrough

tr igger (n~F~(n vtocauseadevicetostart functioning

turbine t.cbam n a motor withblades that are turned around byt he air.water,ete. in order togenerate electricity

uncrewed vnkru.d od} (used aboutan aircraft,ete.) w ithout any peopleon board to operate it

underground vndoqruondadj under the surface of theground

unmanned vn'nurnd ad}(usedabou t an aircraft,ete.) without aperson on board to operate it

ventilation vcntt'Ictjn n theflowofair in and out ofa room or bui lding

versatile " :i:s."'lt:ul ad} (used about amaterial) able to be used for manydifferent purposes

vessel ' \ 1':-.1 nashipo raboa tvibrate \:\1' bre11 v t o move from side

to side very quickly and wi t h smallmove ments

visible "[001 ad}able to be seenwarship '\\ ;l:Jip n a ship used in wa rwaste \\l'hl n ma ter ial t hat is no

longer needed and is thrown awaywater purification '\\.': 1,'

pjoortf I..:CIJll n the process ofmaking water clean by removingsubstances that are dirty, harmful,etc.

wave \\1'1\ naraisedlineofwaterthat moves across the surface of thesea,ete.

weake n \\ i :I..:"11 v to makesomething lessstrong

welded \\ cldtd ad} (used about twopieces of metal, etc.) joined togetherby heat ing the edges and pressingthem toget her

well-insulated wcl JI1 julcrud ad](used about a house, room ,ete.)protected with a material thatreduces the loss of heat. sound ,etc.as far as possible

Glossary 135

wind \\ IIlJ n the natural movementof the air

wingspan '\\ IIJspa:n n the dista ncefrom the end ofone wing to t he endof the other

work experience '\\ a.k tk ,:-, p l,' r i;tll.n the work or jobs that you havedone in your life so far

wrapping 'r:l"pIIJ n paper, plastic,ete.used for covering something inorder to protect it

yawing 'j": IIJ n t he movement of aplane in which it turns toone side,away from a straigh t course

yield ji.ld n the total amount ofcrops,etc. tha t is produced

Also avai lable:

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• Additional act ivitiesand unit-by-unit tests help you provideyour students withextra practiceand support

• Online resources including Listening scripts, Glossary, andfurther help on how to teach technology :www .oup.com /elt/t ea cher l oelc

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OXFORD ENGLISHISBN 978-0- 19-456953-8

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